Franz Josef Land. Franz Josef Land - Island. Franz Josef Land - uhambo

Franz Josef, apho siqithi (ezingama-192) abe kwindawo ezingama-16.134 square metres. km, ifumaneka kwi-Arctic Ocean. Ingxenye esemqoka ye kummandla Arctic inxalenye kwisithili Primorsky of kuMmandla Arkhangelsk. Indawo, yahlulelwe kwii iindawo ezinkulu 3: nasempumalanga, enkabeni nasentshonalanga. Eyokuqala ibandakanya kwiziqithi Wilczek loMhlaba (2 macala onke. M. Km) kunye Gream Bell (1.7 macala onke. M. Km). Bona ndahlula ezinye Austria Strait. I inkulu yi inani iqela leziqithi ibekwe umbindi. Uhlamba i British Channel kunye Strait of Austria. Ubume kummandla yasentshona iquka isiqithi likhulu le manyano -. George Land ndawo 2.9 amawaka ezadalwa M. km. Franz uYosefu becala unalo zithabazi, ithafa-like komhlaba. avareji ukuphakama sayo 400-490 m nencopho iphezulu - 620 leemitha.

bangabonwa

Ubukho iqela leziqithi ngakwimpuma Spitsbergen kwangaphambili akukho namnye Scientist enkulu Russian, kuqala Lomonosov, ngasemva kwakhe Schilling kunye Kropotkin. Le yokugqibela ngo-1871, mayinikwe Russian Geographical Society hambo kwisicwangciso yesifundo, kodwa urhulumente walile yokwaba imali. Nqabakazi of Franz Josef Land yafunyanwa kuphela ngengozi. Oku kwenzeka xa ayehamba Austria-Hungarian phantsi umyalelo we Yu Umhlawuli kunye uKarl Weyprecht waya 1872 ukuphuhlisa mpumalanga Passage. Noko ke, inqanawa yabo rivaleleke hi ngumkhenkce, yaye ngokuthe ngcembe ngokubhekiselele ukuya entshona Earth Entsha. Ngowe-1873, ngoAgasti 30, lo schooner "Admiral Tegetgoff" balibeka ukuya elunxwemeni kwilizwe elingaziwayo. Ngelo xesha, Umhlawuli kunye Weyprecht ziye zavavanywa ngaphandle zayo nezi ndawo Southern. Ngaphambi koku, iphi na Franz Josef Land, oko ayaziwa mntu. Ngo-Epreli 1874 Mhlawuli ikwazile ukufikelela indawo nge zilungelelanise 82 ° 5 'emantla inkululeko. Kuye kwafunyaniswa scheme lokuqala leziqithi. Ngelo xesha, abaphengululi babecinga ukuba yakhiwe inani leendawo ezinkulu. umhlaba Open unikwa igama waduma Franz Joseph Mna, uMlawuli we Austria.

nokwenziwa

Ngowe-1873 Umhlawuli kunye Weyprecht wancinwa emazantsi kulo mmandla, yaye entwasahlobo ka-1874 bawela nalo ukusuka ezantsi ukuya entla phezu sleds ebusika. Ke kwakukho okokuqala oganogram Franz Josef loMhlaba. Map, njengoko kwaba kamva, wafumana ezininzi iimpazamo. Ngowe-1881-1882 gg. indawo evulekileyo kwi kwezikhephe "Eira" batyelela Scot B. L. Smit. Kwaye kule minyaka 1895-1897. nangokuma IsiNgesi Frederick Jackson ziye iimvavanyo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo-ntshona, iindawo esembindini esemazantsi manyano apho. Kamva afika ukuba qela liyilwe ziziqithi ezininzi kakhulu kunokuba bekulindelwe. Noko ke, baba ebalulekileyo ngaphantsi ubukhulu kuthelekiswa mshini kwi umhlawuli kwimephu.

