Uhlobo kunye udidi mbambela. iimpawu ngokubanzi molluscs. Yintoni amathe gland molluscs?

Yesilwanyana saselwandle esineqokobhe ziphakathi ezingenamqolo kakhulu. Yohlulwe bubukho lweHo- lomzimba secondary kunzima amalungiselelo amalungu zangaphakathi. Abaninzi kubo babe iqokobhe calcareous, nekhuselwe yantle kakuhle imizimba yabo ehlasela iintshaba ezininzi.

iwa yokuhlala nomhlaba kunye namanzi. Ilikhonkco ebalulekileyo ikhonkco lokutya, badle izilwanyana ezininzi. Ukongezelela, abaninzi kubo nisaqala zophuhliso ikutyela iintlanzi, ngokufuthi bakhonza wemikhosi ichibi iintshulube ezininzi olwaye lwamfimfitha. Kulo mba, ndithanda ukunikhumbuza abalandeli lwezokhenketho, nto leyo nayiphi na imeko akakwazi ukusela ngqo amanzi ezingamadama ezivulekileyo. Equlethwe opisthorchis kwindawo engamanzi aya kukuvuyela ukufumana umi yakho wokudla, apho kufutshane esibindini!

Akuvamile khumbula oku, kodwa ke iintlobo ezininzi olu hlobo zezi yokuphila yokuphanga. Ngokwenza njalo, zinceda uphuhliso ndlala amathe. Hi ndlela leyi, yintoni indlala amathe kwindawo molluscs? Phantsi kwale isambrela elide ithetha kakhulu spectrum ezibanzi amalungu athile, apho ibekwe pharynx kunye kwisisu ngomlomo. Ezi nkundla ke zenzelwe ukuba secretion kwezinto ezahlukeneyo, ogama iimpawu zinokuba nomahluko kakhulu ukusuka kwindlela esiliqonda ngayo igama elithi "nasekutshicelweni".

Njengoko umthetho, mbambela kufuneka Ngababini, omnye okanye ababini kwamadlala, leyo kwezinye iintlobo ukufikelela ubungakanani omhle kakhulu. Kuba iintlobo ezininzi imfihlelo amaxhoba, leyo ukumkhulula, iqulathe ukususela 2.18 ukuya 4.25% kwibakala reagent sulphuric acid. Inceda zombini ukuba atshitshise kwiintshaba inyamakazi nezalamane zabo (sulphuric acid iyachithakala ngokupheleleyo amaqokobhe calcareous). Nantso into ingaba amathe of mbambela.

Okunye Ixabiso lendalo

Uninzi iintlobo imigca kunye noqebeyi, zibangela umonakalo omkhulu kwezolimo ehlabathini jikelele. Kwangaxeshanye, oko kukudlala yesilwanyana saselwandle esineqokobhe indima ebalulekileyo unyango kwamanzi jikelele, ekubeni nikeza isetyenziswa kuhluzeka kulo organic. Kumazwe amaninzi, ezinkulu bivalves Yaphathana kwiifama zaselwandle, njengoko imveliso yokutya exabisekileyo, leyo iqulethe eninzi protein. Ezi abameli saselwandle esineqokobhe (iimbaza kunye iimbatyisi) babhalelwa izinto ezisetyenziswa okunesondlo zokutya.

Kwi-USSR Endangered ingqalelo kanye 19 abameli olu hlobo yamandulo. Nangona neyantlukwano molluscs, kufuneka siphathwe ngenkathalo, njengoko kubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni ngendlela eyiyo zokuhlala ezininzi zendalo.

Ngokubanzi, i isilwanyana basoloko ukubaluleka ezahlukeneyo eziluncedo ebantwini. Umzekelo, perile ngobuninzi Yaphathana ezininzi kumazwe elunxwemeni, njengoko olu hlobo yinkampani neyeeperile zendalo. Ezinye squid i ixabiso elikhulu ukuba amayeza, iikhemikhali kunye nenkqubo mveliso.

