UMussolini Benito (imibala): biography. Uzwilakhe Italy

Kwenye ilali encinane Italian Dovia, ngoJulayi 29, 1883, unyana ka ingcibi wengingqi Alessandro uMussolini kunye Rosa Maltoni utitshala umntwana wokuqala wazalwa. Wanikwa igama Benito. Kwiminyaka kamva, inkwenkwe emnyama ngebala bekuya kuba uzwilakhe abangcangcazelisi, omnye wabaseki yobuFasi Party of Italy, ekuweni lizwe libe lelona xesha kakhulu olawulo yileyo kunye zocindezelo kwezopolitiko.

Ulutsha uzwilakhe elizayo

Alessandro Ebesebenza nzima ngenxa yezazela zabo nentsapho yakhe baba nobutyebi abathile ukuba bavunyelwe ukuba amalungiselelo uMussolini Benito eliyinkunzi kwisikolo yamaKatolika kwisixeko Faenza. Ukufumana imfundo aphakamileyo, waqalisa ukufundisa amabanga zaseprayimari, kodwa olu hlobo ubomi imithwalo yayo, kwaye ngo-1902 utitshala oselula amagqabi eSwitzerland. Ngelo xesha Geneva izele iimbacu kwezopolitiko, phakathi yokubolekisana rhoqo kunye Benito uMussolini. Iincwadi K. Kautsky, PA Kropotkin, Marx kunye Engels mesmerizing ukusebenza ngomhla engqondweni yakhe.

Kodwa kugxile inamandla senziwa umsebenzi Nietzsche kunye ingcamango yakhe "Superman". Xa kumhlaba otyebileyo, oko kwabangela eqonda ukuba nguye - Benito uMussolini - umiselwe ukuzalisekisa injongo enkulu. Ithiyori, njengako apho abantu azezi inqanaba koseko iinkokeli ezinyuliweyo, uye kubo kwamkelwa ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo. Ayizange ukuba amathandabuzo nokutolikwa imfazwe njengoko ngokubonakala liphezulu omoya wobuntu. Ngoko ukuba usibekile isiseko ezizinzululwazi yinkokeli nekamva yobuFasi Party.

Buyela ku Italy

Kungekudala abavukeli Socialist agxothwayo eSwitzerland, kwaye uyaphinda kwakhona ekhaya. Apha uba lilungu Socialist Party of Italy nokukora isandla sakhe yintatheli ngempumelelo. Isandi eveliswe iphephandaba "Umzabalazo Class" ezincinane epapashwe kakhulu inqaku yaso apho heatedly wagxeka amaziko oluntu yongxowankulu. Phakathi izihlwele indawo le zombhali idibana imvume, kwaye kwixesha elifutshane kwegazi le phephandaba kabini. Ngowe-1910, uMussolini Benito wonyulwa ulibamba yenkongolo elandelayo Socialist Party, eyayibanjelwe eMilan.

Ngeli xesha uqale igama uMussolini ukongeza isimaphambili "" imibala - inkokeli. Kuyinto bezichaza kakhulu bakhe obungamampunge. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, yena baphathiswe zihamba iqumrhu engundoqo ye Socialist - "! Avanti" iphephandaba ( "Phambili!"). Yaba uvale enkulu phambili kwiphupha lakhe. Ngoku, ngaphambi kokuba kuvula ithuba lokuba isicelo kumanqaku abo kubantu elingenisa yonke Italy. Kwaye uMussolini ngobuciko ukumelana nale. Apha wachaza ngokupheleleyo intatheli italente yayo. Kwanele ukuba bathi phakathi kwiminyaka enye enesiqingatha, waba nako ukwandisa Ukubolekisa iphephandaba izihlandlo ezihlanu. Waba kakhulu zithandwa kweli lizwe.

Care kweminquba Socialist

Kungekudala kulandelwe ikhefu wakhe kunye nabahlobo babo bangaphambili. Ukususela ngelo xesha, i uMussolini oselula okhokelwa iphephandaba "The People of Italy", leyo, nangona ngegama layo, ibonisa umdla ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba enkulu kunye oligarchy mveliso. Kulo nyaka kubhaliwe wazalelwa unyana ongumgqakhwe ka Benito uMussolini - Benito Albino. Awayemiselwe ukuphelisa imihla yakhe kwisibhedlele engqondweni, apho uyafa yaye bakhe nonina - umfazi komthetho, uzwilakhe elizayo Ida Daltser. Emva kwexesha elithile, uMussolini utshata Rachele Gaudi, naye uza kuba nabantwana abahlanu.

