Sociometric ndlela zophando: umbhali, isiseko senkolelo, iimpawu, inkqubo ye

Umntu ngamnye, umntu iyinxalenye yenkqubo karhulumente ubudlelwane. Abantu ngokwemvelo babo ukuphila wedwa, ngoko kunye njengeqela. Basoloko ukungavumelani, imeko ukulahlwa, ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle, kunye neminye imiba kuphazamise umsebenzi. indlela Sociometric kwi isosioloji iyindlela kakuhle yokuchonga iingxaki ezinjalo. Wavavanywayo ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kwaye nalo ngokukhawuleza, ungabeka ubudlelwane ezikhoyo ze ubanike ingcaciso. indlela Sociometric of JL Moreno wadala -. nososayensi, umphandi uhlobo qela kwabantu.

Ukubekwa indlela sociometric

Kukho iindlela ezininzi kwenkcazo mbono. Okokuqala, indlela sociometric yi ubuhlobo ngokweemvakalelo inkqubo diagnostic yonxulumano okanye uvelwano phakathi kwamalungu eqela elifanayo. Ukongeza, ngexesha phando Walinganisa iqondo eqhekekileyo, iqela umanyano, watyhila iimpawu uvelwano, amalungu antipathy ngokunxulumene abasemagunyeni zoluntu (ilahlwe ziinkokeli iinkwenkwezi). Ekhokelwa iinkokheli zoluvo esekwe intra ukuluka Ukwakheka (iqela sikweni) okanye uluntu evaliweyo, ombane entle okanye ubudlelwane ezingquzulanayo lwesakhiwo ethile inkuthazo. Oko kukuthi, ngexesha kwiqela lesifundo kuthathelwa ingqalelo kuphela umgangatho kodwa ke inkalo ubungakanani obonelela amalungu eqela, ezichongwe kwi uvavanyo.

Okwesibini, sociometric indlela uphando umntu imele kunye nolwalathiso isicelo, equka ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuphuculwa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo ekucombululeni iingxaki ezibonakalayo.

Imvelaphi kunye nophuhliso yamava sociometric

indlela Sociometric kwadalwa kwi 30. ngekhulu XX. zengqondo yaseMelika ngezentlalo uYohane. L. Moreno, oko bakwaziswa ingcamango "sociometry", elibhekisela nomlinganiselo malunga nemiba yobudlelwane nabanye phakathi kwamalungu eqela elifanayo. Ngokutsho umbhali, eli sociometry kukufunda isakhiwo ngaphakathi kwamaqela asekuhlaleni, ezinokufaniswa kunye nohlobo enyukliya athom okanye isakhiwo iseli nokomzimba. iziseko senkolelo indlela sociometric isekelwe kwinto yokuba kwicala ngalinye kubomi - ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho - Kulula ukuba achaze imeko ubudlelwane ngokweemvakalelo phakathi kwabantu. Ngokukhethekileyo, oko luboniswe ngokubonakala abantu nokungathandwa kunye yokuthanda omnye. Oko kukuthi, nombhali indlela sociometric babekholelwa ukuba utshintsho ubudlelwane ngokwasengqondweni ngokwamaqela amancinane echaphazela ngqo yonke inkqubo loluntu. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le ndlela iye ezininzi zokuguqulwa.

kwabantu Bulgarian L. Desev ezichongiweyo kwimimandla emithathu yokuphanda ezisebenzisa iindlela sociometric:

• Dynamic okanye "yimibono" Sociometry, ofakelwe yeqela yophando inyathelo (J. L. Moreno kunye nabanye).
• Diagnostic Sociometry ukuba ngokucalula nokwahlula amaqela asekuhlaleni (Chapin F., J. H. Criswell, M. L. Nortuey, J. A. Lundberg, E. Borgardus et al.).
• Mathematical Sociometry (S. Isahluko. Dodd, D. Stewart, L. Katz et al.).

iisayikholojisti Soviet baye benza igalelo elikhulu kwintshayelelo yale ndlela, intsimbi I. P. potter, Y. L. Kolominsky, E. S. Kuzmin, A. V. et al Iityhefu.

Ngokutsho Ya. L. Kolominskogo, isiseko ngokwengqondo isifundo lobudlelane izenzo esazi ukuba umnqweno umntu omnye komnye kungenxa nokufuna ukuba kufutshane attachment into. Nangona ibinzana amazwi kufuneka iqondwe kungasisalathisi esibalulekileyo sokuba i-real kuphela ukuqonda, kodwa ngokubanzi phambi umntu umele.

