Ukulungiswa kotywala ka-ethyl. I-ethyl alcohol isicelo. Utywala otywala

Ngoko akukho mfihlelo njengoko engundoqo ekrwada ezibonakalayo ukuze imveliso wokusela ukuba kuyalungiswa ethyl utywala. It imveliso nemaloznachimy kule ndawo. Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ngasezantsi.

Inkcazelo ezibonakalayo

Ethyl utywala kulungiseka yi ulwelo ezingenambala neselubala, ayinazo ivumba kunye ekugqibeleni kuba. Ubunzima ethile imveliso kwi-20 ° C ilingana 0,78927 g / cm3. Ethanol, okanye ethyl utywala, yaqala kuhlelwe ngo-1855 ukususela ethylene. Le nto ulwelo olunokutsha. Xa ukhandwa ukutshiswa ngamanzi kunye carbon dioxide. eyingozi empilweni umphunga utywala. Le xi iphezulu kuvumelekile emoyeni luthathwa 1 mg / l. kwithempritsha yayo ukuqanda ngu -117 ° C kunye abilayo: +78,2 ° C.

Ethanol - ifomula

Kubalulekile ukwazi. Le khemikhali Ifomula ngokubanzi ethanol: C ₂ H ₅ OH. Siveza ukwakhiwa imveliso kwaye sele zisekiwe kodwa ngo-1807. Kodwa ke kuphela emva kokuba waphumelela synthesizing ethyl utywala formula noshowo kususelwe. Kubhaliwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: CH ₃ CH ₂ WO.

Ethanol utywala isinyibiliko, ekubeni iqulethe iqela OH omnye kuphela, ibhekisela kudidi monatomic. Ubukho amaqela hydroxyl limisela iipropati eekhemikhali kweziyobisi, kwakunye nemveliso awasabela ngayo ubuthathaka.

Xa agcinwe kwimigqomo layo lingatywinwanga ethyl osha utywala nokufuma ifunxwe evela emoyeni. Oku kungenxa yokuba ethanol libhekisela into hygroscopic. Ngenxa yokuba uthe imveliso na isakhiwo esifana amanzi, oku kuhlanganiswe kuyo nayiphi na olinganise.

Ethyl utywala kuyalungiswa, nto kwimeko mveliso, isiphathele yokusabela asidi kancinane. Oku kuyinyaniso ethembekileyo. Iqulathe imali encinane asidi organic. Abasabela ngayo ethyl utywala iikhemikhali nyulu cala. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe.

Iimfuno ezisebenza nomgangatho okuziinkozo

Umceli-mngeni engundoqo elijongene kubavelisi iziselo ezinxilisayo, i imveliso ethyl utywala zomgangatho ophezulu. imigangatho karhulumente kunye namanye amaxwebhu elawulayo kule mfuno eziphakamileyo, oko kuchaphazela physico-iikhemikhali kunye organoleptic iparameters. Ethanol ifunyenwe ngezinto ezahlukeneyo zendalo.

Nokuveliswa kwe arhente wathi ngezinto raw kwezolimo imveliso ze-biotechnology, leyo usebenzisa ezincinane ukuguqula istatshi ibe iiswekile fermentable, kunye eziphathekayo ndandingekakulungeli - ethanol. Onke amanqanaba yokwamkela ukutya ukulungisa siqulathe isixa esikhulu inkqubo yemichiza mechanical. Nganye kwezi kuchaphazela iimpawu organoleptic of ethyl utywala. Oku kuza kucaciswa kamva.

Imiba echaphazela iimpawu organoleptic

Kulo mzekelo:

• imeko yococeko zesixhobo ku tswala (yamafutha vaporization kwegumbi, kubananisi ubushushu, itanki transfer).
• Umgangatho izinto zokwenza imveliso (uhlobo yengqolowa, iimeko yokugcina, iwonga, yaye ivumba al.).
• Ezisebenzisekayo flowsheet kulungiselelwa feed (Mechanics enzymatic, emveli).
• Inkqubo unyango (nenkululeko, kwindawo yokugcina, kwimveliso).
• iintlobo nagwele Used.
• Inkqubela yenkqubo yokubola (ixesha, ukwanda asidi).
• nezinto zokuncedisa ezibalulekileyo (ebulala izibulali).

