Ubushushu injini: umjikelo, ukusebenza umsebenzi. iingxaki zokusingqongileyo imishini thermal. Yintoni na - injini ubushushu elifanelekileyo?

Imfuneko yokuba ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngoomatshini kwimveliso kuye kwakhokelela ukuvela koomatshini thermal.

Iyunithi ye iinjini ubushushu

Ubushushu injini (injini ubushushu), - isixhobo lokuguqula amandla lwangaphakathi amandla.

Nayiphi injini ubushushu abe imbawula, kulwelo yokusebenza (igesi okanye umphunga), nto leyo elenza umsebenzi ngokutshisa (kukhokelela njengokujikeleza shaft turbine, lihamba piston, njalo njalo) kunye nefriji. Lo mzobo ungezantsi ubonisa umzobo injini ubushushu.

Basics amanyathelo of iinjini ubushushu

injini ubushushu imisebenzi nganye ngenxa injini. Ukuze wenze umsebenzi kwakufuneka ngapha nangapha injini piston okanye injini iincakuba umehluko xi. Lo mahluko kuyafikelelwa kuzo zonke iinjini ubushushu ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: yokusebenza ubushushu ulwelo landile ukuya amakhulu okanye amawaka izidanga kuthelekiswa ne lobushushu kuma kulo. Xa injini igesi kunye iinjini ukutshiswa lwangaphakathi (ICE) kukunyuka lobushushu ngenxa yokuba zamafutha watshiswa ngaphakathi injini. Kwisiqandisi ingasebenza emoyeni okanye isixhobo eyodwa injongo uzipholisa nokucutheka le zomphunga wachitha.

Carnot umjikelezo

Cycle (inkqubo elibujikele) - iseti lotshintsho imeko igesi, kubangele awabuyisele isimo sokuqala (uyakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi). Ngowe-1824, yesayensi French sadi Karno lubonise ukuba kusilungele, ukuba umjikelo injini ubushushu (umjikelo Carnot), equka iinkqubo ezimbini - le isothermal kunye adiabatic. Lo mzobo ungezantsi ubonisa igrafu yomjikelo Carnot: 1-2 kwaye 3-4 - isotherm, 2-3 kunye 4-1 - adiabatic.

Ukungqinelana nomthetho yolondolozo yomsebenzi amandla iinjini obushushu olusebenzisa injini:

A = Q ₁ - Q _2,

₁ apho Q - mali ubushushu leyo ifumanekile imbawula, _no-2 Q - mali ubushushu ukuba uthunyelwe ku efrijini.
Ukusebenza lulwahlulo injini yobushushu operation A isebenzise injini ukuya ubungakanani ubushushu leyo lufumaneka imbawula:

η = A / Q = (Q ₁ - Q ₂₎ / Q ₁ = 1 - Q ₂ / Q _1.

In "Iingcinga kwi injongo amandla lomlilo koomatshini abakwaziyo ukuphuhlisa la mandla" (1824) uchaza ukuba Carnot injini ubushushu phantsi kwegama "esifanelekileyo injini ubushushu kunye igesi ofanelekileyo, nto leyo umzimba ukusebenza." Ngenxa imithetho obizwa Ungabala ukusebenza (i kunokwenzeka ubuninzi) kunye nobushushu injini heater leyo eye lobushushu T _1, kunye ifriji kokuba lobushushu _T-2. Carnot injini ubushushu ngendlela le:

η _max = _(T-1 - T ₂₎ / T ₁ = 1 - T ₂ / T _1.

Sadi Karno wabonisa ukuba oluthandwa umatshini thermal yokwenene, nto leyo isebenza kunye imbawula kunye lobushushu _T-1 kunye ekondensa kubushushu T ₂ angabi nako ukuba ukusebenza leyo igqithe ukusebenza kwe-injini ubushushu (efanelekileyo).

itheyibhile ephindaphindayo (ICE)

ngesibetho-Four yokuvutha kwangaphakathi injini yenziwa iisilinda omnye okanye ngaphezulu, piston, indlela igeza, iivelufa zokungenisa exhaust, yintlantsi.

