Ukuvela lwentando eAthens. Ushintsho of Solon and Cleisthenes

mpumelelo abaninzi kwamatyala kwimpucuko yaseYurophu mihla ukuba Greece yamandulo. Ngapha koko, kwabonakala ixesha lokuqala yeqonga, pedagogy, intanda, ezemidlalo kunye, kakade, idemokhrasi. Iziko ephambili intle kwihlabathi kumaxesha amandulo yayilikomkhulu imbali yale mihla Greece. Ngako oko impembelelo ngoko enkulu ingakumbi kuphuhliso olungaphezulu uluntu lwaba ekuzalweni kwedemokhrasi eAthens.

prehistory

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Greece yamandulo alawulwa imigaqo - umzi-karhulumente, apho inkulu baba Sparta kunye eAthene. Kukho khona amaqela zombini wazabela kakhulu zabemi - abaphumeleleyo kunye iyivume, njengoko na ukuba ngamakhoboka, kwaye ngokuseka karhulumente akhiwa yokudityaniswa uxolo nabanye abamelwane ngokuncipha. Ngaphandle koku, kukho qheke ecaleni imigca iklasi, ezingenakulinganiswa kodwa beqikelela abacaphukayo phakathi abantu abangamahlwempu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, lo ayiphikisani abasebukhosini demo baba ucaca ngakumbi. Revolution usengozini, enokuthi ithintele kuphela uhlaziyo esisiseko ekhoyo nkqubo karhulumente.

Wayengubani Solon

Abuyisele zonke izinto ezingangqinelaniyo ilawulwa omnye abameli intsapho Kodridov ezindilekileyo, ngaphambili bokumkani. Igama lakhe Solon, waza wehla embalini njengenye ezisixhenxe zo of Greece yamandulo. Ngaphambi kokuba angene kwipolitiki, nokwazeka kwayo nabantu baseAthene, njengoko imbongi obalaseleyo kunye nzulu ngezinto, uze emva koko waye waduma umphathi ngempumelelo yomkhosi. Unyaka-594 BC. e., malunga neminyaka engama-34-35, Solon wonyulwa archon eponymous, t. e. intloko yabalawuli 9-ezihlangeneyo, wayibeka phezu kwakhe amandla angaqhelekanga. Kwathi kanti, esi silumko Solon kukade icangcisiwe, ilungisiwe utshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo yakho, yaye ngoko nangoko waqalisa izitshintshe. Emva kwamashumi ambalwa umsebenzi wakhe waqhubeka nomsebenzi Cleisthenes, kwaye ukuguqulwa ezi abezopolitiko wagqiba ikhondo uphuhliso abantu kangangamawaka eminyaka ezayo.

zokulungisa Solon kaThixo

Kukholelwa ukuba ekuzalweni kwedemokhrasi eAthens baqalisa kudala ngaphambi kokuba Solon. Noko ke, nguye owadala imithetho leyo iye yaba draw. Okokuqala wamemezela sisahfiya, izenza onke amatyala, iziza wabeka umhlaba babuyela kumnini, kwaye akuvumelekile ukuba uthathe imali-mboleko kwi-ukhuseleko lwabantu. Ukongeza, ngenxa kubuncwane baseAthene zaye zathengwa kwaye bebuyiselwe abemi-nkqubo yathengiselwa kwilizwe lasemzini. Solon naye wabeka izinga eliphezulu lobunini mhlaba, okt. E., Akukho ummi ayikwazanga ukuthenga iziza ngaphaya indawo asemthethweni kwaye babe mhlaba extra enkulu.

abasemagunyeni

Abasemagunyeni karhulumente aphezulu eAthene ebudeni bolawulo Solon le eAreyopago, iNdibano yesiZwe kunye boule. Le yokugqibela yaba umzimba entsha, ibe abantu abane. Eneneni, abaphandi abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba imbonakalo yakhe kwakuthetha ekuzalweni kwedemokhrasi eAthens. Le boule ekuxoxwe ngazo ngaphambili nayo yonke imithetho kunye nemibuzo, ezithi ke ngoko kuxoxwa kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe. Nangona kukho yiEcclesia eAtene kunye nezinye Greek isixeko-ngaphambili, Solon xa waba umzimba ukusebenza ngokwenene, yaye wabiza rhoqo. Ngaphezu koko, i Archon uwise umthetho ngako kuyo ngethuba wembambano nabakhululekileyo bonke ngubani lifikelele yobudala emntaneni kwakufuneka uthathe indima ebonakalayo eluntwini, kungenjalo wamsongela kunye ukuhluthwa amalungelo oluntu.

