Mensheviks - ngubani na ezinjalo? Mensheviks Party. Ke iinkokheli Mensheviks

Namhlanje, iingcali ezininzi kummandla nokukhuthazwa kweenkonzo kunye nempahla nzulu bathi ukuba yinkokeli mbuso yesigaba, VI Ulyanov waye marketer zezona ngcali zinetalente ehlabathini. misebenzi yakhe ukuba akwazi "ukuthengisa" izihlwele ezibanzi ingcamango yokulingana, esebenzisa amazwi emfutshane, ukuluma kunye ngxolo kuYosefu. Vladimir Ilyich wakwazi ukwenza imiqondiso ngqo kunye novakalelo (ihamile kunye irhengqa, inkwenkwezi-etsolo ezintlanu), aqingqa umbala efanelekileyo loshishino (ebomvu). Kodwa ke impumelelo ephambili Lenin walala xa ukhetha brand. Xa ukwazi ubunzima ngokuqinileyo ingcamango yokuba Bolshevism yinto enkulu, enamandla, kunqandwa lecebo. Kodwa Mensheviks - nto into encinane inkunkuma jikelele.

Ukudala brand iqela lezopolitiko zinamandla kwinkulungwane XX kwenzeka eLondon ngowe-1903, ehlotyeni.

Xa kwakukho iiBolsheviks and Mensheviks

Second Party Congress eyayibanjelwe ukunganethi kwizixeko ezibini - Brussels ne London. Ngokucacileyo, abaququzeleli boyika intshutshiso afuna emfihlekweni, ngenxa yokuba kwaye ngokunjalo baya kwinyathelo engaqhelekanga njengoko ikhefu kunye nesihamba ngayo. ULenin Martov kwaye basoloko bexabana, kwaye kakuhle eli mpikiswano kungancitshiswa ukuya ukuba okanye hayi ukulinda njengokhozo iyawa, okanye mandithi kubukrazula? Ubuncinane amanye ala magama, inkokeli elizayo kwiBolsheviks, wachaza icebo le ntswela. Elinye lamalungu amadala ayihambayo le RSDLP kunye neqela theoretician Martov iziqhamo ezinkulu ezikrwada abakhange babefuna ukuphula emasebeni uhlaza udubule phantsi kokukhona bekuya awunamatheli.

Zombini umphikisi ngexesha ekuvunyelwene ukuba revolution kufuneka yehlabathi, kuya kwenzeka kumazwe kunye noshishino kakhulu eliphezulu, yaye kuphela emva koko kukubi umva ubukumkani-karhulumente, phakathi apho inani yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Lo mbuzo ukunika kuphela ukuba bakhethe iindlela - zomthetho okanye ngaphantsi komhlaba. Emva kokuba kuvotwe, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni uloyiso selayini Leninist, iqela kwahlulwa kubini. Ngoko nangoko uLenin wabiza abalandeli babo ukuba kwiBolsheviks, esongeza ukuba lwalugqugqisile Martov - the Mensheviks. Oku ukusa kumkhamo othile kumiselwa imbali kwenkulungwane XX.

I revolution lokuqala

Kuyimfuneko ukuba anikele ingqalelo ekhethekileyo yokuba iiBolsheviks akazange kusoloko enlists obunye kakhulu ngokwamanani ngexesha uvote qela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, i ekhawulezileyo. umgca yazo alukhethileyo yokusebenza komhlaba-abanqolobi kwakhokelela ekwahlulweni RSDLP. Kwi-III Congress, eyayibanjelwe kwakhona eLondon (1905), abaxhasi inxaxheba Martov akazange afune ukuba, baqonda iziganeko ezibuhlungu revolution njengokuya kwisigaba esilandelayo yophuhliso lwentlalo eRashiya, okt kwiriphabliki yongxowankulu, leyo obabulingana ingcamango Marxist. Nangona kunjalo, kwimvukelo abaxhobileyo Matshi abameli iphiko ujoyine, baba phezu wempi "Potemkin" kunye naphakathi nezinye izixholoxholo. Ngenxa yoko, ukuphikisana wangqungisana ziyimfihlo yakhe kwi- kwizikhundla eziphezulu iqela, kwaye abantu kumabanga aphantsi Musa ukudlala indima enkulu. Emva kokuba kwezithandani akangowesiphithiphithi Plekhanov wathetha nto njengento engenamsebenzi ngokwenene, okungafanele, yaye bezama. Inkokeli Mensheviks, Martov wavumelana nale mbono.