Umjikelo yokusebenza iqulathe imivimbo emine:

1) i owanyayo - umxube ukutsha udlula ivalve kwi lombhobho;
2) ucinezelo - bobabini kwemithambo zivaliwe;
3) ngesibetho - ukutshiswa onokudubula umxube ezinokutsha;
4) Exhaust - ukukhulula iigesi zeemoto emoyeni.

ephendulwa umphunga

Uguqulo energy injini ngomphunga kwenzeka ngenxa umahluko ingcinezelo umphunga wamanzi kwi ugwebu kunye iplagi.
Amandla turbines umphunga mihla ukufikelela 1,300 MW.

Ezinye technical Ipharamitha injini zomphunga 1,200 MW

• uxinzelelo umphunga (fresh) - 23.5 MPA.
• lobushushu umphunga - 540 ° C.
• Umphunga flow injini - 3600 m / h.
• Isantya Rotor - 3000 ISityhi / min.
• Uxinzelelo umphunga kwi ekondensa - 3.6 kPa.
• injini Ubude - 47,9 m.
• turbine Mass - 1900 m.

umatshini thermal iquka isiguquli, combustor negesi turbine. UMSEBENZI: adiabatically umoya ukumvumela ukuba isiguquli, ngoko kwithempritsha yayo bavuselwa 200 ° C okanye ngaphezulu. Okulandelayo, umoya zixinaniswe engena kwigumbi yokutsha apho uxinzelelo oluphezulu ngaxeshanye unikwa yesibaso solwelo - separafini oyile fuel photogen. Ngexesha ukutshiswa amafutha lomoya le lashushu lobushushu ka-1500-2000 ° C, ayanda kwaye kwandisa Velocity yayo. Umoya uhamba ngesantya esiphezulu, kwaye iimveliso ukutshiswa ukuba bangene samanzi. Emva inguqu esukela kwibanga ukuya kwibanga yokutsha iincakuba turbine ukunika amandla alo entshukumo. Inxalenye ye-eneji ezifunyenwe Turbine ukujikeleza isiguquli; inxalenye eseleyo Lonakele kwi plane wenkunkuma, inqwelomoya plane okanye isitya baselwandle, kwevili isithuthi.

ingasetyenziswa Le yerhasi, ngaphandle moya ojikelezayo neevili isithuthi okanye inqwelo-lomkhombe, njengoko injini ye jet. iigesi Air kunye yokutsha ukuba betekisi ngesantya esiphezulu ukusuka yerhasi, ngoko injongo jet leyo kuvela kule nkqubo ukuze lingasetyenziswa ukusa moya (moya) kunye namanzi (inqanawa) iinqanawa, ezothutho kaloliwe. Umzekelo, iinjini turboprop babe moya AN-24, AN-124 ( "Ruslan"), Ru-225 ( "Phupha"). Ngoko ke, i "Dream" ngesantya moya ka 700-850 km / h iyakwazi ukuthwala iitoni ezingama-250 imithwalo phezu umgama phantse 15,000 leekhilomitha. Lelona izithuthi moya inkulu ehlabathini.

iingxaki zokusingqongileyo imishini thermal

negalelo elikhulu kwimozulu na iimeko esesibhakabhakeni, ingakumbi phambi carbon dioxide kunye nomphunga wamanzi. Ngoko ke, lo utshintsho kwikhontenti carbon dioxide kukhokelela ekwandeni okanye ukuncipha greenhouse effect kulo, apho icarbon dioxide zidla ezinye ubushushu obusuka kwi isithuba emhlabeni, ukubambezeleka ukunyuka emoyeni yaye ngenxa yoko iqondo lobushushu kunye nomoya ongezantsi. Le mba we greenhouse effect i lidlala indima ebalulekileyo zokudambisa ukutshintsha kwemozulu. Xa ukungabikho kwalo, ngaba umlinganiselo wobushushu planethi +15 ° C nolusezantsi ngo 30-40 ° C.

ehlabathini ngoku kukho ngaphezu kwezigidi 300 iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezithuthi, eyenza i ngaphezu kwesiqingatha yonke zongcoliseko lomoya.

Ngaphezu 1 ngonyaka kwi-atmosfera ngamandla wobushushu ukusuka ukutshiswa amafutha yabelwa iitoni million 150 oxides sulphur, million 50 iitoni zenitrogen oxide, million 50 iitoni umlotha, million 200 iitoni carbon monoxide, 3 million tons Feona.