Ehlabathini xesha, inxalenye kumntla-mpuma nesiphakathi lencinibakazi watyelela Nansen kunye Johansen. NgoJuni 1896 i-Norwegian Nansen ngempazamo qhuma ngayo. Northbrook ebusika Frederika Dzheksona. Ngehlobo lowe-1901 unxweme lokuqala kumzantsi-ntshona kunye nakumazantsi wesiqithi, ubavelele kuqhutywa iimviwo kwabo Vice-Admiral S. O. Makarov. Ngexesha abaqikelelweyo kwintsimi lonke yasekwa. Emva koko, ngo-1901-1902 gg. imisebenzi yophando waqhubeka izazinzulu American Baldwin kunye Ziegler. Kulandelwe ukusuka 1903 ukuya 1905. ngenjongo ukuze zifike Pole uhambo entsha yaququzelelwa ngumkhenkce. Le ukhokelwa Ziegler ne gutyana. Kweli thuba ukususela 1913 ukuya th-1914 kwi-Bay Silent esiqithini ihuka wakhokela iqela umsebenzi zejografi G. Ya. Sedova. Ngehlobo lowe-1914 amalungu wokugqibela ohambo Brusilov - Albanov kunye Conrad - akwazi ukuhamba ukuya isiseko zelo Jackson-Harmsworth. Yayikumgama eCape Flora on. Northbrook. zokuma Kukho Nahlawulelwa-advanced schooner "St. Fock".

Ukuvuma Russia kunye nophuhliso olunye

Ngowe-1914, xa zikhangela Group G. Ya. Sedova umkhankaso watyelela kwisiqithi ekuqaleni Islyamova. Kwakhona ibhengeze ummandla yinxalenye yommandla Russia yaye yaphakamisa iflegi. Ngowe-1929, kwi Bay Silent on. Ihuka izazinzulu Soviet kwisikhululo uphando lokuqala yavulwa. Ngenxa yakhe, Franz Josef Land sele ube minyaka ukwamkela zobuntlola Soviet ezibandayo. Xa nenani-50. kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ziye bahlela amaqela amajoni yerada yokuzikhusela. Omnye wabo wathatha Franz Josef Land. Isiseko yasemkhosini phezu ngayo. Gream Bell. Apha ke wabeka radar 30 ezazinemidla kunye aviakomendatura nenkampani yabucala. Last iinkonzo indiza ice. Kodwa oku zonke izinto olucwangcisiweyo nokulahlwa Franz Josef loMhlaba. Alexandra Island wathabatha inkampani radar eyahlukileyo 31-th ka "Nugarskaya". Ezi yunithi yaba ziiyunithi ezininzi lasemantla zomkhosi eSoviet Union. Ekuqaleni nenani-90. kokuba kuvalwe. Ngo-2008, ngethuba yophando icebreaker enyukliya ebizwa ngokuba "Yamal" wafunyanwa wahluliwe ngayo. Northbrook inxalenye ilizwe. Imbeko umthetheli-Arctic kwathiwa igama emva kaYuri Kuchiev. September 10, 2012 uhambo AARI kwi icebreaker enyukliya "Russia" lavulwa enye inxalenye eyahlukileyo ye a. Northbrook.

labantu

E Franz Josef loMhlaba kunye noomasipala akukho kwekhaya. isakhiwo okwethutyana yabantu iquka FSB oonogada umda, abasebenzi izitishi zophando. Ngamaxesha athile, kukho kwakhona yinxalenye live butho umoya wokhuselo. Abawenza enomjukujelwa ukuziphendulela kwimimandla esemantla Russian. Ngokutsho cinezela iingxelo, ngo-2005 kummandla siqithi Hayes wavula eposini kakhulu eyingozi "Arkhangelsk 163 100". ixesha zayo zokusebenza kufuneka ibe njengokuba kwakunjalo iyure-1, ukususela kwiiyure ezili-10 ukuya kowe-11 ngoLwesibini ukuya ngoLwesihlanu. Ukususela ngoSeptemba 2013, phantsi kwe uphawu 163100 idweliswe ofisi post "iNgelosi" (of. Hayes, Franz Josef Land). amaxesha omsebenzi - ukususela kwiiyure ezili-10 ukuya kowe-11 qho ngoLwesithathu.

ezihambayo

Zabugubungela uninzi kwamanzi Nqabakazi (87%). Power yahluka ukusuka 100 ukuya m-500. Ukususela yehlela kwazo umkhenkce ulwandle ukusekwa kamva. Ukuze a kakhulu singangena icing kwimimandla yasempumalanga kumzantsi-mpuma mmandla wonke. Iziseko ezintsha kuvela kuphela iincopho ngumkhenkce sheets. Kulo mzekelo, ngokutsho iziphumo zophando kukugubungela Franz Josef Land siyehla fast kakhulu. Ukuba izinga waphawula ngentshabalalo iya kuhlala injalo, indawo glacier iminyaka 300 lisenokutshabalala ngonaphakade.

Franz Josef Land. Hot, kubanda?

