Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba aphephe Second World War? German-Soviet Frontier Treaty (i Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact). Stalin and Hitler

Nangona imbali akukho mood esimo, kwaye abaphandi, kunye nabantu zesiqhelo ngokuzibuza enoba kwakunokwenzeka ukuphepha yeSibini kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi. Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, kufuneka sijonge izinto ezibangela kwembambano inkulu axhobileyo kwimbali yabantu.

Lokuzicengezela umhlaseli

Ngowe-1933, wangumlawuli eJamani amaNazi weza, ikhokelwa ngu Adolf Hitler. Radicals ayexhasa ekubuyekezeni iziphumo kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ngenxa yokuba ilizwe labo liye kuvinjwa yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye nommandla wayo kwaye washiywa ngaphandle nomkhosi. Ngelo xesha linye karhulumente yileyo ezifanayo Hitler awayakhayo Italy ngu Benito uMussolini.

Ngomhla olwandulela Second World War, i Fuehrer waqalisa amanyathelo okuqala nokudliwa yemihlaba namazwe angabamelwane. Kwelinye icala, wafuna ukuya emaqandeni Austria, yaye kwelinye - ukuthabatha kummandla Sudetenland yeCzechoslovakia, inxalenye enkulu yabemi ubunjwe baseJamani uhlanga.

Iinkokeli Western ziye wakhangela ngokusebenzisa iminwe zakhe ubuciko ndlongo kaHitler. Kodwa ngaba kungenzeka ukuphepha yeSibini War yeHlabathi? Namhlanje, kukholelwa ukuba imvelaphi yayo ebeka "umgaqo-njengombingelelo", oko kwenziwe eParis kunye London. Kwaye ke United Kingdom, kunye France (njengoko amazwe noloyiso kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I yaye waba ngummeli wowona ulungileyo ephambili Versailles iSivumelwano) oko kuza kubeka uxinzelelo phezu uMlawuli njengoko akazange abe nexesha ukwenza umkhosi onamandla, kodwa akazange. Bekutheni ukuze oku kwenzeke? Omnye wonobangela eziphambili njengombingelelo malunga uHitler yaba ngokoyika kumazwe nkulu yaseNtshona ubukomanisi eSoviet Union.

Ukungathandi wentando Stalin

Ukususela ngaloo nyaka, xa ye'Bolsheviks Russian weza igunya, eYurophu Yayiyinjongo 'revolution yehlabathi ". Le mfazwe yamakhaya lwaba yaba hambo woloyiso le sabasebenzi Kwihlabathi Old (yena yayiminxa emva ePoland). Kunjalo, zonke ezi 20 kunye 30. urhulumente waseSoviet utyale imali kakhulu ekukhuthazeni iingcamango leftist aphesheya. wadalwa i International entsha ukunceda revolution yehlabathi.

Kuba zonke ezi zizathu, Western Yurophu yaba USSR njengento esisisongelo ngqo ukuya khona kwalo. Nkqu ubudlelwane ngokusesikweni bezozakuzo kunye iiBolsheviks amazwe atyebileyo nkulu baqalisa ukuqala kuphela ngo-1930. Ukuvela isisongelo lwamaNazi kuthiwa kukhokelela rapprochement phakathi kwezi nkqubo zimbini izinto ezingadibaniyo, kodwa akuzange kwenzeke.

Emva kokufa Lenin ngamandla yiSoviet ngcembe buzinze ezandleni kukaStalin. Icacisa nkqubo angaphandle lonke eli lizwe kunye, nangona eSoviet Union akukho intloko ngokusesikweni karhulumente. Kwisiqingatha sesibini 1930. Stalin laqalisa repressions abaninzi. Phantsi kuzo zonke ukusuka ye'Bolsheviks zakudala kumkhosi kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo. "Lunxunguphalo Enkulu" bandinikele umva ngakumbi ukusuka eMoscow, iinkokeli Koloni. Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba aphephe Second World War? Nokuba kunjalo, akubanga kwimeko xa abezopolitiko baseYurophu bakhetha umanyene Stalin lokuzicengezela Hitler.

Isivumelwano eMunich

Acme-nkqubo ukudlala uMlawuli Western oonozakuzaku baye bafikelela ngoSeptemba 30, 1938. Iintloni sasayinwa ngomhla namhla isiVumelwano Munich, phantsi abacandayo eJamani yeharim eCzechoslovakia, Sudetenland. Hitler wawusayina, uMussolini, British iNkulumbuso Chamberlain kunye French Prime Minister Daladier.

