Ukubunjwa, Imfundo Secondary nezikolo
Ukusebenza iinjini ubushushu. Ukusebenza kwe-injini ubushushu - Formula
izinto Modern ifuna iinjini ubushushu operation ebanzi. imizamo eliqela kuyimisela Iimoto zombane ngoxa ukusilela. Iingxaki ezinxulumene ne ukuqokelela igunya kwiinkqubo ezimeleyo, ukuba isonjululwe ebunzimeni.
Sekunjalo iingxaki ezifanelekileyo lemveliso technology amandla ebhetri ngokusekelwe ukusetyenziswa wabo ixesha elide. Isantya iimpawu iimoto zombane bakude kwezo ngeemoto, iinjini yokuvutha kwangaphakathi.
Amanyathelo okuqala ekudalweni iinjini hybrid unga nciphisa ngokubaluleka ukukhutshwa nkungu kwiindawo zenqila, zokusombulula iingxaki zokusingqongileyo.
A incinane
Ukuba nokwenzeka yotshintsho amandla zomphunga zibe kumandla entshukumo kuye kwaziwa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. 130 BC: Philosopher Geron Aleksandriysky thaca kule yokudlala abaphulaphuli zomphunga - eolipil. Sphere ezaliswe umphunga, weza ujikelezo phantsi kwempembelelo esuka Jets zakhe zayo. Lo mzekeliso the samanzi yomphunga mihla ngexesha isicelo ayifumanekanga.
Iminyaka emininzi kunye nophuhliso sobulumko ngenkulungwane kubhekwe nje yokudlala fun. Ngo-1629 i-Italian D. Branca wadala turbine esisebenzayo. Couples ziqale disc banikwa ngamaphiko.
Ukususela ngoko waqalisa uphuhliso olukhawulezayo iinjini umphunga.
injini ubushushu
Ukuguqulwa amandla lwangaphakathi amafutha waya amandla sesindululo amacandelwana umatshini kunye neendlela ezisetyenziswayo kwinjini ubushushu.
iindawo ezingundoqo koomatshini: isifudumezi (inkqubo ukufumana amandla ngaphandle), umzimba yokusebenza (yenza a kwamnceda), ifriji.
Imbawula ilungiselelwe kulwelo ukusebenza ukuba nomzi stock ngokwaneleyo amandla lwangaphakathi emsebenzini luncedo. Ifriji Ususa amandla kwemfuneko.
Uphawu ephambili ucikizeko ibizwa ngokuba ngobuchule iinjini ubushushu. Le ubungakanani ibonisa ukuba yinxalenye lwamandla lusenziwa ngokushushubeza i wachitha ukwenza umsebenzi luncedo. Ukuba uphakamile lo ukusebenza, ukusebenza kuluncedo lo matshini, kodwa ke eli xabiso aziyi kuba ngaphezu kwe-100%.
Ukubalwa ukusebenza
Vumela heater amandla ngaphandle ezifunyenwe olingana Q 1. umzimba Tools benze umsebenzi A, lo gama i-eneji ifriji awunikwe Q 2.
Ngokusekelwe nokuzimisela, siya ubale inani elibonakalayo:
η = A / Q 1. Sicingela ukuba A = Q 1 - Q 2.
Ngenxa yoko ukusebenza kwe-injini ubushushu, ifomula leyo siyinikwe η = (Q 1 - Q 2) / Q 1 = 1 - Q 2 / Q 1, ivumela izigqibo zilandelayo:
- Bongeka ayikwazi ngaphezu-1 (okanye 100%);
- kusetyeniswe ngokukuko olu ubungakanani Yandani nokuba amandla avela isifudumezi, okanye ukuncipha amandla anikwe ifriji;
- nokwandisa amandla heater ukuphumeza utshintsho quality amafutha;
- ukunciphisa amandla, unika efrijini, avumele ukufikelela iimpawu zoyilo yenjini.
An injini ubushushu elifanelekileyo
Ingaba ukudalwa injini enjalo kunokwenzeka, nokusebenza kwalo kuba iphezulu (in an efanelekileyo - lingana 100%)? Fumana impendulo yalo mbuzo wazama yamachiza French kunye injineli onesiphiwo sadi Carnot. Ngowe-1824 izibalo yakhe theoretical malunga neenkqubo ibakho yeegesi akhululwa.