In yoqobo ukwanda Islands iqela imozulu arctic. I-avareji lobushushu yonyaka sele. URudolf ifikelela -12 ° C. NgoJulayi, kwi Bay Islands Angawokuphumla umoya ihuka ukufudumala ku -1,2 ° C, yaye kwisiqithi Hayes, apho Observatory. Krenkel (isikhululo yemozulu yomntla ehlabathini), - ukuya + 1,6 ° C. Iqondo avareji ngoJanuwari ka malunga -24 ° C, kwaye liphantsi ifikelela ukuya ku -52 ° C. zemimoya Incopho omoya - 40 m / umzuzwana. lehla ukusuka-avareji mm 250 ukuya 550 ngonyaka Ummandla kwezulu ukuqokelelana ice sheets.

Le enezityalo nezilwanyana le Arctic

I-inshorensi uhlaza ilawulwa ubulembu leziqithi kunye ulele. Kukwakho umgrayo, willow polar, saxifrage kunye poppy arctic. Phakathi ezanyisayo ungabona ibhere elimhlophe. amathuba ukufumana impungutye emhlophe. Amanzi onxweme zimiwe yi isilo solwandle esinamabamba amade, nohadi itywina, ukutya, narwhal, itywina engqongwe kunye itywina elineentshebe. Bacebe zimelwe kwi izilwanyana neentaka Nqabakazi - kukho 26 kuphela iintlobo zithunywa zimaphiko. Phakathi kwabo, scrapers, omnyama-inemilenze kittiwake, guillemot, auk ezimhlophe encinane nesihuluhulu, uSodolophu et al. Ehlotyeni, zakha amathanga intaka.

ukhenketho safakwa North Pole

Ingaba yokulwa ukuya Nqabakazi ka Franz Josef Land? Tours kwi Arctic zingathengwa ngendleko 875 076 engange. ($ 24,995). Ewe, abiza kakhulu! Le mvume ziquka ehamba neqela hambo kwi reserve "Franz Josef Land". Alithandabuzeki elokuba, le yenye yezona ndlela yeholide ongaqhelekanga kunye tofo. Le program excursion inika ukuphumeza "phezulu wehlabathi" - degrees 90. w. ebhodini icebreaker yehlabathi eyona inamandla zenyukliya-enikwe "50 Years of Victory". Ngokoyisa kwesibhakabhaka womkhenkce kwi Arctic iphela ibrayi kwiqweqwe umkhenkce, kumnandi, "Ehlabathini Lonke" ngeenxa zonke umdaniso ezidada Arctic Ocean. Endleleni ebuyela, ooPawulos ziya kufundiswa ukhenketho ntaka kwiziqithi lencinibakazi, panorama emangalisayo leyo ngokuyimfuneko uya kuphumelela ubuhle bayo. Oziikhilomitha 540 ukuya North Pole lelona khaya eziliqela lamatywina, iintaka Arctic, walruses kunye amabhere. Xa becwangcisa uhambo enjalo umkhokeli kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo into yokuba hambo luthatha indawo ekude, kancinane waziwa inxalenye kude zomhlaba. Ngenxa yoko, indlela inkqubo ingabonwa kuphela nje, isicwangciso jikelele uhambo lokuhlola, ngenxa yokuba phantsi kwempembelelo iimeko zangaphandle ezifana iimeko ice, imozulu kunye nabanye. Yena uyakwazi ukutshintsha. Njengoko kuboniswe kulo mkhuba iminyaka elishumi, akukho namnye ukhenketho mkhankaso we engaphenduli ukuphinda ncam ngaphambili kwi Arctic. Uhlobo North Pole yenza uhlengahlengiso alo. Olu peculiarity neyodwa ye Cruises hambo.

Isicwangciso Total zokuhamba

Usuku olu-1

Ukufika e Murmansk, ume i icebreaker. Xa pier ilindele xa iqela yabahambi ziya akhwele, sime icebreaker zinamandla zenyukliya zehlabathi ezibalaseleyo lyric othi "50 Years of Victory". Emva kwexesha elithile inqanawa iza kushiya nomsinga uye kumkhawulela amava ezintsha, bedlula i Kola Bay.