Behlupheka ukwamkela umyalelo omtsha lwezinto ezenziwe ngohlobo mandikhethe. ESoviet Union, leyo wathabatha inxaxheba ngesivumelwano uncedo efanayo kunye elo lizwe kunye neFransi, ngokubanzi alunanzwanga. Stalin nemibono wakhe sibukela kwezopolitiko ngamazwe. Kamva Europe emva yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, kabuhlungu ukhumbula isiVumelwano Munich, emva konyaka neziphumo ekuqaleni ungquzulwano okubuhlungu axhobileyo.

Kuba isigqibo Stalin kaThixo eCzechoslovakia ngaphandle inxaxheba yakhe nokuthotywa lobuqu. iziganeko Munich wamqinisa uloyiko inkokeli kwizizwana Liyelenqe fascists kunye nedemokhrasi, isiphumo apho inokuba ithuba bundlobongela German ngasempumalanga. Kwangaxeshanye, Stalin ayikwazanga modem isiganeko ngokwembono ngamandla abo. EliCebisayo ye-Red Army womelezwa ngoSeptemba 1938, phezu imida yasentshona lizwe, kodwa abezepolitiki ukuba yaseYurophu ngokulambisa ingqalelo senzo zokwalatha. Sele-Oktobha kwamabutho yokugqibela reverse, kwaye urhulumente waseSoviet baqalisa ukukhangela indlela ozakuzo ngaphandle yodwa. Kule yesicelo, kwagqitywa ekubeni zivule phakathi Fuehrer kunye lwesininzi Koloni.

Ithuba ukungaqiniseki

Phambi Stalin and Hitler kufutshane, inkokeli eSoviet wenza demarches ezininzi elahla France kunye UK kunye, phezu koko, umema Ejamani incoko. Kwaba intetho kwi XVIII Congress of the Party ngoMatshi 1939. Stalin wathi bekungayi kuba tipolitiki chestnuts Western emlilweni wayeza waza wazibiza yokuxhokonxa abo babezama ukumbandakanya eBerlin no eMoscow. kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa emva kule ntetho, uHitler ekuhlalwa kuyo ngokupheleleyo eCzechoslovakia. Nkqu lokuhle kwacaca ukuba ityala uya imfazwe enkulu entsha. Kwezi meko, uluvo Stalin kaThixo, i "amandla yesithathu", kubonakala ngakumbi kwaye ezibaluleke ngakumbi.

Kuyo entwasahlobo nasehlotyeni ka-1939 oonozakuzaku aseYurophu ezama ezingxoxweni. Akukho mntu wakholosa kunye nesivumelwano ongekho unokuwela wasahlula ngosuku olulandelayo. Kule Kaka- thethwano ezopolitiko bazama uku bana phandle ukuba kwakunokwenzeka ukuphepha yeSibini kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi. Ndafumanisa ukuba kukho.

Ezifana thethwano kunye USSR, France kunye Great Britain akuyona ukususela ekuqaleni. Wabakhapha kunye ne-Peoples Commissar for Foreign Affairs Mxim Litvinov, udityaniso noqhagamshelo igama layo ekuxhaseni ngempumelelo imikhosi anti-lwamaNazi, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba eSoviet Union. NgoMeyi 1939, intloko yiSoviet Union wamthumela umhlala-phantsi. Yaba inyathelo zokwalatha. Yena kwangaphambili ikamva convergence, apho waya Stalin kunye Hitler. Abantu Commissar leMicimbi yangaPhandle Molotov waqalisa, yaye oku, ngokungathandabuzekiyo, kwakusisenzo nobubele eJamani. Esebenzisa abasebenzi castling kuStalin nkqubo angaphandle ejolise ngokupheleleyo ezandleni zabo. Esebenzisa Molotov ukuba umsebenzi kwaba lula kakhulu kunokuba e Litvinov, akufane watyelela yi-ofisi yinkokeli yesicelo kaThixo.

Non-ndlongo isivumelwano

Kuvuthondaba rapprochement eSoviet-German waba Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact. In eyaziwa kanye oko laqalisa ukusayinwa Lo mbhalo Hitler. Atsho lo mcimbi, yena wanikela eMoscow ingxoxo yayo yokugqibela. I-uMlawuli ugqibe ukuba ngokuhlaselwa kukuba Poland akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle ubuhlobo kunye nenkokeli Soviet. Agasti 21, uHitler wathumela incwadi zobuqu Stalin apho uthsuphe wokuba ngokucacileyo kwaziswa malunga imfazwe efutshanisileyo waza wacela ukuba asayine isivumelwano non-ndlongo.

