Umgaqo amanyathelo laser: iimpawu laser radiation

Umgaqo lokuqala inyathelo le-laser, olusekelwe phezu nokwakheka komthetho radiation Planck kaThixo, ngethiyori, Einstein ngo-1917 bugwetyelwe. Wachaza edalwayo, ezizenzekelayo kwavusa radiation magnetic usebenzisa okuza amathuba (Einstein okuza).

trailblazers

Teodor Meyman waba ngowokuqala ukuba ukubonisa siseko amanyathelo kwe laser lwesardiyo, ngokusekelwe zokumpompa woqondo usebenzisa flash isibane lwesardiyo zokwenziwa, olwakha radiation inonamathelwano kunye ngamaza 694 NM.

Ngowe-1960, oosonzululwazi Iranian noYavan kunye Bennett wadala laser yokuqala igesi usebenzisa imixube ka Yena Ne yeegesi ratio 1:10.

Ngowe-1962, R. N. Hall yenza kuqala laser diode eyenziwe kaLayishe waseGalim arsenide (Gaas), idangatya kwi ngamaza 850 NM. Kwangaloo nyaka, Nick Golonyak yaqulunqa yokuqala semiconductor umyinge generator bokukhanya.

Icebo kunye siseko laser

inkqubo laser nganye kuquka eliphakathi esebenzayo optically libekwe phakathi iperi yezibuko parallel kwaye kakhulu ebonakalisa, enye yazo iyakhanya, kwaye umthombo wamandla ngokuba afakwe kuyo. Njengoko inzuzo medium inokufana eqinileyo, ulwelo okanye igesi, banayo ukukwazi ikhulise awo lencinibakazi ukukhanya agqitha ngaso ngaphakathi imisebe lokumpompa yombane okanye optical. Le nto ibekwe phakathi iperi yezibuko ukuze ukukhanya kubonakala kubo ngexesha ngalinye kungenela singenelayo, kwaye, osewufikelele ukwanda kakhulu, ingene isiqingatha isipili.

indawo engayi

Cinga siseko inyathelo laser kunye eliphakathi esebenzayo ogama athom benomlinganiselo amandla ezimbini kuphela: E nevuso _E-2 kunye nesiseko _1. Ukuba atom nge nayiphi na indlela lokumpompa (enombala, electric obhobhozayo ngoku okanye transmittance electron bombardment) banovuyo ukuba E _{karhulumente-2,} xa nanoseconds ezimbalwa abuyela kwindawo esisiseko, obaneleyo ziluhlaza hν = E ₂ - E _1. Ngokutsho kwithiyori Einstein kaThixo, ukukhutshwa iveliswa ngeendlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: nokuba oko uyacengeka ngumntu photon, okanye kwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo. Kwimeko yokuqala, ukukhutshwa kwenza kwenzeka kwaye yesibini - kulogo. Xa sizinze emhlabeni, amathuba ukukhutshwa busebenza usezantsi kakhulu evele (1:10 ^33), ngoko ukuba inkoliso eqhelekileyo imithombo ukukhanya hoywa, kwaye låsing kunokwenzeka ngaphandle lwesilinganiso thermal iimeko.

Nokuba a iinkqubo zokumpompa labemi-level ngamandla kakhulu ingenziwa ngokulinganayo kuphela. Ngoko ke, ukuze kufikelelwe inversion labemi okanye enye indlela lokumpompa enombala ifuna inkqubo emithathu okanye emine level-.

inkqubo-level multi

Yintoni na umgaqo-laser level ezintathu-? Le zokukhanya bokukhanya omkhulu rhoqo ν ₀₂ iimpompo up inani elikhulu-athom ukusuka nqanaba lisezantsi amandla E ₀ no E ₂ eliphezulu. nqubo Radiationless kunye athom _E-2 ukuya E ₁ limisela inversion labantu phakathi E ₁ E _0, nto yokwenza kunokwenzeka kuphela xa athom kukho ixesha elide xa E karhulumente metastable _1, kwaye utshintsho ukusuka E ₁ ukuya E ₂ kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza. Le yokusebenza Umgaqo a laser level ezintathu na kwezi meko, ukuze phakathi E _{0 no-E-1,} i-inversion kwabemi iphunyelelwe kwaye yakhelwe ziyanyuswa amandla photon E ₁ -XO ₀ kwavusa ifezekiswe. Ngokubanzi inqanaba E ₂ akwazi ukwandisa uluhlu Ukutsalwa kwamaza ukumpompa ngendlela eyiyo, oko kukhokelele ekwandeni ukukhutshwa kwavusa.

level-Three kumatshini kufuna amandla lokumpompa eliphezulu kakhulu ukususela kumgangatho osezantsi, abantu abandakanyekayo ekudaleni, oko kwisiseko. Kulo mzekelo, ukuze inversion kwabantu ukuya E karhulumente ₁ ukuya ampontshwe ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senani lilonke athom. Kulo mzekelo, amandla ibhuqiwe. Amandla Impompo ingacuthwa kakhulu ukuba inqanaba elisezantsi låsing akanguye isiseko, nto leyo ifuna ubuncinane inkqubo level-ezine.

Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo iziyobisi esebenzayo, i-laser zicalulwa ezintathu iindidi ezingundoqo, oko kukuthi okuqinileyo, ulwelo kunye negesi. Ukususela ngo-1958, xa isizukulwana yokuqala waphawula crystal lwesardiyo, izazinzulu nabaphandi baye bafunda uluhlu olubanzi zemathiriyeli kudidi ngalunye.

laser okuqinileyo-state

Olu tyando isekelwe phezu ukusetyenziswa kwe-medium esebenzayo oluthi luqokelelane ngokongeza i zokwambathisa metal crystal emkhusaneni yenguqu (Ti ^+3, Cr ^{+3, V-phinde ngo 2, Co-phinde ngo 2, Ni-phinde ngo 2, Fe-phinde ngo 2,} njalo njalo. D.) , ion umhlaba ezinqabileyo (Ce ^+3, ethenga. ^+3, Nd ^+3, PM ^{+3, SM-phinde ngo 2,} Eu ^{+ 2, + 3,} TB ^+3, Dy ^+3, Ho ^+3, uEre ^+3, yb ⁺³ , et al.), kwaye actinides ezifana U ^+3. Amanqanaba amandla ezi ion uxanduva kuphela isizukulwana. iimpawu Physical yesixhobo isiseko, ezifana conductivity thermal kunye nokwandiswa thermal zibalulekile ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo i-laser. Indawo emkhusaneni-athom ngeenxa kwaku- doped eguqula amanqanaba lalo lamandla ombane. ubude obahlukileyo sizukulwana wave kwixesha eliphakathi esebenzayo ayaphunyezwa kweziyobisi izinto ezahlukeneyo ion efanayo.

laser Holmium

Umzekelo laser eqinileyo-karhulumente umvelisi quantum, apho holmium atom ithatha indawo izinto isiseko yikristale ngekroba. Ho: YAG yenye ezingcono låsing. Le yokusebenza Umgaqo-laser holmium kukuba garnet yttrium aluminiyam doped kunye ion holmium, optically ngomtshini yi flash isibane kwaye likhupha kwi ngamaza 2097 NM kuluhlu infrared ako kakuhle emzimbeni. Sebenzisa le laser ukuze imisebenzi kwamalungu, unyango lwamazinyo, ukuba aphele iiseli umhlaza, sezintso enyongweni.

A semiconductor kwenani wenkunkuma

laser kakuhle Quantum akubizi, vumela imveliso ngobuninzi kwaye lula lokukala. Umgaqo esebenza ngayo i-laser semiconductor ngokusekelwe ukusetyenziswa PN-diode isiphambuka, leyo uvelisa kukhanya kwamaza uthile apho recombination ophethe kwi ukuqhubela entle, ezifana LED. LED ihlaba ngumdla kwaye laser ilight - compulsively. Ukuba lizaliseke inversion labemi imeko, i yangoku kufuneka ngaphezu a zisembundwini wawo. Le medium bamatasa diode semiconductor baneembono zommandla uqhagamshelwano lamanqanaba emacala-mabini.

Umgaqo ukusebenza kwalo hlobo laser kukuba ukugcina oscillations kungafuneki njengesipili lwangaphandle. Ukukwazi ukucinga, wadalwa ngenxa yokuba isalathisi zokunganyangeki maleko nolwetyiso lwangaphakathi medium esebenzayo, kwanele le njongo. Imiphezulu isiphelo anamathele ilight ebonelela imiphezulu ebonisa ngaxeshanye.

Umchiza akhiwa izinto semiconductor zohlobo olufanayo ibizwa homojunction, njengoko emiselwe ngokudibanisa ezimbini ezahlukeneyo - heterojunction.