Ngaba ufuna ukwazi iinyani ezinika umdla malunga saselwandle esineqokobhe? Kumaxesha amandulo kumaXesha Aphakathi, izilwanyana maxa wambi zokuqhubela aba isiseko kakuhle-ntle kumazwe lonke, ngenxa yabo acatshulwe ezixabisekileyo ezimfusa, leyo kwase kunye ingubo yobukumkani kunye ingubo yezikhulu!

uhlobo yesilwanyana saselwandle esineqokobhe

Xa zizonke, yena iintlobo ezingaphezu kwama-130 000 (ewe, iyantlukwano elihle molluscs). Squid kwinani lilonke zagqitha kuphela arthropods, zezona izinto eziphilayo kakhulu luninzi yesibini emhlabeni. Uninzi lwabo ehlala emanzini, yaye kuphela inani elincinane ngokwentelekiso iintlobo bakhetha yindawo yabo komhlaba yokuhlala.

iimpawu ngokubanzi

Phantse zonke izilwanyana eziyinxalenye yale hlobo luphawulwa iimpawu ezininzi ezithile. Apha amkelwa namhlanje luphawu jikelele kweembaza:

• Okokuqala, i-umaleko ezintathu. izidumbu inkqubo yabo wabumba ukusuka ectoderm, endoderm kunye mesoderm.
• Symmetry uhlobo mazwe yabangela ukubana okubalulekileyo kakhulu imizimba yazo.
• umzimba Non-abamnkela, kwiimeko ezininzi, ekhuselekileyo kakhulu okuqinileyo lekalika esinkini.
• Kukho isibaya eluswini (ingubo), nto leyo ziqina zonke lomzimba wabo.
• Kuba zichaza kakuhle echazwe izihlunu izalelwe (umlenze).
• kwisisu Coelomic kakubi kakhulu ngayo.
• Kukho phantse yonke inkqubo efanayo umbutho (ekwimo lula, kunjalo), kwakunye izilwanyana eziphezulu.

Ngaloo ndlela, uphawu jikelele kweembaza ibonisa ukuba phambi kwethu - phambili kakhulu, kodwa izilwanyana kwakudala. Akumangalisi ukuba izazinzulu abaninzi bakholelwa udaka kukhokho ezingundoqo inani elikhulu eziphilayo emhlabeni wethu. Ecacileyo, sinikela itafile leyo ngokubanzi zipeyintwe iimpawu ndidi zimbini ziqhelekileyo.

imigaqo eneenkcukacha

Xa neegastropods umzimba nangoku macala, nangona iintlobo namaqokobhe anayenza. Le ukwahlulwa komzimba ibe kwezirekhodiweyo ugcinwe kuphela uhlobo bakudala kakhulu. Secondary umzimba uvuleke thaca ingxowa olungqonge imisipha yenhliziyo esini. Isithuba lonke phakathi imizimba izaliswe ngokupheleleyo parenchyma.

Isiqu kweentlobo ezininzi izilwanyana lungohlulwa lube la macandelo alandelayo:

• Head.
• Esifubeni.
• Muscle umlenze ngalo intshukumo.

Zonke iintlobo namaqokobhe intloko lifinyele ngokupheleleyo. Phantsi ukulucanda ingalucandi kubini kwakuthetha ingalo dystrophy ezinkulu uguquguquka ukusuka kwisiseko udonga esiswini. Kufutshane esisekweni eluswini lwenyama yakha a iingubo enkulu elincane. Phakathi kwayo kunye umzimba kukho umngxuma kunokuba enkulu ekukho kuyo le mibutho ilandelayo: Kwakukhuhlwa, kunye nezigqibo zeenkqubo zesini excretory. Loo ingubo likhipha izinto leyo idityaniswe namanzi ukwenza iqokobhe esiqinileyo.

Iqokobhe isenokuba eziqinileyo ngokupheleleyo, yaye ziqulathe semigudu ezimbini okanye iipleyiti ngaphezulu. Ukwakhiwa kwale esingxobeni ongena icarbon dioxide (kakade, kule imeko yento edityanisiweyo - CaCO ₃₎ kunye conchiolin, into ekhethekileyo organic leyo kuhlelwe yi umzimba silwanyana. Noko ke, iintlobo ezininzi mollusc iqokobhe ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye lincitshiswe. Xa imigca kuyo kwakukho kuphela ubungakanani ipleyiti encinane.