Kwemfazwe Japan

KwiBolsheviks ayefuna kokoyiswa Tsarist Russia, kwaye wenza yonke into ukujongela phantsi nako ukuziphendulela lizwe. Oku kakhulu ngokucacileyo wabonisa inkanuko German ngexesha lemfazwe, kodwa kuqala laliqulunqwe ngaphambili - ngexesha yaseJapan. Esinye sezizathu balile inxaxheba III Congress of the London RSDLP Mensheviks - nto eyaziwa kubo ngezixhobo zenkxaso evela kwiinkonzo amazwe intelligence ezikhohlakeleyo. Elahla imfazwe Martovites ayikwazanga abavumi luleko, uya kuza bevela kwamanye amazwe, kwaye iya kuzisa i yaseJapan kwi bayonets zabo. Ukongeza, i-Ilanga Ukunyuka ngelo xesha yentlalo ngendlela umva kakhulu zombini ngurhulumente, kunye nokukhuthazwa zoloyiso yayo akaphenduli ubuhlakani aphantsi. Ngokubanzi, kwiimbono Menshevik, njengoko owayelawula iiBolsheviks ngaphandle ngalo mzuzu ithuba lokoyisa ye revolution kwilizwe elinye.

ndawonye kwakhona

Ngowe-1906, iinkokheli amaphiko amabini RSDLP kwakhona badibana kuloo nkongolo, eli xesha yabanjwa Stockholm. Amaqela yabona imfuneko ukuba basebenze kunye, waza wafuna ukuba ukuvala isikhewu. Akubonakali ibaluleke kakhulu umahluko Mensheviks kunye iiBolsheviks ngeli xesha, yaye ochaphazelekayo kuphela amagama komhlathi wokuqala yeMithetho Party. Martov ocetywayo ukuba ushiye ingatshintshanga idlalwe "ukukhuthaza", njengoko uLenin baphikelela 'inxaxheba buqu "entlanganweni. Xa uqala kuqala, umahluko kukuba encinane, kodwa enyanisweni kwenzeka ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu. ULenin wafuna ukuseka isakhiwo engqongqo oluneqela elinegunya yakhiwe yi ukulwa, yaye Martov kaThixo elungileyo ngokwaneleyo ukuba zizifundiswa eziqhelekileyo ethetha ivenkile. Inguqu olululo yinkokeli Mensheviks ingqalelo ngaphambi kwexesha, ukunikezela ingqalelo ezithile ezweni kade omkhulu kwezolimo, akukho ivuthiwe ukuba socialism. Noko ke, kwiBolsheviks iphumelele enye uloyiso: uLenin kuvunyiwe inguqulelo kwinqaku lokuqala Charter RSBRP (o).

