Umsunguli dynamite - Nobel. Imbali kokusungulwa dynamite

Alfred Bernhard Nobel - Swedish wemithi, zenjneli usomashishini ceba dynamite kunye namandla ngakumbi iziqhushumbisi, kwaye kananjalo wasungula Prize Nobel.

biography

Abaqambi elizayo dynamite Alfred Nobel wazalwa e Stockholm (Sweden) 21/10/1833. Yena unyana wesine Imanuweli kunye Caroline Nobel. Emmanuel engineer abaya kuzeka Carolina Andrietta Alzel ngo 1827. Esi sibini kwakukho abantwana abasibhozo, kubo abazalwana abathathu kuphela Alfred kunye bafikelela mdala. Esengumntwana, Nobel wayesoloko egula, kodwa esemncinane wabonisa ukwazi eliphilileyo. Waba nomdla iziqhushumbisi yaye bafunda iziseko zobunjineli kuyise. Uyise, elingumthombo, ayiphumelelanga nezoshishino ezahlukeneyo, lo gama-1837 waya kuhlala eSt Petersburg, apho waba mvelisi oluyimpumelelo emigodini kunye nezixhobo.

Ukuhlala kwelinye

Ngowe-1842, le ntsapho Nobel ekhohlo Stockholm ukuba kuyise eSt Petersburg. Alfred abazali abazizityebi ngoku nako ukuqesha ootitshala bakhe ngasese waza waba ngumfundi wayezimisele. Xa wayeneminyaka 16 waba Nobel semichiza ofanelekileyo, kuba wayesazi IsiNgesi, isiJamane, isiFrentshi, iilwimi Russian.

Ngowe-1850, Alfred wemka eRashiya bayochitha unyaka eParis befunda chemistry, uze iminyaka emine eUnited States, elisebenza phantsi kolwalathiso Dzhona Eriksona, benza kwendalo wempi Monitor. Ekubuyeleni kwakhe eSt Petersburg, yena wayesebenza mveliso kayise, ukuvelisa izixhobo zomkhosi ngexesha iCrimea War. Ekupheleni neemeko ngo1856, inkampani kunzima lenguqu ukuya kwimveliso izixhobo iinqanawa zawa ngo 1859,

Womdlalo on nitroglycerin

Abaqambi elizayo dynamite eRashiya akazange ahlale waza wabuyela Sweden nabazali bakhe nabazalwana bakhe, uRobert Ludwig bagqiba ukusindisa iintsalela beshishini losapho. Kungekudala Alfred waqalisa ukuhlola iziqhushumbisi kwiilebhu encinane kwilifa kayise. Ngelo xesha, le iziqhushumbisi kuphela ethembekileyo ezisetyenziswa kwimigodi, yaba ngumgubo emnyama. Le nitroglycerine engamanzi ntsha yayinamandla kakhulu ngakumbi, kodwa sibi kangangokuba angabi nako ukunika naluphi na ukhuseleko na. Noko ke, ngo-1862 i-Nobel wakha-mveliso encinane imveliso yawo, qhuba uphando enethemba lokufumana indlela ukulawula detonation yayo.

Ngowe-1863, wenza into yokuqhumisa eliquka iiplagi yamaplanga lifakwa nitroglycerin isigxina elikhulu, igcinwa kwisingxobo yesinyithi. I-dubulo yerhafu encinane powder abantsundu le chap ukuba zicace enamandla kakhulu isigxina iziqhushumbisi ulwelo. Oku kwaphawula sisiqalo yokuqhumisa yeNobel igama njengento Umsunguli, kwakunye imeko yakhe, yena uya kuba njengomvelisi neziqhushumbisi.

