Noblewoman Marfa Boretskaya: Interesting Facts

Intshisakalo Marfa Boretskaya yaba wokugqibela yeRhuluneli Umfazi Novgorod. Yena bakhokela umzabalazo abemi ngokuchasene Moscow Prince Ivan III, abasafuna ingxe- kwiriphabliki yamandulo wayenza inxalenye karhulumente elimanyeneyo Russian.

ubuntu uMarta

weza Posadnitsa Marfa Boretskaya ukusuka usapho boyar. usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa ayifani ncam kwaziwa, ulwazi malunga ubutsha naye akazange asinde. Wafumana encwadini yeembali njengoko umfazi Isaaka Boretskogo Novgorod sodolophu, ukusuka apho wafumana igama. umyeni wakhe wafa kwisiqingatha sesibini-imi- 50 kwinkulungwane XV (ingcaciso yakutshanje ngayo lisukela emva kunyaka 1456). Washiya umfazi wakhe eninzi imali kunye nomhlaba. Zonke ezi zibonelelo ziye zavumela uMarta ukuba abe ngomnye amanani nempembelelo kubomi loluntu Novgorod.

Nakule yomfazi eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Umfazi yeRhuluneli", kodwa Boretsky akazange ngokusesikweni akazange abe isihloko enjalo. Yaba isiteketiso derisive inikwa yi-Muscovites, lowo wamthiya njengoko utshaba inqununu kuphela. Noko ke, ngokuqinisekileyo sinokuthi uMarta waye de facto kumlawuli Novgorod ukususela 1471 ukuya 1478. Yiyo le mihla yokugqibela ukuzimela xa esilwa eMoscow phezu ulongamo.

Yaziwa e Novgorod

Marfa Boretskaya isaziso kuqala ngokwaso njengento obalasele wezopolitiko, xa unyulo 1470 aba omkhulu ekuhlaleni. It inkxaso Pimen (kwaye wazama ukukhusela candidacy wakhe encediswa igolide), kodwa isiphelo lwakhethwa uTimoti of eMoscow - Theophilus. Ukongeza, ubhishophu entsha kwafuneka ukuba yaqalwa elikomkhulu Ivan III, kodwa hayi eKiev, njengoko kusoloko ubuyiyo ngaphambili.

UMarta ayikwazanga ukuxolela izono ezinjalo, yaye ukususela ngaloo mzuzu waqalisa ukuseka abafowunelwa kunye iqela Lithuanian in Novgorod. Le intshukumo yezopolitiko wakhuthaza rapprochement yesixeko kunye Grand iNkosana Vilnius, hayi irhuluneli eMoscow. Loo indawo echasene iimeko kwavunyelwana ngexesha yokusayina Yazhelbitskogo ihlabathi.

Eli phepha esayinwe 1456 (bhunxe uyise Ivan III - Vasily the Blind). ISivumelwano umisela ubuhlobo Novgorod eMoscow ekulondolozweni olusesikweni amaziko ezindala kunye ukusetshenziswa (yamatyala, isihloko sodolophu, njalo njalo. D.). Ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kakade iminyaka emininzi. Yaba ukusilela phakathi impembelelo eMoscow emhlabeni Russian nayo yonke inkqubo endala republic of Novgorod.

Poland lweli

Marfa Boretskaya wagqiba ukuya nxamnye umyalelo lusekiwe. Yaba yena lowo, wayiqhubela inkcaso ukuba izinduna Ivan III waza wafuna inkxaso yokumkani Polish Casimir IV (Poland kunye Lithuania ebezikho apha phakathi umanyano). imali uMarta ukuba uthumele ukuba wozakuzo angaphandle uPhilip, ecela ukuba athathe Novgorod njengoko lokuzimela lilifa labo. Terms kuvunyelwene, kwaye yafika irhuluneli wesixeko - Michael Olelkovich. Ezi ziganeko kwakhokelela ubushushu Ivan III. Ngowe-1471, wathi imfazwe kwi Novgorod.

Ekulungiseleleni impi

Phambi kokuba uthumele i umkhosi ukuya emntla, uIvan wazama ukusombulula imbambano ngokusebenzisa yokubonisana. Wajika wakhangela uncedo zomlamli elihle emntwini zeCawa. Metropolitan of eMoscow, waya Novgorod, apho abahlali wamkhalimela, uMarta, ngokungcatsha eMoscow. Wabongoza Kwakhona ukushiya umanyene urhulumente yamaKatolika. Inyathelo elinjalo iza kuthathwa njenge Utyeshelo lomqathango ukususela wamasiko.

Yayingeyiyo Marfa Boretskaya? intransigence lakhe. Wala ukwenza umnyinyiva kutshaba. Ukufunda le, uIvan Iii ibhengeze yenkolo nokuthi yamaKatolika Novgorod Orthodox. Nale wamvumela ukuba ukuqokelela abaxhasi abaninzi, kuquka pskovityan, ustyuzhan Vyatichi nokuba kwezinye iimeko wayesala ukunceda eMoscow. Lo mkhosi wahamba kwiphulo, nkqu nangona irhuluneli Polish uMikhail Olelkovich washiya elunxwemeni Volkhov waya eKiev.