Ixabiso le ndlela kunye nezicelo

indlela Sociometric ukuba isifundo kumaqela amancinci ubunini babo ezisetyenziswa abaziingcali kwezentlalo kunye kwengqondo ezikolweni, iiyunivesithi, amashishini kunye nemibutho, amaqela ezemidlalo, kunye neminye imibutho yabantu ngenxa uxilongo yonxulumano nabanye abantu. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba iziphumo ezibalulekileyo zesifundo zezi ekumiseleni amaqela ukuhambelana iziphekepheke ngokwasengqondweni nangokweemvakalelo, Antarctica.

Sociometric iqela indlela yokufunda, njengoko A. V. Petrovskogo, yenye yeendlela ambalwa uhlalutyo ubudlelwane kwiqela elincinane, adla ifihliwe. Ngelo langoku ibakala zenzululwazi zophando kunye nentlalo-psychological ubonisa ubuchule bokuyila ejoliswe isifundo oneninzi amaqhinga sifundo sitsha. Kuphuhliso elandelayo iindlela ezifana nokusebenzisa kwabo kunye nezinye iindlela ukwandisa kakhulu yokuhlalisana ubuchule kunye psychology ekuhlalutyeni amaqela amancinane. Musa uwajongele phantsi indima iqela elincinane yoluntu. It oluhlala wezobuDlelwane zentlalo jikelele reincarnate nabo intercompany. Olu lwazi iqulethe into ebalulekileyo yolawulo loluntu, eyakhelwe ngezizathu zenzululwazi.

Iimpawu indlela sociometric

olu hlobo lophando ivumela ukuphucula ubudlelwane nakweli phi na iqela. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye - akukho ncam indlela olukhulu ekucombululeni iingxaki yangaphakathi iqela, ngoko rhoqo kufuneka kufunwe kunokuba hayi antipathies okanye sympathies amalungu eqela omnye komnye, kodwa imithombo ezinzulu.

indlela Sociometric uphando lwenziwa ngokohlobo izitatimenti imibuzo ngqo, ukuphendula apho ummangalelwa wenza ukhetho amalungu ezithile iqela lakhe, leyo wakhetha omnye kwimeko ethile.

Wobeko umntu okanye iqela lovavanyo. Kuxhomekeke kubudala kwezi zifundo kunye nesiqulatho imisebenzi eyabelwe. Kodwa umthetho, oko kuqhelekile kusetyenziswa uhlobo isifundo seqela.

Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, indlela sociometric kwiqela isifundo likuvumela ukuba ukucwangcisa Dynamics IDENTITY kwixesha elifutshane ukuze isicelo kamva iziphumo ukuze ngokutsha amaqela ukomeleza intsebenziswano yabo kunye nokusebenza nentsebenziswano.

Ukulungiselela isifundo

indlela Sociometric ekwenzeni ayifuni kakhulu umgudu kunye nexesha. Izixhobo kuba sifundo le saveyi ifomu sociometric, uluhlu lwamalungu eqela, sotsiomatritsa. Study phantsi kwiqela labantu babo bonke ubudala, ukususela kokuya esikolweni ukuya aphezulu. abakwisikolo sabantwana Sociometric indlela uphando masifakwe ekuqaleni nale yobudala, abantwana bafumane amava babo yokuqala yonxibelelwano kunye nothetha-thethwano. Iikhrayitheriya ukhetho sociometric zenza isiseko iingxaki ekufuneka zisonjululwe ngethuba lesifundo kunye ubudala, umsebenzi okanye ezinye iimpawu iqela lesifundo. Isibaluli kukuthi, njengokuba umthetho, uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi, nokwenza ezinjalo, loo mntu kufuneka senze ukhetho, oko kukuthi, ukwala amalungu omnye okanye ngaphezulu qela. Kuyinto umbuzo ethile kuluhlu. Imeko lokuzikhethela kule saveyi mazingapheleli. Wamkelekile, ukuba iinqobo zokugweba iza kuba nomdla umqeshwa: kufuneka uchaze imeko ethile. Ngokutsho umxholo iikhrayitheriya eemvavanyo yahlulwe olusesikweni nolungekho sikweni. Ukusebenzisa uhlobo lokuqala, kunokwenzeka ukuba utshintshe uzalano ukuze basebenzisane ngenxa yokusebenza leyo wadalwa qela. Elinye iqela leekhrayitheriya isetyenziselwa ukufunda ulwalamano ngokweemvakalelo lobuqu, ezingenzelwanga edibene umsebenzi edibeneyo kunye kwempumelelo yenjongo efanayo, umzekelo, ukhetho seqabane ixesha lokuzonwabisa. Kule ncwadi methodological, ke nezaziwa njengoko imveliso kunye non-imveliso. Iinqobo kwakhona ezahlulwe nge kumhlaba yokuqhelwaniswa ezakhayo ( "Ngoobani amalungu eqela ofuna ukusebenza?") Okanye okubi ( "Ngoobani amalungu eqela ukuba asifuni kusebenza?"). indlela Sociometric uveza ukuba le khweshine, equlethe imiyalelo kunye noluhlu emiselwe emva ekuqulunqeni kwabo yokukhetha.