Iimpawu zale nkqubo wokugaya

neegastropods

Ekupheleni phambi intloko unalo umlomo. Umzimba ezingundoqo linamandla, ulwimi dystrophy, nto leyo wambu rasp ngechitin engamandla (radula). Ngoncedo njengecochlea kokuphalwa lisiza okanye enye ukutyabeka lweziphili olwahlala zonke iindawo ezifikelelekayo. Kwiintlobo ezingabahlaseli (apho siza kuxubusha ngezantsi) ulwimi ngokutsha nkawu bhetyebhetye yaye engqongqo, nto leyo yenzelwe uvula kweqokobhe zezinye mbambela.

Thina Ibhumbulu (apho kuya kuxoxwa ngokwahlukileyo), ezinye iinxalenye radula yandisa ngaphaya emlonyeni ukwakha uhlobo harpoon. Ngoncedo lwabo, ezi abameli saselwandle esineqokobhe ngokoqobo abaphose ngetyhefu yabo ibe lixhoba. Abanye ulwimi neegastropods yokuphanga iye yaba "ngokumba" ekhethekileyo, ukuba nje kukwemba imingxuma iqokobhe ixhoba, ukuba bafake yinyongo.

namaqokobhe

Kwimeko yabo, yonke into lula kakhulu. Baya kulala nje cwaka emazantsi (okanye ukuxhoma ambathe eqhotyoshelwe kule zeendawana), profiltrovyvaya ngokusebenzisa amakhulu zakhe iqumrhu eelitha zamanzi kunye umcimbi eziphilayo lichithakale. amasuntswana ecociweyo kungena ngqo kwi esiswini enkulu.

zidala

Uninzi iintlobo ephefumlayo ngokusebenzisa iigilizi. Kukho "phambi" kunye neentlobo "angasemva". Ekuqaleni Kwakukhuhlwa ibekwe phambi kwe lomzimba incam ezikhomba phambili. Ngako oko, kwimeko yesibini kwincam ejonga umva. Ezinye nudibranchs ezilahlekileyo iimpumlo zabo ngengqiqo ngokoqobo ilizwi. Ezi squid ezinkulu ukuphefumla ngqo ngesikhumba.

Ukuze benze oku, baba eluswini lwenyama uhlobo olulodwa encomekayo. Kwiintlobo ezisentlabathini izilwanyana lesibini zasemanzini (ookhokho babo babuyela emanzini) wementile ngenxenye lisongelwe, ekusekeni uhlobo wokukhanya, iindonga apho ukungena yi imithambo yegazi exineneyo. Ukuze uphefumle ezinjalo iinkumba bayavuswa ukuya kwamanzi kunye nonikezelo umoya kugaywa a ezizangqa ezizodwa. Heart, ibekwe kude isixokelelwano sokuphefumla, i "wokwakha" elula ibandakanya intendelezo enye ventricle.

Iiklasi eziphambili ziyinxalenye lohlobo

Njengoko uhlobo umahlule kweembaza? Iiklasi ze molluscs (abangama lamaqhosha ezisibhozo), 'umqhele "ezintathu amaninzi:

• Neegastropods (Gastropoda). Oku kuquka amawaka kweentlobo iinkumba zabo bonke ubukhulu, iphambili yona ngesantya ophantsi intshukumo meleleyo unyawo dystrophy.
• Bivalves (Bivalvia). Yeqokobhe semigudu ezimbini. Njengomgaqo, onke amalungu odidi lwe iintlobo ungenzi nto, nto. Ngaba zombini ukususa nge imilenze kwimisipha nge jet wakwakhe, ejecting amanzi enoxinzelelo.
• Cephalopod (Cephalopoda). squid movable, scallops okanye sikhatyiwe ngokupheleleyo, okanye ke xa usaqala.

Ngubani omnye ifakiwe uhlobo yesilwanyana saselwandle esineqokobhe? molluscs Iiklasi ezahlukeneyo: ukongezelela kuzo zonke ngasentla, kusekho amazinyo iqokobhe, Tubular kunye caudofoveata, solenogastres kunye monoplacophora. Bonke bephela ngoku eziphilayo luphila.

Luhlobo olunjani izilwanyana ezimbiwa ibe? Iiklasi molluscs esele zipheliswe:

• Rostroconchia.
• Tentaculites.