ukuphikisana interwar

Ngokusemthethweni, emva "ubunye" of Stockholm Congress Party yafumana nokuqina, kodwa izinto lubonise ubukho iingxabano eseleyo. Ekubulaleni revolution ngenkani isikhokelo sotsdekovskoe ukuba kwamanye amazwe nezikhundla zabo walawula ezibuhlungu. Kufuneka imali, kodwa iindlela yamaBolshevik yamalungiselelo abo afikelwa yokusabela exutyiweyo abachasi obungunaphakade - Martov, Levitsky umzalwana wakhe, Potresov, Axelrod kunye namanye Mensheviks. Kwakukho intshukumo "liquidators" ngubani wavakalisa uluvo malunga imfuneko epheleleyo nciphisa yomsebenzi mthethweni, ukupheliswa "eksov" (oko kukuthi, ukuphanga), kodwa iya kuhlawula kuphela yinxalenye abaxhasi izenzo elula (kubandakanywa Plekhanov), abanye baye salinda, evakalisa nokuzinikela ubunye. NoTrotsky epapashwe ngowe-1912 e Vienna, iphephandaba "PRAVDA", nto leyo lapapasha amanqaku ngokuphandle anti-Leninist, kwaye ngokwesiseko esimisiweyo ngaphandle kokuba iqumrhu iqela iphambili yale nkomfa yaba ukudala iqonga, ebizwa i-Agasti. Le yunithi kuyilwa emva kokuba ubunzima Menshevik lonke siphene enye, oko kukuthi, ukukhuhlana lwangaphakathi ngokukhawuleza bawa ngaphandle. iimfuneko jikelele eziphathelele amalungelo oluntu, iiofisi ummeli kwi IV State Duma zonke iinkalo zobomi, njalo-njalo. N. Ngaba awanelisekanga kunye nabanye abathathi-nxaxheba kwi-mbuso.

Defeatists kunye amathanda sizwe

Emva kokuqala kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, inkqubo Menshevik weza ungquzulwano ngqo nomgaqo-nkqubo yamaBolshevik. Potresov, Plekhanov kunye nezinye "defencists" akazange acinge ilungelo lokufuna ukufa ulawulo tsarist ixabiso yintlekele. Baphikisa imfazwe hlobo, esithi omnye-ndlongo, ngoko ngokupheleleyo "liqengqiwe" kulwamkelo yokuba umkhosi Russian ikhusela kuphela ilizwe. Camp RSDLP sahlukana saziinxalenye ezimbini: i "Internationalists" kunye "namaqhawe" iimpawu enxulumene isiphumo ekulweni e phambili kunokwenzeka. Indawo kakhulu kuthathwa ukuze kuphunyezwe injongo ubambeke kunye nokususwa amaqela alwayo "ngaphandle annexations okanye indemnities." Intshabalalo kunye nokulwa ngokwanda kule ungquzulwano yoluntu ye'Bolshevik engavumi iphiko RSDLP. I Mensheviks babekholelwa ukuba isiphelo uxolo kule meko kungabangela revolution ehlabathini. Baba engalunganga.

I-Februwari revolution okunene waqalisa ukuphunyezwa "inkqubo zisezantsi", wathi ngaphambili RSDLP njenge njongo kule minyaka ilishumi ezayo.

Eyona engundoqo theses zale nkqubo Menshevik

Ngoko ke yintoni umahluko phakathi iiBolsheviks kunye Mensheviks? Le program iqela, okanye mandithi, ngoMatshi ka iphiko, waba mihlathi ilandelayo:

a) ekuthatheni amandla kwilizwe kungekho neemeko ezikhoyo kunye ngumba kungekho kukhafula, iyavakala kuphela umzabalazo inkcaso;

b) mbuso Russian yesigaba akuyi kwenzeka kungekudala, yaye kuphela emva kokoyisa kwakhe eUnited yaseYurophu nakuMntla Melika;

c) indima ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba siphane kumzabalazo ochasene lobuzwilakhe kubaluleke kakhulu, yaye kufuneka sisebenzisane nayo;

d) nabalimi - yeklasi umva, kufuneka isetyenziswe njengento amandla abangabancedani kunye sizana, kodwa aninako nayama khona;

d) sabasebenzi - omkhulu 'kaloliwe "ye revolution (le ngongoma kuye kwaqala phantsi kwempembelelo Bolshevism);

e) ukhetha iindlela zomthetho omzabalazo. Ubunqolobi ususwe.