Marfy Boretskoy Uphawu amanga neqiniso ukuba ayenzi zikubiyele izandla zawo ngamaxesha engozini enkulu. In Novgorod ukuba nabathengisi umkhosi. intlangano yakhe sele kudlule ngaphandle noMarta. Ukongeza, unyana wakhe nguDmitry, owaye- Posadnik esesikweni, waba emkhosini.

impi shelon

impi eMoscow phantsi odumileyo iRhuluneli Daniila Holmskogo kunye Fedor motley wayithimba watshisa i Rusu ebalulekileyo inqaba. Emva kwale mpumelelo, lo squad wayeka ukuba balinde ukusekelwa evela Pskov. Kwangaxeshanye, ezishelifini ezongezelelweyo eMoscow yaseTver inamathele ibutho kwaye iphethwe ngasentla.

Umkhosi Novgorod kwakukho abantu 40,000. It kuqonde Pskov, ukuthintela umkhosi wakhe ukuba bamanyane kunye Kholmsk. Moscow umbusi mabaqikelele malunga nezicwangciso yotshaba wafudukela ganga kuye. July 14, 1471 Holm ukuhlasela ngesiquphe hit Awulindelwanga ukuba amajoni Novgorod. Eli dabi iyaziwa historiography ngokuba imfazwe le shelon (igama emva emlanjeni). Holm waba phantsi kwakhe, kwanesiqingatha sabantu ngaphezu abantu Novgorod, kodwa nibethe yayo mihle lokugqiba ngesiphumo longquzulwano.

amawaka yabulala Novgorod. Unyana likaMarta - nguDmitry Boretsky - yathinjwa yaye kungekudala wabulawa ngenxa lokungcatsha. Ekubulaleni wenza isiphelo kunqandwa of Novgorod.

umhlaba Korostynsky

Kungekudala ihlabathi Korostynsky (11 Agasti 1471) lwagqitywa. Xa ngokwemimiselo yayo, Novgorod waba uthembele eMoscow. Ngoko ke, urhulumente yakhe bathobele Prince Ozukileyo kwimibandela yomgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle. Oku ezintsha ebalulekileyo, njengoko ukuthabatha kude Novgorod ithuba lokuba nayiphi abafowunelwa bezozakuzo kunye Poland naseLithuania. Kwakhona, i-Grand Prince of eMoscow ngoku subordinated kwiNkundla City. Ukongeza, ibandla Novgorod yaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo Metropolia enye. Umzimba iphambili wengingqi self-government - Veche - akaba saba nako ukwenza izigqibo zabo. Zonke iincwadi zakhe kubameli yi-Grand Duke, kunye namaphepha ufake eMoscow Printa.

Noko ke, kule Novgorod walondoloza iimpawu yokuhombisa umyalelo omdala, xa kusekho kugcwele republic. I-Grand Duke akazange angamchukumisi uMarta, wahlala ekhaya. minyinyiva Huge eMoscow abazange ukutshintsha izicwangciso zalo. Yena nangoku ndiphupha ukuba balahle uxhomekeke Ivan III. Kodwa ngexesha elithile phakathi kwamaqela uxolo ethe waba ngukumkani.

Ukuvalwa ukuzimela Novgorod kaThixo

EMoscow wayesazi ukuba nxamnye Ivan amehlo Boyar Novgorod indlebe kunye buqu Marfa Boretskaya. Umfazi yeRhuluneli waqhubeka ezama ukwenza ukuqhagamshelana Casimir, nangona isohlwayo sonyana wakhe kunye ngokoyiswa emfazweni. Ivan okwethutyana iliso kwenzeka ntoni apha ngasentla, njengoko waba nezinye izinto ezininzi - umzekelo, ulwalamano nzima kunye nangezinto.

Noko ke, ngo-1478 umthetheli ekugqibeleni wakhululwa kwezinye benamaxhala sagqiba ekubeni aphelise abakhululekileyo nabangamakhoboka Novgorod. Esi sixeko kwafika amajoni eMoscow kaThixo. Kulo mzekelo, akukho ukuxhathisa kakhulu nemibutho alukhange kwavela. Ngokutsho umyalelo Ivan III, noblewoman Marfa Boretskaya anqunyulwe ilizwe labo kwaye kwafuneka ukuba aye Nizhny Novgorod aze abe indela kule tamoshnem sigodlo. Zatshatyalaliswa yi abalinganiswa abaphambili inkululeko Novgorod: uyekwa intsimbi yamatyala, ibandla kuhluthwa kwanoko anako. Ukongeza, uIvan wathumela kuzo zonke izinduna, abo orhanelwa inkcaso kurhulumente wakhe. Abaninzi kubo bahlala eMoscow - kufutshane yesicelo, apho impembelelo yabo sichithwe. Kunjalo Novgorod lokwenyaniso uIvan Vasilyevich waya abantu abaye kuhlala kwizikhundla ezingundoqo yaye bakwazi ukwenza kube yinxalenye karhulumente united Russian ngoxolo.

Okumiselwe uMarta

Marfa Boretskaya, engobomi Kugqityiwe njengoko ngokwenene ngumpolitiki waba woonongendi. Ukhakhayi, wathatha igama uMariya. Owayesakuba intshisakalo wafa 1503 e akhulelwe Convent, nto leyo ukususela kwinkulungwane XIX wabizwa nokuphakanyiswa of the Cross. Umfanekiso Marfy Boretskoy nangoko yaba yinxalenye ye lwemveli Russian. Chroniclers ngokufuthi kuthelekiswa lo mfazi kunye namanye amanani ebalulekileyo ezopolitiko besini siethe - Eliey Evdoksiey kunye Irodiaroy.