Ukwandiswa kobuKoloni ... Ukunyuka kwamaKoloni: umgaqo, isikhokelo, imbali kunye nenkcazo

Ukwandiswa kobukoloniyali bemilwandle ngumgaqo-nkqubo ngokubhekiselele kuwo amazwe athembekileyo kwiLizwe elidala asebenzisana okanye ahlala kwimimandla exhomekeke kwezinye iimaphemeli. Ngethuba lexesha, lajika liba luhlanga lwamagosa ahamba phambili alwela ukulawula umhlaba.

Mfuneko

Ukwandiswa kwekoloniyali yaseYurophu kwaqala ngekhulu le-15 le-16, ekuqaleni kwexesha lezinto ezifumeneyo. Ebudeni boMinyaka ezayo kwilizwe leLizwe eliDala, izinto ezingabonakaliyo kunye nezinto ezingaqhelekanga ezivela kwimimandla yasempuma zazixabiseke kakhulu kwiimarike . Ngokomzekelo, kwakuyiziqholo ezavumela ukugcina ukutya ixesha elide. Ngoku kubonakala kukuhle, kodwa ke umascat uxabisa ubunzima bawo kwigolide.

Ngexesha elifanayo eYurophu, uhlaziyo lwangaphambili lwe-Renaissance lwaqala, oluhamba kunye nokukhula kolwazi lwesayensi. Ukwandiswa kobuKoloni, okokuqala, inqwelo enkulu. Iinqanawa zokuqala zolu hlobo olutsha olunqumla ulwandle nolushiye iilwandle zasemaphandleni zibonakala ePortugal naseSpain. Ezi zikumkani ezincinane ezazisanda kudalwa kwimimandla ekhululwe kumaSulumane.

Ngemali yabathengisi kwaye, ngokukodwa, ngenkxaso yombuso, abaqhankqalazi bezilwandle abanesibindi baqala ukufuna indlela yolwandle eya eNdiya. Ukwenza oku, kwakufuneka ukuba ujikeleze iAfrika. Ngo-1492, ukuhamba kweSpeyin ekhokelwa nguChristopher Columbus yathatha enye indlela-ngqo ngqo entshona. Yaye yafumanisa iMelika. Ukwandiswa kwekoloniyali yamazwe okoloniyali wazalwa ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yalo mcimbi.

Ukwandiswa kweSpeyin

Umbuso wokuqala wobukhosi beSolomon. Kwangaphantsi kweeflegi zakhe ezazisetyenziselwa abantu baseMerika. Ookumkani baseSpain benethemba lokufumana igolide nesilivere kwilizwekazi elitsha. Izitye ezintle ziyi-Andes. Xa le nto yaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo, izihlwele zabantu abahambahambayo baphuthuma eMelika.

Iimayini zesiliva zasePeru zavumela iSpain ukuba ibe yindawo enamandla kakhulu yaseYurophu kwikhulu le-16 leminyaka. Ukwandiswa kobuKoloni kukwabakho ukhathalelo lwabantu basekuhlaleni. AmaNdiya aseMerika abe ngamaxhoba okuqala aseMelika . Bafa kwizigidi ngenxa yezifo ezibulalayo kubo. Ukongezelela, iSonto lamaKatolika ladlala indima ebalulekileyo eSpain. Ubukhosi bubeka umsebenzi wokubhaptiza zonke iintlanga ezivela kude. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo ukhuthaze ububi be-Inquisition.

Ngomhla wolawulo lwama-colonial yaseSpain kwakungowommandla waseMbindi naseMzantsi Melika. Okukuphela kule ndawo kwakuphela kwimimandla apho iBrazil yavela khona kamva. La mazwe ayenayo iPortugal.

AmaPortugal

Ukuba iSpeyin yayinomdla waseMelika, iPortugal yayixhamle ngakumbi ekumiseni ubudlelwane bokwenene bezorhwebo neIndiya. Lo kwakukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kokuqala kolawulo lwama-colonial. AmaSpeyin azama ukunqoba amazwe kumazantsi eeplanethi. IziPhuthukezi, ngokuchaseneyo, azizange zishiye kwiindawo zonxweme. Izibonda zakhiwa apha. Ukusebenzisa kwabo iimveliso ezintsha zathunyelwa eYurophu.

Kwakunemiphunga, iindlovu, kunye nezinye izinto zokunethezeka. Okubaluleke ngakumbi kukufumanisa izityalo zaseMelika: iitamatati, utamatisi, ingqolowa, njl. Ukutya kwe-Yurophu kwatshintsha phambi kwamehlo ethu. Abathengi abaneleyo benza iindleko ezinkulu kwizorhwebo ezizimeleyo kulezi zinto ezinqabileyo. Ukuqala kokwandiswa kwekoloniyali kwahluke ngokuba kwakuye kwenziwa ngokubanzi ngenxa yezizathu ezifanelekileyo. Xa kwacaca ukuba amazwe amatsha athembisa inzuzo enkulu, amatsha amatsha aseYurophu ajoyina uhlanga. Imfazwe yokurhweba yaba yindawo eqhelekileyo.

Ukuhla kweSpeyin, ukunyuka kweNgilani

Ngekhulu le-XVII, ubukhosi bama-colonial yaseSpeyin buwa ngobunzima. Kwakukho izizathu ezininzi. Ubukhosi basebenzisa yonke igolide laseMelika ekugcinweni kwemikhosi kunye neemfazwe ezixabisekileyo eYurophu. Ngalesi sikhathi kwiLizwe Elidala enye ingxabano phakathi kwamaKatolika kunye namaProthestani aqhuma. Imfazwe Yeminyaka Emashumi Amathathu yaqala, kwaye imikhosi yemikhosi, eyathengayo ngemali yaseSpeyin, yakhukula iJamani neNetherlands. Ngenxa yomgaqo-nkqubo ongenakuqhathaniswa, iSpain yalahlekelwa zonke iintlobo ezinikezelweyo ekuqaleni kobuhlanga bekoloniyali.