Semiconductors of p kunye n uhlobo kunye ezixineneyo abathwali benza p-n-isiphambuka kunye mncane kakhulu (≈1 mm) umaleko sona.

laser igesi

Umgaqo ukusebenza kunye nokusetyenziswa kolu hlobo lwe laser yenza kube lula ukwenza izixhobo ze phantse nasiphi na isikhundla (ukusuka milliwatts ukuya megawatts) kunye kwamaza (ukusuka yiultraviolet ukuba infrared) kwaye zisebenze ngeendlela idaleka kunye ngokuqhubekayo. Ngokusekelwe uhlobo kumajelo asebenzayo, kukho iintlobo ezintathu laser igesi, ezizezi-atom, ionic ezinto.

laser igesi Uninzi ngomtshini ekubhobhozeni yombane. Electron kwi ityhubhu ekubhobhozeni ziya kwandiswa endle yombane phakathi electrode. Bona zingqubane athom, ion okanye molecule i medium esebenzayo enze inguqu kumanqanaba aphezulu amandla ukuphumeza imo inversion labemi kunye wokunciphisa busebenza.

laser ezinto

Umgaqo amanyathelo laser isekelwe kwinto yokuba, ngokungafaniyo atom ekwanti kunye ion e laser atomic ion iimolekyuli ilifa amandla bands ezibanzi amanqanaba amandla ekhethekileyo. Ukongeza, kwinqanaba ngalinye amandla electron kukho inani elikhulu kumanqanaba vibrational, nabo nayo - a ejikelezayo ezimbalwa.

Amandla phakathi kwamanqanaba amandla electron kuwo UV nebonakalayo imimandla spectrum, lo gama phakathi kwamanqanaba vibrational-ejikelezayo - kwimimandla infrared ekude kwanekufuphi. Ngenxa yoko, inkoliso laser beemolekyuli esebenza kwimimandla ezikude okanye kufutshane-infrared.

laser excimer

Excimers na molecule ezifana ArF, KrF, XeCl, leyo yahlulwe karhulumente komhlaba ezinzileyo kunye kwinqanaba lokuqala. Umgaqo esebenza ngayo i-laser elandelayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, inani isekwimo olingana molekyuli incinane, ngoko ke zokumpompa ngqo ukusuka kwimo emhlabeni ke akwenzeki. Iimolekyuli eqalisiweyo urhulumente yokuqala nemincili ngekhompyutha yi yikhompawundi kokuba halides amandla aphezulu kunye neegesi egalelwe. Le inversion labantu kwenziwa lula ukusukela inani iimolekyuli kwinqanaba lesiseko esezantsi kakhulu, xa kuthelekiswa ne nemincili. Umgaqo amanyathelo laser, ngamafutshane, kukuba sishintshe bekwimo wambopha yimincili elektroniki ukuze dissociative karhulumente emhlabeni. Inani labantu karhulumente umhlaba lo usoloko kwinqanaba elisezantsi, kuba ngeli xesha lo molecule kwahlula zibe atom.

Izixhobo kunye laser umgaqo sikuko ukuba ityhubhu obhobhozayo izaliswe ngomxube halide _(F-2) kunye negesi kunqabile (Ar). Electron kulo kwahlula kwaye ionize ezo molekyuli halide nokudala unako ezimbi. ion Positive Ar ⁺ kunye navumelanayo F ^- usabela nokuvelisa iimolekyuli ArF kwi imeko yokuqala nemincili ezinxulumene inguqu olulandela dudula isiseko karhulumente kunye isizukulwana radiation lwesihloko. laser Excimer, lo mgaqo amanyathelo kunye nokusetyenziswa apho sicinga ngoku, aza kusetyenziswa ukumpontshwa medium esebenzayo le dayi.

laser ulwelo

Ethelekiswa eziqinileyo, ezilulwelo ezi yohlobo olunye ngakumbi yaye ezixineneyo ephezulu athom esebenzayo, xa kuthelekiswa ne igesi. Ukongeza koku, bona akukho nzima ukuvelisa, ukuvumela ukusasaza ubushushu lula kwaye kube lula indawo. Umgaqo yintshukumo laser isetyenziswa njenge inzuzo medium of organic idayi, ezifana DCM (4-dicyanomethylene-2-imethyl-6-p- dimethylaminostyryl-4H-pyran), rhodamine, styryl, LDS, coumarin, stilbene, nezinto ezinjengezo. D ., ichithwe xa sijike efanelekileyo. Isisombululo se molekyuli idayi ubani anawo imisebe yakhe kwamaza has a ukufunxa elungileyo. Umgaqo amanyathelo laser, ngamafutshane, kukuvelisa kwindawo kwamaza elide, ebizwa fluorescence. Umahluko phakathi amandla wendele kunye photons ezintweni kusetyenziswa utshintsho amandla nonradiative kwaye kumo le nkqubo.

Ngokubanzi band fluorescence laser ulwelo inomsebenzisi ekhethekileyo - kwamaza iswitch. Umgaqo ukusebenza kunye nokusetyenziswa olu hlobo njenge laser tunable kunye nomthombo wokukhanya enye, iye ibaluleka e spectroscopy, holography, nakwizicelo biomedical.

Kutsha nje, laser ziye zasetyenziswa idayi ngokwahlukana Isotope. Kulo mzekelo, i-laser emane useza omnye wabo, loo nto yabangela ukuba uqale yokusabela imichiza.