February

Menshevik party njenge amandla lizimele kwasekwa ekuqaleni 1917. Xa uqala kuqala, yonke into waya ngokwesicwangciso evunyiweyo, kwavela kwiriphabliki yongxowankulu kwi emanxuweni ubukhosi, kwaye ngoku silinde kuphela xa abantu sivuthwe ufuna inguquko entsha, eli xesha sabasebenzi. Ingxaki yayikukuba iziganeko ezinkulu kaFebruwari 1917 kubanjiswa ubunkokheli labalindi RSDLP. I Mensheviks, njengoko iiBolsheviks abazange ukulawula ikhondo yalo mbutho kobhukuqo kakumkani akazange inxaxheba kwaye ngoku uzama kabuhlungu ukusebenzisa le meko ukuphumeza iinjongo zabo inkqubo ngempumelelo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Khawuleza ukuhamba Martovites. Kuye kwasekwa uRhulumente Provisional, kwaye ke amagunya abameli babo kumafa yayo. Mensheviks kulwakhiwo olutsha amandla ezintathu (AM Nikitin, K. Gvozdev, PN Malyantovich), N. S. Chheidze waya i Petrograd yiSoviet, yaye emva koko, ngoJuni, emva kokuba mna All-Russian Congress of Amaqumrhu wada waba usihlalo Russian Central Executive Committee. Ukuqhubeka nokuqiniswa indawo qela, ukwandisa amathuba ngempembelelo yayo iindimbane.

Party Mensheviks, nangona impumelelo ezicacileyo, le izigulo entsha ngemvumelwano okufana kuye: amandla akhe bohlulwa imisinga ezintathu. Right (emelwe yi Potresov) ahlala izikhundla ubuzwe ezigabadeleyo, centrists (Dan, Tsereteli) Akuvumelekanga ukufotokopa eli ilungelo lokuqhubeka ukuqhubeka kumsebenzi olululo nemiqathango kwedemokhrasi yamaphephandaba, kodwa ke kuphela emva kokuba uloyiso phezu utshaba zangaphandle ekhohlo (Matshi) wasigweba inxaxheba kumsebenzi Provisional kaRhulumente, bafune ukuhanjiswa kwangoko lomhlaba kunye noxolo.

Phambi kokuba revolution entsha

Nangoko, phambi kokuba Oktobha Revolution washiya ezintlwini iqela, Mensheviks abaninzi abadumileyo. Inkqubo iqela vagueness yayo angaphumelela abaxhasi ezinokwenzeka kunye andahexa, ekwakukho phakathi uYuri Larin, uLeon noTrotsky , kwaye nkqu i Plekhanov. Inkqubo lokufuduka kwezopolitiko iye yaba ubunzima malunga 4000 Petrograd tsentristov- "Interdistrictite" wajoyina Leninist iphiko RSDLP entwasahlobo ka-1917. Izizathu yokuziphatha unyanzele: kwiimbono Menshevik iye yavezwa inkxaso emfazweni, evela labemi, engqondweni ye'Bolshevik ubuxoki esebenzayo, nje udiniwe. Ngaphezu koko, kuye kubekho ukuphikisana rhoqo phakathi neenjongo zezopolitiko ezithile ukunyaniseka yenkokheli umntu, akabanga nabuganga asithembise abantu abakwazi ukwenza. Game for amandla elahlekileyo, yaye ngo-Oktobha, i Mensheviks akuqonda ngokupheleleyo.

ubukuqo-mbuso

Ngo-Oktobha 25, kwabakho revolution kunye nokuhlutha ngamandla iiBolsheviks. nangoko RSDLP (o) ephuhliswe umgwebe isigqibo, ebiza izenzo ezinjalo usurpation, kodwa kakhulu emva kwexesha. ubunye lwangaphakathi guquki nangoku ulandelwe. Ubiza ukwenza urhulumente omtsha, "efanayo", bemele zonke imisinga yezopolitiko ngokulinganayo, yaye nokuxhasa kwiNdibano neqela okanye wayengavumi. Ishumi amalungu eKomiti Central kunye abafundi abathathu washiya ezintlwini party. Enkantolo i nkongolo likaxakeka engaqhelekanga le RSDLP (o), kodwa wahlala naye yayingaphelele, ngaphandle ukunyibilika kwiNdibano neqela yi kwiBolsheviks ekuqaleni kuka-1918. Emva koko kwafika War Civil, ngexesha apho ekunene-iphiko Mensheviks phantsi kolwalathiso O. Levitsky, V. N. Rozanova kunye A. N. Potresova uthathe isigqibo, oko baziintshaba abasemagunyeni abatsha.