Usuku 2

KuLwandle Barents. Kuyinxalenye yentlanganisela zonke uhambo - ukulungiselela abakhweli ukuba iimpawu uhambo olungaqhelekanga. Amalungu eqela bombutho baziqhelanise abakhenkethi kunye nemithetho yokhuseleko ababekhwele kweso sitya kunye ntaka, ngokunjalo ndithi kuni ngazo zonke bokuqonda enxulumene nokuphunyezwa ukugaleleka kwi Arctic.

ngosuku 3-5

Ikhosi ngqo kwi-Arctic. Three imini enqanaweni zizaliswe lulandelayo-, abakhweli baya Uqhelene zibakala umdla nembali kunye nohlobo emangalisayo yalo mmandla.

ngosuku 6

Ukufika e North Pole. Endleleni eya kumthetheli yakho oya isantya odla ngqo fail icebreaker ukuba uququzelelo yamonga - 90 ° yobubanzi ngasentla. Emva bokumisa abakhenkethi inqanawa esihla phezu floe ice efanelekileyo kunye nehambo baye benze isithethe yesithethe "ngeenxa komjikelo ehlabathini." Oku kulandela omnye isiko umdla - izakunika abahambi ukuba ukubhala amanqaku, ezithi ke ngoko ibekwe kwindawo capsule yesinyithi, ndihlise ezinzulwini i-Arctic Ocean.

ngosuku 7-9

Destination - Franz Josef Land. Nangona kukho inyaniso yokuba eyona njongo iphambili hambo sele yenziwe, abahambi iya kulindela lukhulu iziganeko umdla yaye inika umdla. Izakhiwo kakuhle ezigcinwe ukuvumela ukuba esweni iziganeko ezibalulekileyo zembali esenzeka Nqabakazi, kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo. Phakathi kwabo kubalulekile ukukhumbula endlwini. Bell, eyakhiwa Lee Smith nxaxheba hambo ngo-1881, yaye amabhodlo kweminquba ezonakeleyo ngayo. Northbrook. Kwaba ukuba ngowe-1896 kwakukho intlanganiso ebonakalayo Nansen kunye Jackson. Kwakhona kubalulekile ngokundwendwela i Cape eNorway, apho iinyanga ezininzi 7 kwakhokelela uphando yentsebenziswano F. Nansen and Johansen; imbeko kwisikhumbuzo ISAZINZULU G. Ya. Sedova, umfanekiso wakhe waba kwase ngayo umlinganiswa ophambili ngexesha lofundo inoveli "kubathetheli ababini" Kaverina. isibhakabhaka ye le Arctic kunye nentsusa ndithanda inika iindwendwe alo Franz Josef Land. Amafoto ezithathwe kule ndawo, njalo wayendibonisa kunye lwabo ubuhle. Ezihambayo efana imigodi month, kudityaniswe iikhaphethi multi-onemibala ubulembu kunye eqaqambileyo imibala poppy ukudala emangalisayo, umoya abanalo ngokuvumelana. yinxenye enyanzelekileyo yomhlaba Arctic nayo amawaka rookeries kunye rookeries isilo solwandle esinamabamba amade, ukugcwalisa elundini unxweme Franz Josef Land leziqithi. Photo usesifubeni uhlobo polar ivumela ukufaka umzuzu ekhethekileyo ubomi sikugcine kwinkumbulo iminyaka ezayo.

ngosuku 10-11

KuLwandle Barents. Lifikile ixesha lokuba abuyele emzini Murmansk. Endleleni ebuyela, umthetheli liya kumema abahambi isidlo kwi egumbini lakhe. Apho, abakhweli baya kukwazi ukuphumla Elucweyweni umdla kwaye siphendula ukuphulaphula amabali ayinyaniso inkonzo phezu icebreaker ukusuka kumthombo.

Yintoni iqukiwe iindleko zizonke kweli ziko

• Iindawo ezinika umdla lulahla le icebreaker "50 Years of woloyiso".
• ukhenketho iqela okucwangcisiweyo. Oku kuquka zonke iihambo eziselunxwemeni, utyelelo iindawo ezibaluleke yezembali kunye nezinye iziganeko ku ntaka.
• Iihambo kwi zodiacs (yi isigqibo senkokeli hambo ngenxa zisiba mbi iimeko zemozulu kunokutshintshwa).
• Inkqubo lweentetho elungiswe zemvelo ezaziwayo-kakuhle kunye neengcali kummandla.
• izidlo Zine (kubandakanywa ehla amatsha emva kwemini); ikofu nokukhanya namaqebengwana imini yonke; amanzi okusela.
• iibhutsi zerabha ukuze irente ngexesha yokulwa.
• izinto ulwazi ukuze ngokutsha kunye uhambo kwidayari kunye iifoto kwi-DVD.
• Zeposi kunye neendleko zobugcisa.
• ibhatyi olulodwa hambo.
• inshorensi yezonyango nxamnye neengozi ebhodini.