Kwaba mzuzwana ke, ukufunda kutshanje. Agasti 23, wafika eMoscow German UMphathiswa Foreign nguJoachim von Ribbentrop. Stalin and Molotov ngembeko wambulisa, yaye emva koko kwenziwa isivumelwano zoxolo eSoviet Union kunye Germany. Omabini la macala ndakuzuza nto zombini babefuna. Xa ngokuthi kukaStalin kunye protocol imfihlelo bazilungela. Wangena Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact.

Ngokutsho kolu xwebhu, eSoviet Union kunye iJamani yahlulwa phakathi eMpuma Yurophu. zone yiSoviet umdla ifakiwe yinxalenye Poland (Western Belarus kunye Ukraine West), ithi lweBaltic, Finland, Bessarabia. Stalin wayefuna ukuba bafumane imihlaba kunye nokubuyiselwa kwimida yoBukhosi yangaphambili Russian. Hitler imfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kwimida yayo ngexesha imfazwe Poland kunye lonke elaseYurophu. nte zoxolo eSoviet Union neJamani, ukwanelisa umnqweno iinkokeli ezimbini.

imposiso pragmatists

iziganeko zexesha elizayo yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi wabonisa ukuba udushe - enye zolwaphulo imbi kwimbali yoluntu. Noko ke, ngo-1939, Stalin, nabezopolitiko lwentando ndiziphatha Hitler, ngokutsho indlela nezimo. oonozakuzaku Western ukuvuna lokuzicengezela i uMlawuli amagama afanayo elidumile "xa kuphela kwakungekho mfazwe." Agreement naye na ngawelixa, umbuzo uphela nje ngokwendalo. Ukwenza ngokungqinelana nomgaqo-nkqubo obambekayo, Stalin, ngengqiqo eyahlukileyo akukho abo asayina isivumelwano eMunich.

Noko ke, kukho umahluko. oonozakuzaku Western awexula kuphela kukutyundyutha kumazwe abo okuzalwa (oko kungavumela Hitler ajike ukukrazula emazweni ambalwa elincinane). Kodwa Stalin akazange ayeke kule uluhlu "eyamkelekileyo". Wagqiba ukuthatha inxaxheba kulwahlulo imimandla. Kungenxa yoko le nto abaninzi lizwe kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II ekuqaleni ethathwa eSoviet Union njengehlakani eJamani.

Stalin wabangela ukuba uMlawuli izandla ukuba uzithi entshonalanga, ekholelwa ukuba France kunye Britain bathi ngunga ngokwabo ndlongo ye Wesithathu kwicala lasempuma. Kodwa kwanokuba inkokeli yeSoviet awakwenza ngokusekelwe komdla waseUSSR, yena nangoku wanika uHitler ngexilongo lokugqibela ngenxa kokuqhambuka Second World War. Ngoko (kuthathelwa ingqalelo nayo kwiSivumelwano Munich), omathathu amacala i "umdlalo enkulu 'ukuba kwenzeke kwiminyaka emininzi egazi screwdriver inyama. Ngesivumelwano eSoviet Union kunye iJamani yaba isitshixo, kodwa hayi inyathelo kuphela kwicala ngenxa yentlekele embi.

Umhla kokuqala kweseshoni nasekupheleni Second World War (1 Septemba 1939 ukuya kowe-1 Septemba 1945) - ingongoma eyintloko kwimbali lwekhulu XX. Akakho umntu phezu olwandulela imfazwe wacebisa ukuba ekulweni kuya kubangela inani elikhulu enjalo iingxaki kunye nomonakalo. Ngokufanayo, ngexesha oonozakuzaku waqiqa wavumela ukuba kwenzeke WWI.

Impact kunye nelifa le sivumelwano

Ethetha iintshukumisa zokuziphatha Stalin xa ubuhlobo bakhe Hitler, singasathethi ke into Japanese. ukungqubana kwemihla abaxhobileyo phezu ummelwane kwimpuma yiSoviet Union waqalisa entwasahlobo ka-1939. Ekuqaleni, iziganeko e Mongolia kwasekwa ngokungeyompumelelo ukuba Red Army. Kodwa ehlotyeni imeko sungule ku cinca. Ngo-Agasti, xa eMoscow asayina isivumelwano eSoviet-German, indawo incwadi yesicelo ngayo inxaxheba kwingxoxo eBerlin kakhulu bya.

