YeSibini Punic War (218-201 BCE ..): Oonobangela, imiphumo. Izizathu ngokoyiswa Carthage kwesesibini Punic War. Yintoni umahluko lokuQala nakoLwesibini Punic Wars?

Imfazwe eRoma nxamnye Carthage uphethe indawo ebalulekileyo kwimbali Zamandulo. Baba negalelo kuphuhliso ngakumbi yaseMeditera kunye lonke elaseYurophu. Second Punic War iminyaka 218-201. BC. e. - eyona ezintathu kwenzeka. Kwakhona ibizwa ngokuba imfazwe Hannibalic, okanye imfazwe nxamnye ithawula. Ukongezelela eRoma Carthage kwi longquzulwano zathatha inxaxheba Numidia, ePergamo, Aetolian League, kwizibuko laseSirakuse, Achaean League, kwaye eMakedoni.

prehistory

Ngo-242 BC. e. sivumelwano uxolo owaphela Yokuqala Punic kweMfazwe iye yatyikitywa. Ngenxa yesi sivumelwano, Carthage ehluleka ukulawula ingeniso evela ubunini yeSisili, yorhwebo phantse lwe Carthaginians eNtshona kwiMeditera sonakaliswa ngamandla yi eRoma. Ekugqibeleni, Carthage owayekwimeko zoqoqosho ezinzima, kunye ubukhosi isinqumo sayo Barkidov - kwimeko embi evela amaqela ezopolitiko - eliphikisayo iye yakhula. Nalapho ke kwaye kwacaca ukuba kwixa elizayo kufuneka uthathe indawo Second Punic War phakathi kweRoma Carthage babulalana kubo, oko kukuthi. To. Amagunya ezinkulu ezimbini kwiMeditera kungekho ndawo.

Competition for Spain

Hamilcar, lo mphathi Carthaginian kwi intloko yomkhosi, lasungula iphulo lokuba kokoyiswa nemimandla baseSpeyin. Okokuqala, Iberia waye esisityebi kunene hlobo ngeziveliso zendalo, yaye okwesibini, ukususela baseSpeyin fast kuhle ukuba eItali. Hamilcar, kunye nonyana wakhe umthetho Hasdrubal ebisebenza ukwandisa imida Carthage phantse-10 iminyaka de Helice zokungqinga yabulawa. Hasdrubal wakhe nabo naye waba lixhoba le Ibero-ngumbharbhari eNew Carthage, yasekwa nguye.

New Carthage ngokukhawuleza yaba liziko lonke urhwebo lwasentshona iMeditera, kwakunye nezinto iziko lolawulo puniyskih. Ngaloo ndlela, Carthage hayi babuyekezwe kuphela ilahleko zazo ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yokuqala neRoma, kodwa waba iimarike ezintsha, kwaye imigodi yesilivere of Spain Barkidov enobutyebi Ububahluba ezintshabeni zawo kwezopolitiko nayiphi na inkxaso. Second Punic War iminyaka 218-201. BC. e. Yaba kudlula ixesha.

eRoma ixhala

Abezopolitiko zamaRoma kunye neenkokeli zomkhosi bakhathazekile kakhulu ukufumana amandla Carthage. ERoma wayeqonda ukuba abathanga kakhulu emva kwexesha ukuyeka punov, kodwa emva komzuzwana kuya kuba nzima. Ngoko ke, amaRoma baqalisa ukukhangela njengesigqubuthelo kokususa impi. Ngexesha ubomi uyise ithawula kaThixo, Hamilcar, umda Iber River lwaqhutywa phakathi Carthage neRoma ukuya eSpeyin.

ERoma wakha umfelandawonye Soguntom. Ebeyalelwe ngokucacileyo nxamnye Carthage, yaye ngokukodwa ukumisa phambili yakhe ngakumbi emantla. Ukuqala yeSibini Punic kweMfazwe wayesondela, kwakungeyomfuneko eRoma ummelwane yamandla, kodwa ukuthetha phandle ebusweni umhlaseli ayikwazanga, ngoko ke umfelandawonye Soguntom lwagqitywa. Kucacile ukuba eRoma akazange eyenzelwe ukukhusela sizana, kodwa ngokuhlaselwa kuye Carthage lwanika sisingxengxezo kokususa impi.

Ithawula, evela Barkidov ubukhosi

Ithawula, wabumisela ukuze sibe uphawu kumzabalazo wokulwa ulawulo waseRoma amazwe akwiMeditera apho wafika, kuba ikwazile ukwenza oko akukho mntu ubenobuganga ukuyenza. Waye inkokheli abanetalente emkhosini nomwisimethetho, amajoni ehlonelwa, kungekhona ukuzalwa kwakhe phezulu, nangenxa nokugqwesa yena ubuqu kunye neempawu zobunkokeli.

Esemncinane Hamilcar uyise wathatha unyana wakhe emfazweni. Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe mdala, waye iinkampu zomkhosi, apho umntwana wayefuna ukufa ebusweni. Emehlweni akhe ukubulala yentlaninge, amakhulu, ukuba amawaka abantu. Uye sakuqhela oku. okuqhubekayo ithawula ijika umlweli abanobuchule, kunye nofundo lokuba imicimbi zomkhosi - in yingqondi yasemkhosini. Ngelo xesha Hamilcar wenza yonke into ukuze ufumane kufutshane kwihlabathi lamaGrike, ngoko wafundisa oonobumba yesiGrike unyana wakhe, wayifundisa inkcubeko yamaGrike. Uyise na ukumelana ngaphandle namahlakani neRoma, yaye wafundisa oonyana babo, inkcubeko yawo, kwakunye kumisa kwi Union. Indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo ukudlala ithawula. Second War Punic ukuba bacinge iminyaka emininzi. Wafunga ukuba uza kutshabalalisa eRoma emva kokufa kukayise.

Izinto ezibangela imfazwe

Kukho izizathu ezithathu eziphambili ezakhokelela kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe yesibini phakathi kweRoma Carthage:

1. nemiphumela ekhula ukuba Carthage, phantsi kwemiqathango sivumelwano yoxolo owaphela Yokuqala Punic War.

2. Ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kweli yemihlaba Carthage kunye zophuculo yawo ngeendleko lifa bazizinhanha eSpeyin, nto leyo ekhokelele ukomelezwa ngamandla alo emkhosini.

3. I-, nasekuxinweni, bamba Carthage Rome Sogunta union ukuba isizathu ezisemthethweni, nto leyo ekhokelele yeSibini Punic imfazwe eyehlela. Izizathu kuba bekungandilungelayo esesikweni ngaphezu yokwenene, noko kukhokelele enye umbango ezinkulu yonke kwimbali yamandulo.

Isifo yemfazwe

Emva kokufa Hamilcar kunye Hasdrubal alimwi ukubulawa yakhethwa ithawula. Emva koko nje wajika engama-25 ubudala, wayezele amandla kunye nokuzimisela ukutshabalalisa eRoma. Ukongezelela, waba iseti olude ezilungileyo ulwazi imicimbi zomkhosi kwaye, kakade, ubunkokeli.

Ithawula ukusuka nabani akukho mfihlakalo ukuba ufuna lokuhlasela Sogunt, nto leyo njengehlakani eRoma, yaye ngaloo ndlela, ukuba benze imfazwe yokugqibela. Noko ke, ithawula, akazange ababulale kuqala. Wayeqiniseka ukuba Sogunt wahlasela izizwe Iberia ezibe phantsi kwamandla Carthage, yaye kuphela emva koko wafudukela imikhosi yakhe ukuba 'umhlaseli ". Ithawula, kufanele wakubalela eRoma akayi kubangela uncedo yasemkhosini Soguntu, t. To. Wabakhokela edabini nxamnye Gauls kunye namapirates Illyrian. Abanya Sogunta izinyanga-7, emva koko inqaba sathathwa. ERoma akazange ukunika uncedo yomkhosi ally yayo. Emva kokuthatha Sogunta iRoma athume isigidimi ku Carthage, leyo wathi imfazwe. YeSibini Punic War waqala!

butha

Le mfazwe yathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwama-15. Ngeli xesha, phantse akazange ayeke nakuphi na ukungqubana phakathi kweRoma Carthage, okanye phakathi namahlakani awo. yabulala amashumi amawaka abantu. Ekuhambeni kweminyaka ke ukugqithisela udlule isandla ngesandla, ukuba ixesha lokuqala imfazwe, amathamsanqa phezu kwicala ithawula, emva kwethutyana amaRoma nangakumbi, ebangela uthotho ukoyiswa ezinkulu Poonam e eIberia North Afrika. Ngaloo ndlela ithawula, wahlala phezu kwi Apennine lizwe. E Italy, ithawula ngokwakhe sele iphumelele iziphumo ezilungileyo, kwanyanzeleka ukuba nigubhayo igama lakhe bonke abemi balapha.

Punic War Second wabonisa ukuba ithawula akalingani edabini evulekileyo. Oku kuboniswa Idabi koMlambo Ticino kunye Trebbia, kufuphi Trasimeno Lake kwaye, kakade, edume kwedabi Cannae, leyo ithungelwa kwimbali wamajoni ngomsonto obomvu.