Uluhlu imibuzo malilungiselelwe iimpawu kwiqela lesifundo.

Nokubuza Inqanaba le saveyi

indlela Sociometric lophando lwenziwa ngendlela eselubala, ngoko phambi kokuba kuqale saveyi kufuneka ayalele iqela. Eli nqanaba lokuqala yenzelwe ukucacisa kwiqela ukubaluleka zophononongo bonisa ukubaluleka iziphumo iqela ngokwayo, ukuza kukuxelela kufuneka kangakanani ukwenza imisebenzi kunye ingqalelo. Ekupheleni kwale emfutshane Kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba zonke iimpendulo kumalungu eqela ziza kugcinwa ziyimfihlo.

umxholo Uqikelelo zokufundisa

imiyalelo umbhalo libe umxholo ilandelayo: "Ngenxa yokuba babeqhelene omnye komnye, ngoko ukuyilwa eqela lakho alikwazanga kuthathelwa ingqalelo ngokupheleleyo iminqweno yakho yonke. Okwangoku, ulwalamano kuyilwa ngendlela ethile. Ngokumalunga injongo yesi sifundo, iziphumo ziya kuba yingenelo ukuthatha ingqalelo ubunkokheli yakho entlanganweni imisebenzi ezidityanelweyo kwixesha elizayo. Kulo mba, siyakucela ukuba qotho, enika iimpendulo. izifundo nabaququzeleli ukunika isiqinisekiso sokuba iimpendulo ngamnye ziza kugcinwa ziyimfihlo. "

Sociometric indlela zophando: inkqubo ye

Kukho imiqathango ethile ngokumalunga inqaba qela wafundela. Inani lamalungu eqela, nto leyo kuxhokonxwa indlela sociometric, kufuneka ibe ngabantu 3-25. Noko ke, ebhalwe imizekelo yophando, evumela ukusebenza abantu ukuya ku-40. indlela Sociometric ukuba isifundo ubudlelane nabanye kwiqela (emsebenzini) kuvunyelwa ukuba isicelo kwi imeko ukuba amava emsebenzini kuba ngaphezulu kweenyanga ezintandathu. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yokulungiselela kukuseka ubudlelwane trust kunye umoya iqela. Kungenjalo, ukuba kungathenjwa ncam le experimenter, lo urhano lokuba iimpendulo kwimibuzo ingasetyenziswa enganobungozi ummangalelwa, kungakhokelela ekubeni ukusilela ukwenza imisebenzi okanye ukunika iimpendulo bobuxoki. Ngokusisiseko, ukuba isifundo lwenziwa ngumntu enxulumene nabasebenzi: umphathi okanye umntu kwiqela. Kungenjalo, iziphumo ziya kuba zezichanekileyo. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukukhankanya i iinketho impendulo olungasebenziyo enokusetyenziswa. Umzekelo, ummangalelwa kakubi ukushiya uluhlu lwe namanye amalungu eqela xa esenza isigqibo esifanelekileyo, ngoko ke, sikhokelwa le injongo, ukuze sithi "kukhetha konke". Kulo mba, ababhali kunye nabalandeli theory sociometric wabhenela ukuzama ukutshintsha inxalenye inkqubo yokuvotela. Ngaloo ndlela, kunokuba iqela inani free embodiments ucacise amalungu abaphenduli ukuba iseke kuphela ngokungqongqo inani kubo. Amaninzi sisiphinda, ubuncinane ezine okanye ezintlanu. Loo rule ngokuba "umda ukhetho" okanye "isithintelo sociometric". Oku kunciphisa amathuba ziingozi, ibhexesha umsebenzi processing kunye nokutolika ulwazi yenza nxaxheba uphando indlela eyaneleyo olucingisiswe ukuya iimpendulo.