Ngowe-1915, Italy, igcina kwelo xesha cala, wangena imfazwe. UMussolini Benito, ngathi abaninzi abantu belizwe lakhe, waba phezu ngaphambili. NgoFebruwari 1917, emva kokuthothoza iinyanga elinesixhenxe, i imibala waye egciniweyo yokwenzakala wabuyela kwimisebenzi yabo yangaphambili. Kwiinyanga ezimbini emva koko, le engalindelekanga kwenzeke: Italy lahluleka elihlazo abendlu Austria.

Ukuzalwa yobuFasi Party

Kodwa yintlekele, endiwazuze amakhulu amawaka abantu, ubekhonza umfutho uMussolini kwindlela eya ngamandla. amagqala yakutshanje, abantu nomsindo kwaye ediniwe yimfazwe, nto idala umbutho obizwa "Idabi Union." In Italian ikhala "Fashio de kombattimento". Le "Fashio" ndakunika igama elinye iintshukumo ezininzi ngokungenabuntu - yobuFasi.

Intlanganiso yokuqala engundoqo amalungu emibutho yaqhutywa ngoMatshi 23, 1919. Kulo wathabatha abantu malunga nekhulu ababekho. Iintsuku de zibe ntlanu, seva iintetho malunga imfuneko ukuvuselelwa ubukhulu yangaphambili Italy kunye neemfuno ezininzi ngokusekwa amalungelo kweli lizwe. Amalungu ale ntlangano intsha, ebizwa bona fascists kusonjululwa iintetho zabo bonke abavela, abazi imfuneko utshintsho oluphawulekayo kubomi karhulumente.

AmaNazi ngamandla kweli lizwe

izicelo ezifanayo abaye baphumelela, yaye kungekudala imibala wonyulwa ukuba epalamente, apho izihlalo mathathu anesihlanu ekule amaNazi. iqela labo ngokusemthethweni ngoNovemba 1921, kunye nenkokeli yalo uMussolini Benito. Ezintlwini fascists uthulule onke amalungu amatsha. Ngo-Oktobha 1927 ikholam abalandeli bakhe besenza amawaka amaninzi yokuhamba edumileyo iRoma, nto leyo ikhokelele uMussolini uba inkulumbuso kunye izabelo kuphela amandla ukumkani Viktorom Emmanuilom III. Ikhabhinethi laBaphathiswa ezikhandelwa kuphela amalungu yobuFasi Party. Ngobuchule kakubi, uMussolini wakwazi ukuba acele inkxaso nezenzo zabo Pope, yaye ngowe-1929 Vatican yaba geqe.

Alwe kombono

Fascism, Benito uMussolini waqhubeka ukomeleza sizoku lwisana zocindezelo ngokubanzi ezopolitiko - aseluphawu ebalulekileyo zonke kolawulo loozwilakhe. "A ekhethekileyo inkundla yokhuseleko karhulumente" lasekwa, nto leyo ukufanele ukuba lokufihla okukhulayo. Ngexesha ukhona, ukususela ngo-1927 ukuya 1943, oko ingqalelo iimeko ngaphezu 21.000.

Ngaphandle kokuba wahlala phezu kwetrone uPhilip, lonke igunya buzinze ezandleni ezi- philayo. Wabakhokela ngaxeshanye, zabaphathiswa zasixhenxe, ukuba inkulumbuso, intloko iqela kunye nenani arhente zokunyanzeliswa komthetho. Wakwazi ukuphelisa phantse yonke imida siseko bamandla akhe. EItali, ulawulo lwemo kwamapolisa. On top of wawiswa sokuluvala lizwe onke amanye amaqela ezopolitiko kunye nokucinywa unyulo ngqo.

ze zepolitiki

Njengoko bonke nguzwilakhe uMussolini kubaluleke kakhulu eziqhotyoshelwe ukukhuthaza umbutho. Kweli cala, ekufezile impumelelo enkulu, njengoko babesebenza zipapashwa kahle ubuchule yempembelelo phezu abalazi iindimbane. Zenzeka yena kwiphulo lakhe nabaxhasi ze wathabatha kunayo yonke. Makhe philayo bazalisa amaphepha-ndaba neemagazini, ukubukela kunye ubhontsi Poster kunye neencwadana, ihonjiswe ibhokisi yetshokholethi kunye neziyobisi ukuphakheja. Zonke Italy yazala imifanekiso Benito uMussolini. Quotes ezivela intetho yakhe ifakwa ezininzi.

iinkqubo zentlalo kunye ukulwa Mafia

Kodwa i onengqondo kwaye ejongelwe kwixesha elide elizayo, imibala wayesazi ukuba ukunyuswa ukuthembeka obuhlala abantu ukuba benze imali. Kule nkalo, iye yaphuhliswa kwaye liphumeze inkqubo ebanzi ukuba ukukhulisa uqoqosho lweli lizwe nokuphucula kumgangatho wokuphila abavela. Kuqala kwinto zonke, siye lathatha amanyathelo kuliwe ngqesho, ngempumelelo uya kwandisa ingqesho. Njengenxalenye yenkqubo wakhe ngexesha elifutshane yayakhiwe ngaphezulu kwe amawaka amahlanu amahlanu iifama zezolimo kunye nemizi. Ukulungiselela le njongo, senza ekufunxeni na imigxobhozo nakwiPontine, intsimi enkulu ukuba kangangeenkulungwane amelwe yayiliziko seengcongconi.