Umlo senzeka izimpi ezininzi: eItali, eSpeyin, eSisili, North Afrika kunye eMakedoni, kodwa "injini" of Carthage kunye namahlakani ayo baye umkhosi ithawula, aze yena. ke ubeke iRoma ngokwayo injongo "wopha" kuyo, uvimba indlela izinto, izixhobo kunye ukusekelwa imfazwe e-Italy. ERoma wenza, xa waqonda ukuba ithawula, kufuneka kuqala zeemoto ngaphandle amadabi bamisa, uze ugqibezele. Isicwangciso kwakungekho nempumelelo, kodwa phambi kwakhe eRoma bahlulwa omnye emva komnye, ingakumbi kuyimfuneko ukuqaphela idabi Cannae. Kule impi Carthage ilifa amajoni 50,000, eRome - 90 000. Amathuba phantse kabini, kodwa nkqu kunye noludumileyo wokwamanani hlobo baseRoma ayikwazanga kuphumelela. Ngexesha ekulweni 70,000 amajoni aseRoma, 16,000 basiwa ikhonkxwa, ngoxa ithawula walahlekelwa kwabulawa abantu 6000 kuphela.

Izizathu ngokoyiswa Carthage kwesesibini Punic War

Kukho eziliqela izizathu ezibangele ukuba uloyiso waseRoma. Okokuqala, kube yinto yokuba umkhosi Carthaginian kwa- mercenaries, leyo ngokupheleleyo ayibalulekanga ngubani lilwela - ukuba nenzuzo yona. Akukho iimvakalelo yobuzwe phakathi mercenaries babengekho, ngokungafaniyo amaRoma, abo ndikhusela kwilizwe labo.

Okwesibini, Carthaginians ngokwabo indawo eAfrika, badla abayiqondi kutheni kufuneka kule mfazwe. Ekhaya, kwi Barkidov nenkcaso elisandul 'ukusekwa kakhulu, nto leyo babengafuni imfazwe kunye neRoma. Kwanasemva kokuba kwedabi Cannae Carthage oligarchs ngaphandle ngothakazelelo wathuma ezinye ukusekelwa ku ithawula, nangona eli uncedo omkhulu kakhulu, kwaye ke isiphumo imfazwe bekuya kuba ezahlukeneyo. Into kukuba yokuba besoyika yokuqinisa amandla ithawula, kunye nokusekwa lozwilakhe, emva eya kulandelwa ekutshatyalalisweni oligarchy njengeklasi lwentlalo.

Okwesithathu, ukuvukela nobuqhophololo, ilele Ndalalela zonke inyathelo ka Carthage, kunye nokungabikho nayiphi ally uncedo lokwenene - Macedonia.

Okwesine, oko kukuthi, Kakade ke, ubungqondi yesikolo waseRoma, nto leyo ebudeni bemfazwe iye yafumana ubutyebi yamava. Noko ke, ukuba eRoma, le mfazwe iye ekuhluphekeni, bawafaka nganeno ngaseludinini ukusinda republic yamaRoma. Izizathu ngokoyiswa Carthage kwesesibini Punic War luyakwazi Unalungelo, kodwa iya kulandela zonke kwezi-4 ephambili engundoqo ngokoyiswa omnye imikhosi kakhulu zehlabathi lamandulo.

Ngokungafaniyo Second evela First Punic War

iimfazwe ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo, nangona igama efanayo. Eyokuqala silwe macala omabini, oko yaqulunqwa ngenxa ungquzulwano phakathi kweRoma Carthage ukuba abe kwisiqithi osisityebi eSisili. Eyesibini silwe kuphela evela Carthage, umkhosi wamaRoma kwakhona wenza uthumo inkululeko.

Kungakhokelela ekubeni lokuQala nakoLwesibini Wars - uloyiso waseRoma, igalelo elikhulu ebekwe kwi Carthage, ngokumisa imida. Emva kokuphela yeSibini Punic War, oonobangela, iziphumo kunye ezibalulekileyo ezimbalini kunzima ukuba zazi, Carthage akuvumelekile ngokupheleleyo ukuba izithuthi. Waphelelwa zonke izinto aphesheya, wafuna irhafu ezigqithileyo kangangeminyaka engama-50. Ukongeza, akaba nako ukuzilwa iimfazwe ngaphandle kwemvume eRoma.

Second Punic War ungatshintsha indlela yembali, ukuba umphathi kwi intloko abendlu ka ithawula of Carthage waba inkxaso enkulu ngaphakathi lizwe. Yena elalinokuphumelela phezu eRoma. Njengoko konke oku baya, ngenxa kwemfazwe Cannae IRoma yaba enempi enkulu ekwaziyo ukumelana Carthage, ithawula, kodwa xa imikhosi ezikhoyo wayeza kuba nako ukufaka i eRoma kakuhle enqatyisiweyo. Yena elinde inkxaso evela Afrika kunye mvukelo kwezixeko Italian nxamnye neRoma, kodwa yokuqala okanye yesibini, akazange alinde ukuba ...