Ingcamango ezisisiseko eziqulathwe kule umatshini efanelekileyo kungathathwa ukuziphatha iinkqubo ingathityazwa gas efanelekileyo. Ukususela ukwandiswa isothermally igesi lobushushu T-1. Isixa ubushushu ezifunekayo ukulungiselela le njongo, - Q 1. Emva gas ngaphandle ukwandisa ubushushu (inkqubo adiabatic). Emva kokuba lobushushu T-2, yalerhasi zixinaniswe isothermally ngokugqithisela iifriji amandla Q 2. ukubuya gas kwimeko yalo yantlandlolo luyenziwa adiabatically.
Ukusebenza ngendlela efanelekileyo Carnot injini ubushushu ngokubalwa ngqo lulwahlulo umahluko lobushushu phakathi lokushushubeza isixhobo okupholisa ukuba amaqondo obushushu, nto leyo eye isifudumezi. Kubonakala ngathi le nto: η = (T-1 - T 2) / T 1.
ukusebenza kunokwenzeka thermal kumatshini, apho indlela umntu ifomu: η = 1 - T 2 / T 1, kuxhomekeke kuphela kwixabiso imbawula kunye kupholile amaqondo obushushu kunye akanakuba mkhulu kwe-100%.
Ngaphezu koko, le ulwalamano kwenza ukuba ukungqina ukuba ngobuchule iinjini ubushushu okulinganayo kumanyano kuphela xa ifriji ingundoqo zero lobushushu. Njengoko yaziwa, eli xabiso ingenakufikeleleka.
izibalo senkolelo Carnot ukuvumela ukuba ukujonga ukusebenza ubuninzi nenjini ubushushu nayiphi design.
theorem engqinekayo Carnot lumi ngolu hlobo. injini ubushushu olungenazo phantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko ukwazi ukuba ukusebenza ngaphezu amaxabiso efanayo oyinto ngobuchule injini ubushushu.
Umzekelo zokusombulula ingxaki
UMZEKELO 1. Yintoni ukusebenza injini ubushushu efanelekileyo, xa ubushushu sibase 800 C kwaye iqondo lobushushu efrijini 500 C apha ngezantsi?
T 1 = 800 ° C = 1073 K, ΔT = 500 ° C = 500 K, η -?
isicombululo:
Ngu definition: η = (T-1 - T 2) / T 1.
Thina banikwe lobushushu efrijini, kodwa ΔT = (T-1 - T 2), apha;
η = ΔT / T 1 = 500K / 1073 K = 0,46.
Impendulo: ukusebenza = 46%.
Umzekelo 2. Ukumisela ukusebenza injini ubushushu ofanelekileyo, ukuba ngenxa amandla abazifumene owuli omnye heater enze umsebenzi luncedo 650 J. Yintoni iqondo lobushushu Isifudumezi se-injini ubushushu ukuba iqondo lobushushu njengesipholisi -. 400 K?
Q 1 = 1 kJ = 1000 J A = 650 J, T 2 = 400 K, η - ?, T 1 =?
isicombululo:
Kulo msebenzi, le ufakelo thermal, nokusebenza lwazo ibalwa ifomula:
η = A / Q 1.
Ukuze ubone iqondo lobushushu imbawula usebenzisa ukusebenza formula injini ubushushu esifanelekileyo:
η = (T-1 - T 2) / T 1 = 1 - T 2 / T 1.
Ukwenza utshintshwano zemathematika, siya nakufumana nto noko;
T 1 = T 2 / (1- η).
T 1 = T 2 / (1- A / Q 1).
We ukubala:
η = 650 J / 1000 J = 0,65.
T = 400 K 1 / (1- 650 J / 1000 J) = 1142.8 K.
Impendulo: η = 65%, T 1 = 1142.8 K.
iimeko uqobo
Injini ubushushu efanelekileyo eyenzelwe kunye neenkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Umsebenzi lwenziwa kuphela kwiinkqubo isothermal, kuba uchazwa kummandla lingqongwe igrafu komjikelo Carnot.
