Lokuqala Earth satellite ngumntu

Isathelayithi yokuqala eyenziwe ngumntu ye uMhlaba enye yempumelelo ezinkulu zenzululwazi zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Noko ke, ngumzali, le mpumelelo inkulu yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe negalelo elikhulu Cold War phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu amabini: United States eSoviet Union. Ukuqalisa i Isathelayithi yokuqala eyenziwe ngumntu iye kwakhona efunekayo sidingo ukufumana iinkcukacha ezithembekileyo malunga phezulu emoyeni, ugqithiso uphawu radio kunokwenzeka ukususela orbit, njl

Ngo-1950 yokuqala, zombini i-US kunye USSR ayenziwa imijukujelwa le nkqubo isithuba. Ngokukodwa, ngoMeyi 1954, ukuba umyili oyintloko kwenkqubo imihla eSoviet Union, Sergei Korolev wadibana uMphathiswa wezoKhuselo Dmitriem Ustinovym kwaye ingxelo ukuba Earth Isathelayithi yokuqala eyenziwe ngumntu Ingaqhaliswa orbit. Loo mazwi July 29, 1955 kwenziwa umongameli we-United States uDwight D. Eisenhower, wathi amagama phakathi kowe-1957 nowe-1958.

Kwinyanga ka-Agasti 1955 eSoviet Politburo ikuvumile ukusekwa kwe-satellite Earth yokuqala. Le projekthi eyayikhokelwa Korolev kunye Vasily Ryabikov, ezaziphethe uvavanyo uqala-R-7 ngexabiso. Ukuze uqalise ibikukuphuhlisa elula kuqala satellite Umhlaba kunye beacons ezimbini ebhodini.

№1 satellite yaba sphere-585 mm, isale ikhaka ubushushu equlathe-aluminiyam, magnesium titanium. Kuye kwafakwa zeepali ezine elide ukuba zazikwazi yokudlulisela ezilula imiqondiso isandi besephezu umhlaba ezitsho ezimbini. Isathelayithi yokuqala eyenziwe ngumntu komhlaba iye ifakwe ezintathu ibhetri yesilivere-oxide ukuba uphelelwa iiveki ezimbini. Inkqubo yolawulo lobushushu yaba kwiradiyetha kunye fan, wesekethe etywiniweyo, inkqubo kobushushu ngenkani yenzelwe ukugcina amaqondo obushushu ngaphakathi izinzile. Le nkqubo wasebenzisa utshintsho bimetal oshushu njengoko element wakuqonda. Nanini ubushushu kuyenyuka ngaphezu kwe-36 ° C, ifeni kuvuliwe, nangenxa inkqubo transfer ubushushu zifaka kanti ubuhanjiswe initrogen. Xa lobushushu lehla ngezantsi-20 ° C, ifeni leyo icinyiwe.

Zwi 1 yasungulwa ngo-Oktobha 1957 kweyesine. Emva kwemizuzwana 295,4 emva kokuqalisa isathelayithi yokuqala yasungulwa. Kwaba kuphela ukubhabha wesithathu ngempumelelo R-7 ngexabiso, leyo wadalwa ngenxa ukubhabha enjalo kunye yenyukliya hydrogen. Zwi sele livelise yokuqala Velocity cosmic, ibalwe Newton. Yaba 7780 m / s. igophe elipheleleyo ayenzileyo imizuzu 96,2. Nangona yokuba kuphuhliswa kwiiveki nje ezimbini, uthumo ezingu-22, de wavuka neebhetri. abaqhubi ham radio ehlabathini lonke balandela iziganeko isandi ngamaza ndiza. It kungabonakala - njengokuba inkwenkwezi yobukhulu yokuqala - nkqu ngeliso lenyama. Satellite wehla evela orbit waza wayitshisa phezulu emoyeni, Januwari 4, 1958.

Uluntu yaseMelika kunye eendaba njalo kumangaliswa idabi uzobe olwenziwe USSR, ukuba igagasi clinical zihlasela eUnited States. indlela ezopolitiko kunye noluntu ukuze kokupapashwa kwengxelo TASS waba engalindelekanga ukuba eSoviet Union. Ngenxa yoko, ngokubuyisela iqabane encinane hydrogen yenyukliya ukuqhushumba, eSoviet Union woyisa umlo onzima yezopolitiko kunye nezentlalo.

Zwi ingxaki kukhokelele ekuyilweni US Advanced Research Projects Arhente kunye NASA, kwakunye nokwanda okubonakalayo inkcitho karhulumente kwezemfundo kunye nophando.

I-United States akwazi ukuqalisa satellite ngumntu Explorer-1 wayo wokuqala kaJanuwari 31, 1958. Kwaba zezindlu iziphekepheke sangqa-15 cm kunye ubude 203 cm ezinobunzima-14 kg. Ke idluliselwe data malunga nomlinganiselo semitha yesiqalo kunye nenqanaba radiation kule khosi yeentsuku 112. Ezi data kwakhokelela kwafunyanwa Van Allena iibhanti.

Ukususela ngo-1957, phantse 7,000 Hewana, uninzi lwazo sele kuvelile yaphehlelelwa kwi Earth orbit evela kwinkqubo kwaye bamele eziyimiqobo yokwenene olunye ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni.