Ulwelo hydrogen: Properties kunye Izicelo

hydrogen alulwelo - enye ithi leempawu hydrogen. Bekela bucala karhulumente ngaphezulu sukube aqinileyo lwesi sakhi. Ke ukuba ifomu sukube uqhelene kwabaninzi, asele amazwe amabini kakhulu ziphakamisa imibuzo.

indaba

hydrogen ulwelo ifunyenwe kuphela banesifo zenkulungwane yokugqibela, kodwa oku chemistry lifikile ixesha elide kuphuhliso yale ndlela yokugcina igesi kunye nesicelo.

Zihlale efrijini ngokomfuniselo baqala ukusebenzisa phakathi kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo eNgilani. Ngowe-1984 wafumana i-sulphur dioxide lwepetroliyam kunye ammonia. Ngokusekelwe kwezi zifundo, kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini kamva yaqulunqa ifriji yokuqala, yaye omnye kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu Perkins uye wakhupha lomenzi esemthethweni wokusungula. Ngowe-1851, kwelinye icala i-Atlantic Dzhon gori wathi yamaLungelo kwendalo air conditioner.

Ukuze hydrogen Kwathi kuphela ngo-1885, xa Pole Wroblewski wabhengeza kwinqaku lakhe iqondo lokubila le sakhi 23 Kelvin, ubushushu incopho - 33 Kelvin, yaye ingcinezelo ezibalulekileyo 13 kwemimoya. Emva kwale ngxelo ukwenza hydrogen ulwelo wazama Dzheyms Dyuar ngenkulungwane ye-19, kodwa uzinzo into engazange yenzeka.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Le meko aggregate iphawulwa izinto loxinano ephantsi kakhulu - hundredths grams nganye sentimitha cc. Oku kwenza kube lula ukusebenzisa izikhongozeli ezincinane noko ukugcina hydrogen ulwelo. Ingongoma ukubila yi Kelvin 20 kuphela (-252 Celsius) yaye le nto ngumkhenkce sele kwi 14 degrees Kelvin.

Ulwelo Akukho ivumba, umbala kunye nemvakalo. Ukunxulumana ngayo mpilo kungabangela dubulo isiqingatha amatyala. Emva kokuba afike iqondo hydrogen ingena kurhulumente sukube kunye nokunyuka yayo umthamo ngokuphindwe 850.

Emva yokunyibilika hydrogen sibekwe kwizikhongozelo igqunyiwe, ethi ixhaswe xi eliphantsi kunye namaqondo kuluhlu ukususela-15 ukuya kwi-19 Kelvin.

ukwanda hydrogen

hydrogen ulwelo iveliswa ngezandla kwindawo yendalo lungenzeki. Ukuba ngaba uthathe ingqalelo ithi aggregate, hydrogen - zizeyeyona nto nzima kungekuphela Emhlabeni kodwa kuyo yonke iphela. Luquka iinkwenkwezi (kubandakanywa Sun wethu), agcwalisa isithuba phakathi kwawo. Hydrogen yingxenye reactions Fusion, kwaye ibe lilifu.

kuqweqwe lomhlaba ukuba element ohlala ekhulwini malunga enye kuphela kwesixa-mali sisonke ukwimo. nendima yakhe ecosystem yethu ukuyiqikelela ukusuka kwinto yokuba inani athom hydrogen inani le mpilo kuphela. On iplanethi yethu, phantse zonke noninzi lwezinto H ₂ bakhonkxwa. Hydrogen - yinxenye zonke izidalwa eziphilayo.

ukusetyenziswa

hydrogen ulwelo (lobushushu -252 degrees Celsius) isetyenziswa sokubumba ukwenzela ukugcinwa zepetroli kunye nezinye nezakhi petroleum esulungekisiweyo. Ngaphezu koko, ngoku kumiselwa ingqiqo zokuthutha bangasebenzisa hydrogen lwepetroliyam fuel endaweni yerhasi yendalo. Oku kuza kunciphisa iindleko zemveliso kwezibonelelo ezixabisekileyo kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa. Kodwa okoko nje kuyilo ngokupheleleyo injini abakufumana.

hydrogen ulwelo lisetyenziswa njengendlela yemvelo refrigerant ukuhlola zabo neutron. Ukususela ubunzima amasuntswana cebetshu isiqalo hydrogen ifana bayalingana, amandla unaniso therebetween kakuhle kakhulu.

Iinzuzo kunye Imiqobo

hydrogen Ulwelo kwenza zokufudumeza olucothayo kakhulu emoyeni nokunciphisa inani greenhouse gases, ukuba lisetyenziswe njenge sibaso izithuthi. Xa intsebenziswano kwayo ngomoya (emva edlula injini ukutshiswa lwangaphakathi) uya kuvelisa amanzi kunye nezixa ezingephi-nitric oxide.

Noko ke, le mbono nobunzima zayo, umzekelo, indlela yokugcina igesi kunye nokuthuthwa, kwakunye engozini yomlilo okanye dubulo. Kwanokuba zithathe ukuba zonke amanyathelo ukuthintela komphunga hydrogen akwenzeki.

propellant

Ulwelo hydrogen (ukugcinwa lobushushu ukuya ku-20 Kelvin) isisahlulo propellant. It has imisebenzi ezininzi:

1. Ukupholisa macandelo injini ukukhusela esatsiba ukuba nobushushu.
2. Wilderness iintonga emva ukuxubana mpilo ubushushu.

Modern iinjini irula asebenza kwindibaniselwano hydrogen-oksijini. Oku kunceda ukuba kufikelelwe nesantya abanqwenelayo boyise nokutsala zomhlaba, ukuba ugcine yonke moya, ngaphandle azithobe ukuba isenzo ubushushu obugqithisileyo.

Okwangoku kukho rocket omnye kuphela, nto leyo esebenzisa ngokupheleleyo hydrogen amafutha. Kwiimeko ezininzi, hydrogen ulwelo kufuneka ukwahlula izigaba ephezulu, okanye ezo zixhobo apho abayibambe inkoliso umsebenzi vacuo. Ukususela abaphandi babe neengcebiso ukusebenzisa isiqingatha-frozen uhlobo sakhi ukuze kwandiswe mninzi yayo.