Ukubunjwa emoyeni iquka ozone, ekhusela zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni kwimiphumo ekonakaleni yelanga eyingozi. . Ngowe-1982, uJohn Farman, umkhenkethi yaseBritani, kwafunyaniswa phezu Antarctica ozone umngxuma - kunciphiso umxholo ozone kwi umoya okwethutyana. Xa kwincopho ozone una-7 Oktobha 1987 isixa Kwezinto Eziphelisa kulo lihlile ngamaxesha-2. Ozone umngxuma mhlawumbi kwabangelwa imiba anthropogenic, kubandakanywa ukusetyenziswa kushishino lwe freons yeKhlorini-equlethe (CFC), elonakalisileyo umaleko ozone. Nangona kunjalo, i-1990 isifundo. ayiqinisekiswanga le mbono. Kungenzeka, ukuvela mngxuma ozone kunxulumene nemisebenzi yabantu, kwaye yinkqubo yendalo. Ngowe-1992, mngxuma ozone lwafumaneka phezu Arctic.

Ukuba wahlanganisela zonke ozone umoya ngokwendlela ngaphantsi komhlaba kwaye izokhula ku lexinene umoya kwi womoya kunye lobushushu 0 ° C, ngoko ozone Ingweletshetshe ubukhulu yi mm 2-3 kuphela! Yiloo yonke ikhaka.

A bit of imbali ...

• Julayi 1769. In Paris Meudon park zomkhosi kukucwangcisa NZ Kyunyo ukuba "wagon umlilo", oko mayixhotyiswe njengesilinda-ezimbini injini umphunga, owayeqhubela emashumini ambalwa eemitha.
• 1885. UKarl Benz, injineli waseJamani, wakha zokuqala ezine-ezinamavili imoto ipetroli amandla Motorwagen we 0.66 kW, leyo 29 Januwari 1886 ufumene ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza. Isantya machine 15-18 km / h.
• -1891. Gottlieb Daimler, owenza izixhobo waseJamani, netroli eyenziweyo ukuqhuba amandla 2.9 kW (4 horsepowers) emotweni. Isantya liphezulu isithuthi ifikelela-10 km / h, amandla neendlela ezahlukeneyo uvela neetoni-2 ukuya ku-5.
• 1899. Belgian K. Zhenattsi emotweni yakhe, "Jamet Contant" ( "zange babenelisekile") okokuqala babewela isantya umgca ngekhilomitha-100.

Imizekelo iingxaki zokusombulula

Ingxaki 1. Iqondo lobushushu imbawula efanelekileyo injini ubushushu ilingana 2000 K, kunye nobushushu ifriji - 100 ° C. Ukuze ubone ukusebenza.

isicombululo:
Ifomula egqiba ukusebenza kwe-injini ubushushu (maximum):

N = T ₁ T ₂ / T _1.
N = (2000K - 373K) / 2000 K = 0,81.

A: injini ukusebenza - 81%.

Ingxaki 2. Injini ubushushu 200 kJ ubushushu yayifunyenwe ukutshiswa amafutha, waza wasifudusela ukuze liphole 120 kJ ubushushu. Yintoni ukusebenza kwe-injini?

isicombululo:
Le indlela yokuqingqa ukusebenza kukuba le fomu:

N = Q1 - q2 / Q1.
N = (2 × 10 ⁵ J - 1.2 x 10 ⁵ J) / 2 x 10 ⁵ J = 0.4.

A: Le ukusebenza thermal ye-injini - 40%.

Ingxaki 3. Yintoni ukusebenza kwe-injini ubushushu, xa ulwelo ukusebenza ukususela isifudumezi emva kokufumana imali, ekufudumaleni 1.6 MJ wenza ukusebenza 400 kJ? Yintoni na le mali ubushushu watshintshelwa ifriji?

isicombululo:
Bongeka na kumiselwa ifomula

N = A / Q _1.

N = 0.4 · 10 ⁶ J / 1.6 · 10 ⁶ J = 0.25.

Ithunyelwe ubungakanani kwisiqandisi ubushushu na kumiselwa ifomula

Q ₁ - A = Q _2.
Q ₂ = 1.6 · 10 ⁶ J - 0.4 · 10 ⁶ J = 1.2 · 10 ⁶ J.
A: I-injini ubushushu ine ukusebenza kwe-25%; ubungakanani ubushushu kudluliselwa efrijini - 1.2 · 10 ⁶ J.