Ngowe-1865, Alfred ngendlela ephuculiweyo yokuqhumisa ikepusi, olu sapho lwaluquka ikepusi zesinyithi encinane isigxina lesigidi fulminate, akabonisi nibethe okanye ukufudumeza ngomlinganiselo. Olu qambo yayisisiqalo ukusetyenziswa mihla neziqhushumbisi.

ingozi

Nitroglycerin ngokwayo, Noko ke, kwakunzima ukuthutha, yaye oko kuyingozi kakhulu ukusingatha. Ngoko ke yingozi ukuba isityalo Nobel liqhuma 1864, ngokubulala umninawa wakhe Emil nabanye. Ngesibindi yile ingozi embi, Alfred wakha iifektri eziliqela ukuba imveliso nitroglycerine ngenxa njengezingxobo zakhe. Ezi nkampani kwakukhuselekile kangaka, kangangoko kulwazi xesha, kodwa udubulo athile laqhubeka lifika.

ingozi ngempumelelo

Enye qambo obalulekileyo yaba dynamite Nobel. Ngowe-1867, ngengozi wafumanisa ukuba nitroglycerin ako ngokupheleleyo dust aneentunja, kwaye umxube ngenxa yaba ikhuseleke kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa kwaye kube lula ukusebenza. Alfred - i Umsunguli dynamite (ukusuka δύναμις yamaGrike, «amandla") - lifumene lomenzi wechiza i-United Kingdom (1867) kunye ne-USA (1868). Iziqhushumbisi kuzukiswa uMdali wakhe ehlabathini, yaye kungekudala waqalisa kusetyenziselwa engamzondi imigudu esemfuleni, ukwakhiwa kaloliwe kunye neendlela.

gelatin ukuqhumisa

In-imi- 1870-80 le Umsunguli dynamite Alfred Nobel wakha kulo lonke elaseYurophu uthungelwano iifektri ekuveliseni iziqhushumbisi yaye kwasekwa womnatha inkampani bathengise ngazo. Waqhubeka ukuba zizame ukufumana ezona zilungileyo, yaye ngowe-1875 wadala ifomu enamandla ngakumbi dynamite, xa kuthe kwakho imbabala gelatin, apho amalungelo awodwa abenzi kunyaka olandelayo. Kwakhona ngengozi wafumanisa ukuba isisombululo umxube nitroglycerin ngento evakalala ezinezikhondo eyaziwa ngokuba nitrocellulose buyeyona izinto yeplastiki ashinyeneyo ukuba uxhathiso eliphezulu lamanzi kunye okukhulu nomthamo dubulo. Ngowe-1887, Nobel engenise ballista nitroglycerin msi umgubo kunye siphu- cordite. Nangona Alfred waba awodwa dynamite kunye nezinye weziqhushumbisi, wayesilwa rhoqo kunye nabo ukuba bebe iteknoloji wayo, nto leyo eyanyanzelisa ukuba aqhube ixesha elide lomenzi imbambano izihlandlo eziliqela.

Amafutha, izixhobo, ubutyebi

Abazalwana Nobel, Ludwig kunye Robert, elingumthombo, baye basungula amasimi ioli entsha yafunyanwa kufuphi Baku (ngoku e Azerbaijan) kuLwandle lweCaspian, baze bona baba ngamadoda esisityebi kunene. Intengiso emhlabeni wonke neziqhushumbisi, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkampani abazalwana 'eRashiya wazisa Alfred intywenka enkulu. Ngowe-1893, i-Umsunguli dynamite abanomdla kushishino yomkhosi eSweden, yaye kunyaka olandelayo wathenga Foundry intsimbi Bofors, kufutshane Värmland, nto leyo eyaba embindini ezaziwayo-kakuhle iingalo mveliso. Ngaphandle eSwazini, kaNobel nezinye izinto ezininzi ezifana silika iisoyi kunye isikhumba, ngokubanzi, ukuba sele ebhalisiweyo amalungelo abenzi ngaphezulu kwe-350 kumazwe awahlukeneyo.

