Alkanes: Chemical Properties

hydrocarbon Igcwele okanye paraffins, ngaba biosoedineniya ezo molekyuli ngakubani athom carbon oxhulumene ezilula (single) udibaniso, kunye nazo zonke ezinye iiyunithi valences ukuba befumile yi atom hydrogen.

Alkanes: iimpawu ezibonakalayo

Abameli lokuqala thotho homologous methane - yeegesi evela S5N12 ukuya S15N32 - ulwelo, ekubeni S16N34 - eziqinileyo. Kunye nokwandisa inani athom kwekhabhoni molecule alkane ukwandisa ngokwendalo amanqaku zabo yokunyibilika nokubilisa.

hydrocarbon lukanina Low kunye chain branched kakhulu asezantsi xa kuthelekiswa lokubila isomers zabo. Methane ne-methane ke, esha hydrocarbon ulwelo aziphethe ngayo ipetroli ivumba (pentane kunye hexane) kunye separafini, homologs eziphezulu kwalo methane. hydrocarbon kugcwale alula ngaphezu kwamanzi, yaye phantse ezingenakunyibilika kuyo. hydrocarbon kugcwale kulula ezinyibilikayo organic izinyibilikisi, kunye alkanes ulwelo ngokwabo izinyibilikisi kakhulu.

Alkanes: Chemical Properties

Kuba aba biosoedineny esibonakala reactivity eliphantsi. Ba egalelwe, ukuthi kubonakaliswa isihloko lwabo - paraffins. Oku kungenxa isakhiwo ezo molekyuli athom C no H ezinxulumene iimbophelelo kelly. Le khemikhali inertness ezi zinto ngenxa yokuba imisebenzi yabo ezinto zesakhiwo. Xa ukuze ndimaphule iqhina sigma, kufuneka ukuchitha amandla amaninzi. chemical Basic. iimpawu alkanes, okt abasabela ngazo bangene, le nitration reaction, halogenation, sulfonation, sulfochlorination, ngokuhlaziya. Alkane reactions olukhulu olwaqalwa radicals, UV okanye imitha gamma, peroxides, ukufudumeza. Kulo mba, ukuba luphawulwa iintlobo ezimbini reactions: ukutshintshwa hydrogen kunye uqhagamshelo lekhefu "carbon-hydrogen" kunye cleavage kwemolekyuli kunye komsipha ye-C-C okanye C-H.

Alkanes: iipropati imichiza. Ukusabela halogenation olukhulu

Le yokusabela ngezinye metalepsiey. Oko kuxhokonxwa kwelanga. Le mnyama 250-400 ° C okanye phambi ehlanganisa (chloride lobhedu, chloride ubhedu, tin) athom halogen ngokulandelelana ezi athom hydrogen kwi molecule alkanes.

Alkanes: iipropati imichiza. nitration asabela

Iqela nitro lulula endaweni hydrogen tertiary, zasesekondari nzima kwaye kunzima kakhulu athom carbon ephambili. Ngoku industrial isikali nitration of alkanes oluqhutywa kwisigaba igesi 150-490 ° C ne-nitric oxide okanye umphunga acid nitric.

Alkanes: iipropati imichiza. Ukusabela sulfochlorination

Xa hydrocarbon befumile ukuba umxube kwe-sulphur dioxide kunye chlorine. Zokuthundeza avamise peroxides okanye radiation UV. Le yokusabela isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iisepha zokwenziwa (iisepha). On alkilsulfohloridy zizinto alkalis ekhokelela ukuyilwa neetyuwa obrak ye asidi sulphonic, amacandelo noshowo iisepha (intlama, Ithatyathwe emigutyeni yonke).

hydrocarbon igcwaliswe - ngumqolo ukuze kuyondelelaniswe kwezinto ezahlukeneyo organic eziphathekayo. Eyona nto ifunekayo ukuze Yindibanisela abaninzi kubo ekulungiseleleni kwabo alkenes ezivela alkanes, okanye hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo.

Cleavage hydrogen evela molecule alkane okanye dehydrogenation phambi ehlanganisa naphantsi zokufudumeza (460 ° C) ivumela ukuba ufumane alkenes ezifunekayo. Iindlela of igcwala of alkanes kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi phambi ehlanganisa (iityuwa wemagniziyam). Oku kuvumela impembelelo ekujoliswe kwi indlela kwaye afumane izinto eziyimfuneko igcwala inkqubo yokuqaphela imichiza. Ngokomzekelo, xa igcwala of alkanes aphezulu bafumana alkoholi ephezulu ezahlukeneyo okanye fatty ngaphezulu.

cleavage Alkanes kwakhona kwenzeka kwezinye iimeko (ukutsha, ngokuhlaziya). hydrocarbon kugcwale noyitshisa blue nokulenya ukukhululela imali enkulu of ubushushu. Le propati ukuvumela ukuba usebenzise njengoko aphezulu amafutha-osidingayo ekhaya kunye kushishino.