Ukuvela lwentando eAthens (World History): Cleisthenes guqula

Ukwenziwa yokugqibela inkqubo yezopolitiko aseAtene, ngokusekelwe ukuthanda ngokukhululekileyo abantu, kwenzeka ngasekupheleni BC ngenkulungwane yesi-6. e. Umbhali le nguqulelo ezintsha waba Cleisthenes, othe wonyulelwa archon, ngamandla efanayo, yintoni kanye wanika Solon.

Wahlukanisa ummandla zaseAttica 3 District: eAthene ngokwayo, nesiqwenga unxweme kunye nendawo flat. Ngamnye kubo, ke, yahlulwe 10 Tritt. Ukongeza kule ndawo, Cleisthenes zibanjwa nohlaziyo lonyulo. Phantsi kwemithetho emitsha, oko kwasekwa 10 phyla, eziquka abemi Tritt amathathu, omnye ukususela ababekulo ngalinye. Fila abakhethwe phakathi kwabantu-50 ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwiKhansile 500 Ngoko, Cleisthenes bexesha wabhala: "washixiza" baseAthene. Oku kwakuthetha ukuba ngoku bonyulwa oorhulumente azikho phezu komhlaba liqela elingonanga okanye ngokomnombo-based, kodwa zisekelwe kukhetho lobuqu.

YiEcclesia e Klisfene

Zonke izigqibo ezibalulekileyo eAthens ngeli xesha zithathwa yiEcclesia zihlaziywa ngokudibeneyo, esebenzisa igunya lowiso-mthetho, eyenkundla yesigqeba. Imiba ephambili isonjululwe ngexesha jikelele enjalo People, baba:

• unyulo kwamagosa;
• isigqibo sokutshintsha imithetho ekhoyo kunye nokwamkelwa ezintsha;
• amakheswa ngokunxulumene abemi ngabanye;
• Izigqibo ngemiba ebalulekileyo yesizwe ephathelele imfazwe noxolo, ukuqukumbela izivumelwano umfelandawonye, inkcitho yemali karhulumente, kunye nabanye.

An iinkcukacha umdla: ngaphambi "iseshoni" nganye igosa elongameleyo iNdibano yesiZwe kwafuneka ukuxhoma iipowusta yawujikeleza umzi, ukwazisa malunga nemiba ezaziza ingqalelo. Ukongeza, ukuba ukuqinisekisa ukungakhethi yeBhunga 500, phylum nganye eyenziweyo imisebenzi yayo kwinyanga nje 1 zonyaka.

geliee

Ukuvela lwentando eAthene, iphawulwe ukuvela uhlobo entsha inkqubo, nto leyo ibuye ibe ehlangeneyo. Amatyala kusonjululwa le geliee ebizwa njalo-- labagwebi, olu sapho lwaluquka abantu 6,000. Ngaxeshanye, kananjalo kwabakho eAreyopago - inkundla lwabadala, eyakhiwa izinhanha, leyo nokufika abasemagunyeni lwentando yesininzi waqala ukuphelelwa impembelelo yawo kunye nokubaluleka.

amakheswa

Imvelaphi kunye nophuhliso lwentando yesininzi eAthene waza wenza ukuba ukuvela buyinto entsha ngokupheleleyo kwimbali yoluntu. Baba amakheswa. Kanye ngonyaka, ekklesia kwafuneka ukuba uphendule lo mbuzo ubalulekileyo: "? Ngaba akukho phakathi ngabemi yabantu, onako athimbe amandla babe esasibizwa" Ukuba iNdibano yesiZwe wayekholelwa ukuba umntu onjalo ke, kuya kuba omnye ntlanganiso inkqubo yokuvota bokuhlala kwi ezibukhali. Ukuba okungahle "yingozi" kwidemokhrasi, loo mntu ofumana iivoti ezininzi kulo, ukuba agxothwe polis.

Ngoku uyazi indlela ekuzalweni kwedemokhrasi eAthens (iinguqu of Solon kunye Cleisthenes) kwaye akwazi ukuthelekisa kulo analogu mihla.