Pact zabahambela Japan kwamazwe amoyise. Ke yena akwazi ukubala kwi uncedo ally yakhe Germany ekulweni yiSoviet Union. Ibhalansi emisiweyo efuthe ikhondo yintoni kubizwa kungekudala "iMfazwe Yehlabathi II". Izizathu ngezigaba, iziphumo zeli ungquzulwano ayikwazi kuqwalaselwa ngaphandle kokuthatha ingqalelo isiganeko Japanese. Ngomhla olwandulela uhlaselo Pearl Harbor eTokyo ukuphikisana nzulu ngubani ukuhlasela: eSoviet Union okanye eUnited States. Ukukhetha kwenziwa egameni leempendulo American lasindisa eSoviet Union ukususela kwimfazwe kwi miba mibini.

Kuba Stalin, ngokutyikitya isivumelwano zoxolo yaba luloyiso kwebhola. Ngokusayina le isivumelwano, wabeka zicinywe utshaba enkulu enokubakho waphinde abathile elichithwe ukubola nemimandla Russian uBukhosi. Ingcamango 'zembali okusesikweni ", ezinxulumene ukulawula kanye kwimimandla zamaqela, sadibana ukuqonda novelwano abemi abaninzi Soviet, kwaye nabanye kwi-West. Phambi kokuba inkokeli eSoviet wabonakala nethemba elungelelanisayo phakathi Germany baza balwa kunye namagunya ayo Old World.

Secret protocol yahlukanisa eMpuma Yurophu ibe iinkalo nempembelelo, Kakade ke, yayenza isithunzi isidima eSoviet Union. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko lo mbuzo amathuba okulwa ne eJamani, Stalin akazange Ungakhathazeki ngayo. Kwelinye icala, ilifa krakra ngasekhohlo alandelayo iinkosi incwadi yesicelo kaThixo. Kuba amashumi eminyaka, abasemagunyeni eSoviet zange ayamkele into yokuba ubukho lo protocol mfihlakalo. Zonke iikopi ebonakala esendimbaneni Western, wabiza fakes kunye izithuko. Inyaniso ibuyiselwe kuphela xesha perestroika, xa eSoviet Union ekugqibeleni wavuma inyaniso iinkcukacha ezingentle malunga Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact.

Ulwahlulo of Poland

Emva kokusayina ngesivumelwano non-ndlongo kunye yiSoviet Union, uHitler baqale ukwalathisa ekulweni eYurophu. Iziganeko yeSibini iMfazwe Yehlabathi waqala ngoSeptemba 1 1939 , xa Wesithathu yahlasela iPoland. namahlakani ayo France kunye eBritani nxamnye eJamani, kodwa eneneni wathatha ixesha ukungena ungquzulwano wamagazi.

Andizange ndibe ne Stalin. Ulwahlulo ye ePoland ephepheni sele yenzekile. Kodwa ngokuhlaselwa yiSoviet ka Septemba 17 yaqala kuphela kweli lizwe, xa kwacaca yintoni isiphumo ndlongo German. Stalin akazange ndandifuna ukufana umhlaseli yesibini. Ngoko ke, indawo esemthethweni ye-USSR kwaphuma into yokuba i-Red Army ibuyise kummandla Western Belarus kunye Western Ukraine, ekhethiweyo yi ePoland ngowe-1921.

Ubunyaniso yayahlukile nobuxoki. USSR isebenze egameni yabantu Belarusian kwaye Ukrainian, kodwa ukuqukwa kweendawo ezintsha kwi-Union yayingafani Ukuhlangana abantu emaqandeni lahlulwe. Red Army athatha indawo onamava Sovietization okukhawulezayo, sikhatshwa ukunyanzelwa zocindezelo. Kubangele kwezi nkalo nemilinganiselo yobusoshiyali, incwadi yesicelo batshabalalisa kugquba kombono, kubhangise inkqubo yobungxowankulu kwaye umbutho ukucoca abaninzi.

imvumelwano entsha

Xa ePoland phantsi kolawulo epheleleyo ye-Red Army kunye Wehrmacht yamkela umnqophiso omtsha ubuhlobo kunye nomda phakathi USSR ne Germany. Lo msitho ezisemthethweni usayino yayo ngomhla we 28 Septemba 1939.

Protocol First ukulawula ukutshintshiselana ngabemi baseJamani kunye yiSoviet ababehlala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwintsimi Polish lahlulwe. enye isivumelwano ezimbini emfihlekweni wayitshintsha umda iimfuno kwamazwe uyicacisile Agasti Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. German-Soviet Frontier iSivumelwano waba phambili yayo ubhalo. indawo zasehlotyeni yiSoviet umdla iBaltic kwakuquka Estonia Latvia. Kaloku, ukuba kwabalelwa nazo zathathwa Lithuania. Eli lizwe sele "imbuyiselo" kuba yinxalenye Lublin kunye Warsaw ezikwiphondo ekuhlala kuzo amajoni German (nangona ezi mimandla zaye ligqithiselwe eSoviet Union).