Intsha eyona nto inkundla yaseMadrid yayiseNgilandi. Kulo lizwe kwiXVII inkulungwane kwakukho ukuguqulwa kwamaborgeois, okwashiya ubukhosi obugqithisileyo ngaphambili. Intengiso yamahhala kunye neengxowa-mali eziphuhliswayo kwilizwe. Kungekudala kwavela inqwelo enamandla.

Ubukhosi baseBrithani

Izikhokelo zokwandiswa kwekoloni zase-England zazihluke kakhulu. Amanqanaba okuqala avela eNyakatho Melika. Sekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XVIII, uJames Cook wafumanisa i-Australia esekude, eyadlulela eBrithani. Iparele yesithsaba sesiNgesi yayinguNdiya. Amakholoni okuqala ayengamaPhuthukezi, kodwa ngokugqithiseleyo iLisbon yalahlekelwa ngumzabalazo wezomnotho eLondon kwaye, ngokuyinxalenye enkulu ngokuthula, wathengisa izinto zayo.

Abantu baseNdiya bendawo bathi ziinkonzo ezahlukeneyo-amaSulumane, amaHindu namaBuddha. Kwinqanaba elincinci laliyinani elikhulu leentlanga, ngenxa yokuba kwakukho ukuhlukana kwepolitiki rhoqo. Ingxenye yale nto, kwaye inxalenye, ubukhulu bezobuchwepheshe buvumela iBrithani kwiXesti yeXIX ukuba ibambe ilizwe ngokupheleleyo. Ukwandiswa kwekoloniyali yomzekelo ngumzekelo ogqithisileyo woqoqosho lwelizwe elingaphantsi komhlaba lisebenza kwi-metropolis.

I-Destiny yaseMelika

Ukuhlala kweNgesi eMntla Melika kwaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza. Kulo mmandla, ekugqibeleni ama-colonies abo avela eFransi naseNetherlands. Kodwa kwakuyintlukwano phakathi kweParis neLondon eyaba yintloko kwilizwe. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, ii-colonies zesiNgesi zavakalisa ukuzimela kwazo zaze zakha i-United States of America. Urhulumente omtsha sele sele uzimela ngokuzimeleyo kwaye ahlala kwiindawo ezisentshona.

Ixesha elifanayo lilindele amaKoloni aseSpain. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIX, abahlali baseMerika yaseMerika bavakalisa ukulwa nokuzimela ngaphandle kwelizwe lakwaMama, abaye balinqoba ngokukhuselekileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, kwakukho ummandla owodwa kuphela omkhulu, awunakuhlukana phakathi kwamagunya aseKurophu. Kwakuyi-Afrika. Imfazwe yayo yayisaphambili.

Umzabalazo we-Afrika

Kwangexesha elide amaYurophu ahlala kuphela kummandla we-Afrika. Ukusuka apha ama-colonialists athatha inqwaba yamakhoboka, awathatha iinqanawa zaseMelika. Apho, umsebenzi wabamnyama wawusetyenziswe njengabasebenzi abancinci. Ukwakhiwa kwekolonial kubandakanya ukucalulwa kwabantu basekuhlaleni, oko (njengabantu baseAfrika) baba zikhoboka.

Kodwa inxalenye yangempela "yelizwekazi elimnyama" lenzeke kwisiqingatha sesibini seXIXX. Ngaloo xesha, ubukhoboka sele bupheliswe kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, kodwa, nangona kunjalo, wenza unyango lwabantu basekuhlaleni. Ngethuba lokuqala kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala e-Afrika kwakukho iikholoni zamazwe ahlukeneyo: iFransi, i-Great Britain, iPortugal, iBelgium, eNetherlands. Umdlalo wokugqibela kumncintiswano wenxalenye wawuhlanganiswe yiJamani kunye ne-Italy kuphela.

Imfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala yaqala njengengxabano yokulawula eYurophu, kodwa nayo yachaphazela ukubuyiswa kwakhona kwamakoloni. Kwaye ngoko amazwe e-Entente athola igunya kwiindawo eMbindi-mpuma. Lo mmandla ixesha elide wawungowombuso wase-Ottoman (Turkey), owawa. Iindawo zaseArabhu eziphambili zaya eBrithani, nangona kunjalo, isikhundla sabo somthetho sele sasihluke kakhulu kwiikholoni zangaphambili.

Ukwenqaba kwamakholoni

Inkulungwane yeshumi leminyaka yadlula ngaphantsi kwesibhengezo se-decolonization. Le yinkqubo yokufumana ukuzimela ngamanye amazwe ase-Afrika, eMbindi-mpuma, eNdiya, njl. Yaba yintsebenzo ngokukhethekileyo emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ama-coloni aseAfrika ayesayithwala impawu zabo zangaphambili ezisezidolophini zabo. Kwamazwe anjalo, ulwimi olusemthethweni luqhelekileyo kwisiNgesi okanye ngesiFrentshi (ngaphezu kweelwimi zesizwe).

Amandla amakhulu ekoloni - iGrithani enkulu-yakha i-Commonwealth, apho isebenza ngokubambisana neenkoloni zayo zangaphambili namhlanje.