Ngenxa olwenziwe phantsi kolwalathiso inkqubo ukubangwa komhlaba uMussolini kaThixo, eli lizwe liya phantse zizigidi ezisibhozo hectares zomhlaba olimekayo. Amashumi asixhenxe anesibhozo amawaka abalimi ukusuka kwiindawo ezihluphekayo elizweni bawathabatha iindawo echumayo. Kwiminyaka yokuqala esibhozo wobukumkani bakhe inani kwizibhedlele Italy kane. Ngenxa-nkqubo yentlalo landela ngabo, uMussolini wazuza intlonelo enzulu nje kuphela lizwe kodwa ke iinkokheli yamazwe eziphambili ehlabathini. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, i imibala wayekwazi ukwenza akunakwenzeka - wayegulela watshabalalisa mafia odumileyo Sicilia.

ubuhlobo Military ne Germany Umnyango empini

Xa nkqubo angaphandle, uMussolini wazala izicwangciso ukuvuselela uBukhosi baseRoma. Ukuziqhelisa, oku kwakhokelela nokuhlutha abaxhobileyo Ethiopia, Albania kunye kwezinye iindawo lweMeditera. Ngexesha i Civil Spanish War uMussolini wathumela amandla elikhulu ukuxhasa General Franco. Yaba ngeli xesha baqala ubulalayo kuye rapprochement lukaHitler, nayo ukuxhasa bezwe Spanish. Ekugqibeleni, umanyano lwabo eyasekwa ngo-1937 ngethuba utyelelo uMussolini eJamani.

Ngowe-1939, phakathi eJamani Italy asayina isivumelwano malunga nesiphelo umfelandawonye ukuzithethelela kunye ekhubekisayo, nto leyo ekhokelele kaJuni 10, 1940, Italy kungena kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. imikhosi uMussolini xa uthatha inxaxheba umsebenzi eFransi ahlasele amathanga British eMpuma Afrika, yaye ngo-Oktobha ahlasele Greece. Kodwa kungekudala iimpumelelo iintsuku zokuqala imfazwe zathi waxa ukoyiswa ekrakra. Abendlu ka-anti-uHitler angalawuliyo zenyuse izenzo zayo zonke iindawo, kwaye Italy esoyiswa, ukulahlekelwa phambi kummandla zifakiwe kwaye ephethe ilahleko enzima. Ukuze wenze ububi mandundu izinto, ngoJulayi 10, 1943 amaBritane wathabatha phezu iindawo eSisili.

Ukuwa uzwilakhe

Le eyayisakuba indawo ulangazelelo jikelele ukunganeliseki abaninzi. Nguzwilakhe otyholwa zopolitiko elifutshane bisayo, ngenxa ngalo ilizwe wahlaba waya emfazweni. Sikhumbula kunye usurpation amandla kunye kwezithandani kombono, nabo bonke miscalculations kumgaqo-nkqubo basekhaya angaphandle, elathi phambi Benito uMussolini. Philayo wahliswa gqitha ngoogxa bakhe emisebenzini yabo yonke, bambamba. Phambi kwetyala, wathi yabanjwa ngomnye iihotele intaba, kodwa sibiwe paratroopers aseJamani phantsi umyalelo edume Otto Skorzeny. Kungekudala emva kokuba umsebenzi waseJamani kweItali.

Okumiselwe wanika ithuba owayesakuba imibala ixesha elithile ukuya urhulumente unopopi kumisa yi uHitler republic. Kodwa utyhilo kwakusondela. Ekupheleni kuka-Aprili 1945 uzwilakhe kunye nenkosikazi yakhe Clara Petacci zabanjwa yi kuzinze ngexesha uzama neqela amaqabane akhe ukuba ushiye Italy ngokungekho mthethweni.

Ukubulawa Benito uMussolini kunye nentombi yakhe ilandelwa April 28. Bona adutyulwa kwi ngaphandle kwidolophana Mezzegra. Kamva imizimba yazo basiwa Milan wasixhoma ngeenyawo zabo kwi square dolophu. Ngoko ke, waqukumbela imihla yakhe Benito uMussolini biography ukuba into ekhethekileyo ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa ngokubanzi ekuso ukuba isininzi oozwilakhe.