By the ukuthetha ngendlela, lo monoplacophora enye de-1952 babegqalwa extinct ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ke ngelo xesha inqanawa "Galatea" kunye hambo yophando lulahla zokubambisa eziphilayo ezininzi ezitsha eziye yabelwe uhlobo Neopilina galatheae entsha. Njengoko ubona, igama olu hlobo kweembaza wanikwa egameni isitya yophando, abayifumanayo. Noko ke, xa kusenziwa yenzululwazi, asinto ingaqhelekanga: Iintlobo rhoqo ekhethwe imbeko Explorer lwabo discoverer.

Ngoko ke kusenokwenzeka ukuba yonke iminyaka elandelayo kunye nomnqophiso ezintsha zophando ziya kuba nako ukutyebisa uhlobo kweembaza: squid iiklasi, leyo ngoku zithathwa nya, oko mazigcinwe ziyimfihlo yakhe kwi- ezinzulwini fathomless kwezilwandle.

anika umdla

Uyinqaba njengoko kuvakala unakho, omnye amarhamncwa kakhulu yingozi kwaye eningenakukholwa kwi planethi kuthathwa ... ebonakala iinkumba engeyongozi. Umzekelo, iikhowuni indlovu (lat. Conidae), iyityhefu into engaqhelekanga kakhulu ukuba kusetyenziswa ekwenziweni oosokhemisti mihla kweentlobo ezithile iziyobisi ezinqabileyo. Kwenzeka ukuba, igama intsapho saselwandle esineqokobhe yi azahlulele. imilo zabo eneneni khulu ikhowuni thumbanails.

Iiplastiki abazingeli gqolo kuphela ufekethe Siqubisana ixhoba yezandyondyo. Kakade ke, njengoko le yokugqibela ke, iintlobo ezininzi colonial ungenzi nto, njengoko kwezinye iinkumba nje Abangawugciniyo up. Ixhoba ngokobukhulu bayo ngaphezu izihlandlo ezilishumi umzingeli. Ufuna ukwazi inyaniso ezinomdla kakhulu saselwandle esineqokobhe? Yes nceda!

Phezu iindlela iinkumba lokuzingela

Amaninzi mollusc ngobuqhophololo usebenzisa umzimba wayo zinamandla, unyawo enamandla eqatha. Oko sidityaniswe imveliso amandla elingana kwisicelo amandla 20 kg! foot yokuphanga oko kwanele. Umzekelo, ukuba "ukubamba" Oyster kuvula ngaphantsi kweyure nebutho wayedla ezilishumi kuphela! Ngokufutshane, ubomi molluscs kuyingozi ngakumbi kunokuba ngayo ukucinga ngayo ...

Ezinye iintlobo ze neegastropods kwaye ukhetha ukuba amsunduze ngononophelo prosverlivaya kumgxobhozo imveliso ngu khala ezizodwa. Yiloo nto kanye le nkqubo ilula nekhawulezayo kubiza yonke inkanuko. Ngoko, xa ububanzi yeqokobhe kuphela 0.1 mm wamzalela lusenokuthabatha iiyure ezili-13! Ewe, le ndlela "ukuzingela" ilungele kuphela iinkumba ...

Ukuchithwa!

Ukuze liyibhangise iqokobhe amazwe kunye umniniyo, saselwandle esineqokobhe usebenzisa sulphuric acid (sele uyazi into indlala amathe ku mbambela). Ekubeni intshabalalo lula yaye ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Xa kwenziwa i umngxuma, umhlaseli uqala ukudla kude kancinane ixhoba ukusuka 'iphakheji ", besebenzisa nkawu zabo. Ukuze othile, oku umzimba ngokukhuselekileyo kubhekwe kwiwotshi kwezandla zethu, ngenxa yokuba abachaphazeleka ngqo kulo bamba ubambe amaxhoba. Ukongeza, i-crane zingaqondwa sibhalwe ngendlela yokuba bunciphisa ubude umzimba umzingeli.

Yiloo ndlela iinkumba ungafumana ixhoba labo nokuba neentanda enzulu kunye sabaleka enkulu. Kwakhona, ukuba ivela khala emzimbeni yexhoba zenyuse iyityhefu eyomeleleyo, esekelwe kwi-sulphuric acid iikhemikhali nyulu (kukhululwa ukusuka 'umnt' kwamadlala amathe). Ngokufutshane, ngoku uyazi kakuhle ukuba ingaba amathe kwindawo molluscs yaye kutheni kufuneka oko.