Umthetho kaHammurabi, okanye umthombo yokuqala yomthetho

Omdala Umthombo umthetho kucingelwa ukuba umthetho uHammurabi, okanye mandithi iseti kubo, leyo eyayilawula ubomi le yamandulo baseBhabhiloni uluntu. Siye safumanisa ukuba ebudeni enye zobuntlola zakudala kummandla eMesopotamiya, phakathi edume iTigris nomEfrate. Abembi bezinto zakudala French ziye zasebenza eShushan, esinye sezixeko endala, ibekwe Iraq namhlanje. miphumela emikhulu: izinto inkcubeko eziphathekayo, amacwecwe odongwe eziliqela ngeetekisi ngoonobumba twisisaka, impahla. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho isifundo ezikhethekileyo - abangelwe black intsika ukuphakama kuyimitha 2.25. Inxalenye ephantsi, wayifulela ngokupheleleyo kunye nabalinganiswa ngoonobumba. Mntanam zophondo umfanekiso kathixo nguShamash ilanga. Wanika abanye umntu esongwayo ingubo yobukumkani.

Wokufumana uthuthwa eParis, eFransi, kwi-National Museum of the Louvre. nangoko Abaphandi waya raptures, United States mibhalo twisiseka. Yaba umsebenzi omangalisayo zobugcisa kunye ngaxeshanye, ukuzikhunjuzwa umthetho yamandulo, owaziwa ngelika 'imithetho waseBhabhiloni ukumkani kaHammurabi. "

Njani le igqwetha? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, kufuneka sijonge imephu ezopolitiko kule ngingqi. Kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XVIII. BC EMesopotamiya ngokwakhe kwizixeko eziliqela, leyo basoloko bekhuphisana nabanye. KaHammurabi united ezi States zibe iyunithi enye, yima sokulwa bakhetha iBhabhiloni ikomkhulu yayo. Ukuze enye amandla ayo, kuthatha iseti yayo yemithetho kunye nezithethe. Eli libali lika uHammurabi, yaye yintoni na ingongoma wabo?

Igqwetha, ngubani yanikwa ukumkani nguShamash, ubunjwe intshayelelo, amanqaku (inani lilonke leyo ilingana no-282) kunye nesiphelo. Ukophulwa wabo ingqalelo njengetyala elichasene isithixo, ngoko oyike kakhulu kunene. UHammurabi waseBhabhiloni weza uxolo, ubulungisa nempumelelo. Inqaku zahlanganiswa zaba casuistic, oko kukuthi, bona musa ukuchaza imithetho jikelele kunye namatyala athile ebomini.

KaHammurabi ibango ukwahlulwa umphakathi ngokupheleleyo ukungalingani. Kuba ulwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo basabela ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Urhulumente wasebenzisa zabasebenzi khoboka, kwaye umntu ngokupheleleyo ixhomekeke waba lixhoba ukuthanda kwenkosi yakhe. Noko ke, ikhoboka abe kweyakhe intsimi, usapho kunye kungena imicimbi yoluntu. KaHammurabi yaququzelela ukubunjwa kwipropati yabucala, kodwa kwakhona alawule nolwalamano boluntu kunye nosapho, yofuzo.

Kwakumnandi kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo lolwaphulo-yaseBhabhiloni State. KaHammurabi wayefuna ukuphelisa ububi, walwa, kwanabenzi bobubi abo, baziintshembenxa kunye nabangendawo. Imithetho yakhe ebizwa ngokuba impindezelo, lommiselo, aluhlisayo wayelingana umonakalo. Of umgaqo 'Iliso maliphindezelwe ngeliso, nezinyo ngezinyo ", ngoko ezivelayo eBhayibhileni kwenzeka apha. Ukongeza, ayesebenzisa ngezikweko, inkqubo izohlwayo kunye kwetyala esidlangalaleni njenge oyidingayo kwenkqubo yezizwe, basiwa ingqalelo iimeko ezenza.

Nangona igqwetha kaHammurabi wasebenzisa kakhulu ixesha elifutshane, impembelelo yakhe ekuphuhliseni inkcubeko esemthethweni zehlabathi gqitha.