Xa amalungiselelo zenziwa, le nkqubo iqala le saveyi. Indlela sociometric uphando kufuneka athathe onke ilungu leqela inxaxheba. Izifundo babhala amagama amalungu eqela, abonyulwe ngakubo kwingongoma ethile, neenkcukacha zabo zibonisa kwiphepha lemibuzo. Ngoko ke, uphando ayikwazi ungaziwa kuba kwezi meko kusenokwenzeka ukuseka ubudlelwane phakathi kwamalungu eqela. Kweso sifundo, umququzeleli linyanzelekile ukuba ukuqinisekisa ukuba sabaphenduli zange ukunxibelelana nabanye rhoqo ukukhumbuza ukuba kufuneka uphendule yonke imibuzo. Akukho mfuneko bangxame izifundo ukuphendula imibuzo.

Nakuba kunjalo, ukuba kukho uluhlu phambi kwabo kunye namalungu eqela, unako ukuvumela zoqhagamshelwano nezibonwayo. Kuba lula wongezelela, yaye amagama ezingachanekanga ndiyakhumbula uyakwazi ukubhala ebhodini.

indlela yokukhetha esebenzayo:

• Ukucutha isixa choice 3-5.
• Zalisa inkululeko yokuzikhethela, oko kukuthi, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuba ukukhankanya amagama ezininzi njengoko ebona kufanelekile.
• Ranking amalungu eqela, ngokuxhomekeka kwezi khrayitheriya ecetywayo.

Indlela yokuqala Kukhethwa ngakumbi, kodwa ngokombono lula nokuchulumacha, ekusetyenzweni elandelayo kweziphumo. Eyesithathu - ngokwemiqathango ukuthembeka kunye ukuthembeka kweziphumo. indlela ranking ishenxisa xi nga kwenzeka xa kukhethwa amalungu iqela iimpawu ezimbi.

Emva kokuba zizaliswe amakhadi vo sociometric, ukuba eziqokelelwe kumalungu eqela kwaye uqale ucwangciso zezibalo. Indlela elula ubungakanani iziphumo kulungiswe sifundo lomzobo, tabular kunye indeksologichesky.

Embodiments processing kunye nokucaciswa kweziphumo

Kweso sifundo, enye yeenjongo izenzo ukuchaza ubume sociometric yomntu kwi qela. Libhekisela kwipropati yomntu, ukuba babe ngabantu abakwizihlalo ethile kubume phantsi ingqalelo (kuwela), oko kukuthi ngendlela ephathekayo ngamazinga kunye namanye amalungu eqela.

• Ukubhala sotsiomatritsy. It is a itafile apho iziphumo zophando efakiwe, ezizezi iinketho ezilungileyo nezingalunganga ukuba zenziwe ngamalungu eqela lesifundo. Oku kusekelwe kulo mgaqo: Imiqolo oxwesileyo nemihlathi nkqo ukuba inani elifanayo inani inani lamalungu eqela, oko kukuthi, ngendlela elicaciswe, umntu okhetha.

Kuxhomekeka iikhrayitheriya yokukhetha matrix ngamnye ewonke kufuneka zakhiwe ebonisa konyulo kwindlela eziliqela. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, umfanekiso epheleleyo ubudlelwane kwi qela zinako ukuba zibe yenye sotsiomatritsy uhlalutyo wophawu ngalunye.

Circle imifolo ukhetho efanayo ukuba kuphindaphindeko akaphelelanga, i-semi-kwisangqa. Okanye umhlathi kunye umqolo ekudibaneni kwe-mark 'dibanisa' kwimeko yokukhethwa entle, okanye "thabatha 'ukuba ke ezimbi. Ukuba ukhetho kungenzeki, ngoko wabeka 0.

Inzuzo ephambili isizalo ithuba lokubeka iziphumo ngohlobo wokwamanani. Oku kuya kuvumela isiphumo ukuba bakuzibalela ofunyenweyo, uphose unyulo lwamalungu eqela ngenani ukumisela umyalelo iimpembelelo kwi qela.

Inani unyulo engenayo ibizwa ngokuba amaqela iwonga sociometric, nabanako kuthelekiswa nenani unyulo isondlo kunokwenzeka. Ngokomzekelo, iqela iqulathe labantu-11, inani ukhetho kunokwenzeka ilingana no-9, ngoko ke, 99 - inani ukhetho isondlo kunokwenzeka.