Uyazidela, umbhali, iPacific

Umsunguli dynamite, Nobel yaba ubuntu entsonkothileyo awayengaziqondi bexesha lakhe. Nangona izinto zoshishino ifuna ukuba uhambo phantse rhoqo, wahlala yedwa engasese, ngubani ndangenwa etywaleni kukudakumba. Alfred waphila ubomi esitheleyo nalula, wayeyindoda imikhwa uyazidela, kodwa abe host ngentlonelo nomphulaphuli olungileyo, kwaye umntu engena ingqondo.

Umsunguli dynamite, zange watshata, yaye kuyabonakala ukuba zathanda uvuyo wokuyila ukuthandana. Yena waba nomdla abapasa kuluncwadi, wabhala imidlalo, iinoveli kunye nemibongo, phantse zonke lushicilelwe eseleyo. Yabe amandla emangalisayo, yaye kube lula ukuba ukuphumla emva kokuba umsebenzi onzima na. Phakathi bexesha lakhe, wayenomsebenzi waziwa silinene okanye wenkqubo yobuSoshali, kodwa enyanisweni zange abathembe idemokhrasi, wachasana lovoto abasetyhini kwaye kwaxhaswa paternalism ethambileyo ngokunxulumene abasebenzi ezininzi. Nangona Umsunguli Swedish dynamite, kubaluleke iPacific, waza wavakalisa ithemba ukuba amandla etshabalalisayo indalo yakhe iya kunceda faka kuphelisa imfazwe, imbono yakhe uluntu zezizwe angabathembi.

I Will Surprise

Ngo-1895 Alfred liphuhlise angina, ne-10 Disemba kunyaka olandelayo wabulawa Ukopha ebuchotsheni kwi villa yakhe e San Remo (Italy). Ngeli xesha bukhosi ishishini Nobel yayibandakanya izityalo ngaphezu kwama-90 wemveliso neziqhushumbisi kunye emthethweni. intando yakhe, sibhalwe e Paris ngo 27.11.1895 ize ifakwe kwibhanki Stockholm, ezifumaneka singumbono omangalisayo intsapho yakhe, abahlobo kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Umsunguli dynamite isoloko nesisa ku sa koluntu kunye lwezenzululwazi, kwaye uninzi urhulumente ishiywe ithemba ukuseka ibhaso ngamazwe ezaziswa kakhulu, i-Nobel Prize.

ukufa Deathdealer

Umntu siziphendule kuphela malunga izizathu zeso sigqibo. Waba ngasese yaye ungaxeleli bani nasiphi na isigqibo salo zonke iinyanga ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe. Eyona sinengqondo yinkolelo yokuba isiganeko ungaqhelekanga 1888 kusenokwenzeka ukuba yabangela vangama ngetyathanga ezakhokelela ukuthanda kwakhe. Xa umzalwana nyaka Alfred Ludwig wafa ebudeni bokuhlala kwabo njengabaphambukeli Cannes, eFransi. Lo matshini French ingxelo ukufa umzalwana wakhe, kodwa wadideka bakhe Alfred, waya elinye iphephandaba kuphuma kunye nesihloko "Umrhwebi lokufa ufile." Mhlawumbi Umsunguli dynamite, Walizinzisa amabhaso ukuze kuphetshwe kanye olu hlobo igama Kubala, wavakalisa oku obituary kwexesha. Kucacile ukuba ukusekwa amabhaso ibonisa umdla yakhe chemistry, physics, amalungu kunye noncwadi. Kukho kananjalo ubungqina ukuba ubuhlobo bakhe iPacific edumileyo Austrian Bertha von Suttner waphefumlela ukuba ukudala Prize Peace.

Nobel ngokwakhe, nakuba kunjalo, uhlala nani ngokupheleleyo eziphikisanayo kunye nokuphikisana: indoda akrelekrele ulilolo, ngokuyinxenye, kunye idealist ngenxalenye angabathembi owasungula iziqhushumbisi enamandla ezisetyenziswa kwimfazwe mihla, wamisa ibhaso kakhulu yodumo ehlabathini zeenkonzo yengqondo ezinikezelwa kuluntu.