Okanye ngokuchasene kulawulo lweSoviet?

Iinkokheli RSDLP (o) ethathwa ngethuba Civil beMfazwe, inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo ngabasemagunyeni wadala ezindaweni ezingaphaya kolawulo iiBolsheviks. Ngelo xesha ke Mensheviks walitshintsha igama iqela waza wabiza nje ngokwabo yi-Russian Social-Democrats, ngaphandle oonobumba kwindawo yegama. Ayekholelwa izithuba zolungiselelo Samara Komuch, Provisional Siberian kaRhulumente, Central lweCaspian, intlanganiso Ufa, Urals rhulumente wenqila. Ngowe-1918, bona (SPD) okunene bababamba amandla e Georgia emva kokuba isaziso kukho republic lwentando yesininzi. Ukuphendula, i-ye'Bolsheviks wabakhupha nabameli RSDLP onke amabhunga. Noko ke, ngo-Agasti 1918, iqela Menshevik iye ngokupheleleyo ilungiswa, ukwala mfelandawonye kunye nemibutho yoohlohlesakhe.

Ekubulaleni Mensheviks

Le ingcinezelo waqhubeka entwasahlobo yowe-1919, emva kokuba ukumanywa yamaBolshevik indawo ngexesha leMfazwe Civil. E Kiev, Odessa, yaye emva koko kwi-Georgian Cheka, ukucocwa olunzulu amalungu ezichongiweyo le RSDLP. Esebenzisana kunye Njengevolontiya Army of Denikin, kwiBolsheviks asolwa. I Mensheviks and Socialist-njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo, kabini kunye nabameli bamanye amaqela lodwa, kwezinye iimeko (rhoqo) badutyulwa, kunye neenkokheli zabo "kuphendule" ngenjongo yokulahla. Ntoni eli gama, akwaziwa, kodwa enye ndiyaqikelela. Yu Martov and Abramovich Sasinethamsanqa: kwanyanzeleka ukuba babaleke kweli lizwe ngo-1920. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, yena kwendisa ngaphandle enye inkokeli sotsdekov Russian - a Menshevik F. Dan. Ngelo xesha eMoscow abophe lonke iqela iphiko kulutsha RSDLP, ngaphezu kwayo bendilungiselela lokuxoxwa kwetyala esidlangalaleni, kodwa ekugqibeleni, nobulungisa yiSoviet yaba reference elilinganiselweyo. Le ingcinezelo yakhokelela ekubeni kokoyiswa phantse ngokupheleleyo Mensheviks; iiseli ngabanye, waya komhlaba, waze 1925.

Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba Mensheviks ke

Bayahlelwa Mensheviks bazibona ekuthinjweni, kuba yaseXhora. Imizamo ukuba apapashe oolindixesha zabo yangqineka exabiso likhulu kakhulu, tywa "zooyise yedemokhrasi Russian" eJamani ngowe-1933 kwanyanzeleka ukuba bafudukele eFransi waza emva koko eMelika. Kodwa ezimbi 'brand "iye yaba uhlobo ibala abo bahlala eSoviet Union kwaye ngenxa yezizathu okanye elinye yajika ezingamkelekanga okokuba ubunkokeli Stalin kaThixo. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, naliphi na ilungu leqela owayekhumbula Menshevik wakhe elidlulileyo, elangoku okanye ecingelwayo. Ulingo eliphezulu-iprofayile yokuqala yaqhutywa 1931: ngezityholo counter-revolution intlangano yabasebenzi 14 iBhanki State kwaye iKomiti yoCwangciso State bagwetywa ixesha elide entolongweni.

Noko ke, asingabo bonke abantu yangaphambili Menshevik yamaBolshevik Party kuphetshwe kangaka kakhulu. Attorney General Wyszynski, oonozakuzaku A. A. Troyanovsky kunye Maisky, kunye namanye amalungu wombutho kwapheliswa waphila ubomi kakuhle. Nangona phezu kwabo ezidlulileyo zabo hung ekreleni Damocles.