Noko ke, umfanekiso ngokubanzi ayikho kangako ixabiso linani ukhetho, njengoko ulwaneliseko nganye ummangalelwa kunye indawo yabo kwiqela. Nge data, unako ukubala factor ulwaneliseko ngokwahlula inani ukhetho kwintembeko ezintle ngamnye. Ngokomzekelo, xa elinye ilungu leqela lizama ukunxibelelana nabantu abathathu ezithile, kodwa akukho namnye kubo wayichola phezulu kwisaveyi, izinga ngokwanelisayo KU = 0 3 = 0. Oku kuthetha ukuba umphenduli izama ukuqhagamshelana hhayi labo ngubani kungaba kuhle.

• Kwisalathiso qela umanyano. Le parameter sociometric ibalwa ngokwahlula lwamacala unyulo inani lilonke iqela kunokwenzeka. Ukuba inani eliphuma kwi uluhlu 0.6-0.7, oko luphawu elungileyo qela umanyano. Oko kukuthi, indlela sociometric kwiqela isifundo likuvumela ukuba ukuseta imo yobudlelwane intra-iqela kwixesha elifutshane ukuze isicelo kamva iziphumo ukuze ngokutsha amaqela ukomeleza intsebenziswano yabo kunye nokusebenza nentsebenziswano.
• Building sociogram. Ukusebenzisa sotsiomatritsu singakha sociogram, oko kukuthi ukwenza intetho ecacileyo sociometry njenge "yesekethe ekujoliswe". Kuyinto siyongena uhlobo ngumphelelisi etafileni ukutyhilwa lwe data.

Naluphi na ku sociogram kuya kufuneka ixabiso layo;

1. isangqa kwangaphakathi uya kubizwa ngokuba Star zone, oko kukuthi, iqela labantu ezikhethiweyo, abebechongelwe iinkokeli ufumana uninzi ngokuphelele ukhetho ezintle.
2. Umjikelo wesibini okanye ummandla ekhethwayo, liya kuba namalungu eqela elikorileyo inani kukhetho ngaphezu komlinganiselo.
3. Le Isangqa wesithathu ubizwa ngokuba indawo ziyatyeshelwa. Ifumene abo ukufumana ngaphantsi kwe-avareji imali kwi iqela enimkhethileyo.
4. Le Isangqa yesine ivaliwe ebizwa ngokuba yi-ekwanti. Ezi ziquka amalungu eqela abangazange bafumane naluphi na amanqaku.

Ngoncedo lwe sociogram ungafumana lumelo olubonakalayo ubukho amaqela asekuhlaleni kunye uhlobo lobudlelane phakathi kwabo (abafowunelwa, uvelwano). Ziye ke benziwa ngabantu, amaqhina oqhagamshelwano kunye zokufuna ukhetho ngalinye enye. Amaxesha amaninzi indlela sociometric ityhila amaqela ezintle, eliquka amalungu 2-3, ngakumbi kunqabile abantu-4 okanye ngaphezulu. Kuyenzeka ukubona ngendlela ecacileyo kwi sociogram tyaba, nto leyo ebonisa amaqela abantu abakhetha enye ngokufanayo, kwaye unxibelelwano olukhoyo phakathi kwabo.

Lwalo wesithathu uya kuba sociogram ngamnye. EkuJoliswe okanye ilungu randomly ekhethiweyo eqela imelwe indlela yonxulumano esekwe ngexesha lolu phando. Ekuqulunqeni sociogram ekhokelwa yi le notation ilandelayo ulovnymi: umntu oyindoda baboniswa unxantathu inani ehambisana umntu othile, yaye ubuso bebhinqa - ngaphakathi kwisangqa.

: Ukubhengezwa ngeziphumo zophando neziphakamiso practical

Emva kokugqitywa zokulungisa idatha eyafunyanwa, uluhlu iingcebiso ukulungisa ukuziphatha kwaye ubudlelwane phakathi kwamalungu eqela. Ezi ziphumo ingxelo kubasebenzi yenkulungwane kunye qela. Thathela ingqalelo ezi ntlawulo kunye nezinye iintlobo analysis yenza isigqibo ukutshintsha ubume weqela, umphathi okanye ukutshintshwa amalungu athile amanye amaqela. Ngenxa yoko, indlela sociometric kwiqela lesifundo ayikwazi ukulungisa kuphela iingxaki kubudlelwane, kodwa ukuvelisa iingcebiso eziluncedo inkqubo ukuba ukomeleza iqela, ukuze ngokwenjenjalo kuphuculwe imveliso.

Nakubeni ukusebenza kunye nokufumaneka, okwangoku sociometry njengendlela akukho ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa kulo mkhuba Russian nasengqondweni.