Enyanisweni, ukudala iimeko ukuhamba utshintsho ubume igesi kule nkqubo, ngaphandle unokuba ukuba utshintsho lobushushu. Akukho ngezinto ezinjalo, eya ngaphandle kobushushu kunye izinto ezisingqongileyo. inkqubo Adiabatic kube nzima ukwenza. Kwimeko lobushushu gas exchange ubushushu kufuneka nakanjani utshintshe.
Ukusebenza koomatshini thermal sidalelwe nesimo kwahluka kakhulu ukusuka ukusebenza enhle injini. Qaphela ukuba ukuhamba iinkqubo kwinjini real kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba ukwehluka amandla lwangaphakathi wobushushu kwimfuyo asebenza kwinkqubo yokutshintsha umthamo wayo ayikwazi mababuyekezwe bathontelana ubushushu ubungakanani nehitha kunye ukubuya kupholile.
Okunye iinjini ubushushu
iinjini Real usebenze imijikelo ezahlukeneyo:
- Otto Umjikelo inkqubo umthamo rhoqo kunye notshintsho adiabatic, ukudala ndzhendzheleko elivaliweyo;
- Diesel Umjikelo isobar, adiabatic, isochore, adiabatic;
- a yegesi: inkqubo zenzeka njalo, adiabatic indawo ivale ndzhendzheleko.
Yenza i iinkqubo lizama kwinjini yokwenene (eyizisa kufutshane abathandwayo) iteknoloji akwenzeki. Ngobuchule iinjini ubushushu usezantsi kakhulu, nkqu kunye nemiqathango lobushushu efanayo abathandwayo setting ubushushu.
Kodwa akukho mfuneko yokuba ukunciphisa ukusebenza formula indima calculation komjikelo Carnot, njengokuba kunjalo, oku iba incopho yothelekiso kwinkqubo ukuphucula ukusebenza iinjini ngokwenene.
Iindlela ukutshintsha ukusebenza
Ngenxa Uthelekiso iinjini ubushushu efanelekileyo kunye ezizizo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba iqondo lobushushu yokugqibela efrijini ayikwazi ukuba aliqonde. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwisiqandisi bakholelwa emoyeni. Ukuze ukuthatha iqondo lobushushu emoyeni zingaba izibalo kuphela luqikelelo. Amava abonisa ukuba iqondo lobushushu njengesipholisi na irhasi zeemoto i kwinjini, njengoko yenzeka kwinjini yokuvutha kwangaphakathi (olufinyeziweyo njengoko DVS).
DIC - ezivame kakhulu kwihlabathi lethu kwenjini ubushushu. Efficiency ubushushu injini kulo mzekelo kuxhomekeke obushushu wadala ngokuyitshisa isibaso. Umahluko abalulekile iinjini umphunga DIC na imisebenzi imbawula fusion kunye nebhunga isixhobo ezisebenzayo umxube air-fuel. Ukutshisa umxube kudala uxinzelelo iindawo ihamba ze-injini.
Ukunyusa iqondo lobushushu igesi ukusebenza kufikelelwe, ukutshintsha ngokuphawulekayo iimpawu amafutha. Ngelishwa, akunakwenzeka ukwenza ngaphandle mda. Naziphi na izinto zokwakha lwegumbi injini yokutsha na ingongoma yayo yokunyibilika. Luvukelo thermal yezinto ezinjalo - iimpawu ezisisiseko injini, kwakunye nefuthe kakhulu ukusebenza.
ukusebenza Iinqobo injini
Ukuba sicinga injini umphunga, iqondo lobushushu yokusebenza ugwebu yomphunga leyo ilingana 800 K, kunye negesi zeemoto - 300 K, ukusebenza lo matshini ilingana no 62%. Enyanisweni, Noko ke, eli xabiso ayidluli-40%. Le ukwehla kwenzeka ngenxa yokulahleka ubushushu ngexesha izindlu ukufudumeza turbine.
Ixabiso eliphezulu le ngobuchule iinjini yokuvutha kwangaphakathi ayidluli 44%. Ukwandisa eli xabiso - lo mbuzo kwixesha elizayo. Ukutshintsha iimpawu zezixhobo, amafutha - oku kuyingxaki phezu abasebenzi iingqondo ilungileyo ebantwini.
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