Emva kwexesha elithile, iSivumelwano Ubuhlobo umda kwakukho isongezelelo. It esayinwe ngoJanuwari 1941. Isicelo ezichazwe umda eSoviet-German kufuphi noLwandle iBaltic, kwakunye nenkqubo kunikwe kwakho amaJamani ukusuka republic Baltic eSoviet lokuzalwa Germany wakhe. Izongezelelo ziquka amalungiselelo zokusonjululwa imiba enxulumene iimbambano propati. Ngelo xesha, Second World War waqhubeka eYurophu. Ungquzulwano omkhulu phakathi eFransi naseJamani (Wesithathu ngokungalindelekanga ngokukhawuleza kokoyiswa weRiphabliki yesiThathu).

Le ingxabano le oozwilakhe ezimbini

Ubudlelwane phakathi Stalin kunye Hitler zaphuhliswa ngokungqinelana imeko yezopolitiko ezazikho eYurophu phambi nangexesha kwiminyaka emibini yokuqala yeSibini kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi. Ekhaya kwi yesicelo, inkokeli eSoviet akazange ayiphikise ngamathuba ukuqhambuka yongquzulwano ngezixhobo kunye eJamani. Noko ke, wenza kukuba imfazwe nga fiki ubuncinane enye kwiminyaka embalwa okanye kwaphela ukunqanda oko. UHitler yamkela isicwangciso ngokubanzi yokuhlaselwa kwi yiSoviet Union kwisiqingatha sesibini sonyaka wama-1940.

ESoviet Union ngelo xesha igqibe uxhulumaniso kweendawo kumda kwi impembelelo kwindawo waseJamani. Emva kokuba imimandla yasentshona Belarus kunye Ukraine ibilithuba kwiBaltic. Ukuzimela Estonia, Latvia kunye Lithuania ivele emva ekuweni yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Ezi lithi ziye imikhosi ezincinane exhobileyo ayikwazanga ngokunzulu ukumelana Olubomvu Army, kubangele evulekileyo kwakungekho uqhagamshelo ukumelana elilungelelanisiweyo. Amandla kumazwe eBaltic ngenxa thethwano ngokufihlakeleyo kunye nabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni Molotov watshintshelwa Communist Party. Abo, ke, wacela eMoscow kwade eSoviet Union.

Ngehlobo lowe-1940 wanika Romania kwegazi Soviet lahlaselwa. YoMlawuli uCarol II akazange baphalaze igazi, yaye bavuma myalelo Stalin kaThixo. Noko ke, ngaphambi kokuba lo ukuphumelela yesicelo wahlasela ukusilela eyoyikekayo. Ngokutsho kwesivumelwano kunye eJamani kummandla izilangazelelo Soviet wahlanganisa eFinland. Eli lizwe walile ukwamkela myalelo Stalin kaThixo. NgoNovemba 1939, iMfazwe Winter (wawelela emithathu eneenyanga anesiqingatha). I-Red Army ubunzima ilahleko enkulu. Finland wasivuna ukuzimela (nangona anikwe ezinye imimandla emdeni Karelia).

Stalin fiasco uqiniseke ngakumbi uHitler ukungaphumeleli yiSoviet Union kuba ukumelana ongqingqwa Wehrmacht. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Winter eBerlin isicwangciso "Barbarossa" savunywayo. Ngeli xesha iJamani wonke sixhathise yezwekazi Europe. Ukufeza le ezinqwenelekayo entshonalanga, uHitler enquma ngasempumalanga. Phambi kokuba kuhlaselwe eSoviet Union ayekade kwiiBalkans yaye wenza namahlakani Romania kunye Bulgaria - amazwe ezibe kwinkalo yiSoviet yempembelelo. Inyathelo ngenyathelo impi ne eJamani, kodwa Stalin wala ukuba bakholelwa ekuqaleni kwayo ukuzila. Uyinene yena, kwanasemva ngoyaba Hitler izikhumbuzo zakhe malunga thethwano ezintsha bezozakuzo kunye neengxelo zayo ingqondo malunga nesihloko imikhosi exhobileyo kumda. Isiphumo sale obstinacy baba ilahleko enkulu iqhele elikhulu-isikali oluBomvu Army kwiinyanga zokuqala IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, eyaqala June 22, 1941.