Omnye weyona miba ibalulekileyo umgangatho izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo. Imeko naye kunzima, ekubeni akukho ubonelelo uluntu zengqolowa. Ngoko ke, lo isambuku izinto ezisetyenziswayo zisiwa kwinkampani phantsi kwezivumelwano. Bagqiba nabathengisi ezahlukeneyo ngamaxabiso ekwavunyelwana.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho umgangatho wesizwe okanye namanye amaxwebhu normative kunye nobugcisa, leyo ukuchaza ngokucacileyo zonke iimfuno ngenxa yengqolowa, ezisetyenziswa ukwenziwa kwale mveliso. Noko ke, abanye babo ezisisigxina "Regulations on the ekwenziweni kotywala zivela kwizinto ezingekenziwa starch-equlethe." Phakathi kwabo - umxholo ezingcolisa ezahlukeneyo inetyhefu (ukhula imbewu, njl ...), Pest ukugcwala zengca, ngokunjalo ekusekweni Ukungcola.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-alkoholi ekwenziweni iziselo ezinxilisayo kufuna umgangatho ophezulu we imveliso onesiphumo. Ukususela imeko iinkozo esetyenziswayo ixhomekeke ngqo kwi kwiimpawu organoleptic onesiphumo, kulowo uthe kweziyobisi. Isalathisi lukhulu izinto ekrwada ivumba layo. Ngenxa capillary-aneentunja isakhiwo beenkozo ehambisana ubunzima skvazhistosti oko adsorb (ukufunxa) irhasi ezahlukeneyo kunye umphunga ukusuka kokusingqongileyo. I impahla eluhlaza ukuba izinambuzane ukugcinwa sifo, ukuze ziqulathe iimveliso embalwa yobomi babo. Ukuba ntwala okuziinkozo abakhoyo, kube kubi umbala kunye incasa, kodwa bakha livumba ethile. Ukonakala kule izinto esingxotyeni kudala iimeko ezithandwa ukukhula ngeentsholongwane kunye beqokelela mycotoxins. Sebenzisa oku ingqolowa ukuvelisa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Nangona kunjalo, inani elikhulu izinambuzane kuchaphazela ngokungalunganga iimpawu organoleptic alcohol onesiphumo.

Ngokuba nokuveliswa bathi imveliso badla umgangatho ihlwempu isetyenziswa kwaye ingqolowa enesiphako, phakathi apho Okuluhlaza kunye esandula ukuvunwa, ngetshaneli yonakele, phantsi lokuzimela zokufudumeza, yaye inxeba smut yiergot kunye Fusarium. Oku kuyinyaniso ethembekileyo. Ngexesha lokulungiswa iinkozo esandul 'ukuvunwa zivuthwe ngaphandle iteknoloji exposure ukungathobeli kwenzeka, nto leyo ekhokelela lobunzima ngumash yaye, ke ngoko, ukuncitshiswa ukusebenza gumbi ohambelana.

Umbala umbandela ekrwada, zonakaliswe yi omiswe, ziyahluka ukusuka brown ukukhanya abamnyama. Kubalulekile ukwazi. Grain ezithwala omnyama inkunkuma. Ngenxa yale nkqubo, ukuxuba kuphela ngendlela enempilo. Ngenxa yoko, izinga obuvumelekileyo leenkozo itshiswe akufunekanga ibe ngaphezulu kwe-10%. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-alkoholi ekuveliseni wokusela ezikumgangatho ophezulu egqithileyo kulo mzobo ayamkelekanga.

yiergot ekrwada ezimdaka kunye smut uba ityhefu, ekubeni iqulethe sezakhi ezahlukeneyo (argonin, ergotamine, kortunin njl). elimsulwa eziyingozi azithandeki kakhulu, kuba neempembelelo izikhombisi organoleptic utywala kwaye ulunika kabukhali, ubukrakra kunye pungency. Noko ke, izinto ekrwada nga kwenziwa nge ukhozo esempilweni. Ngoko umxholo wayo kufuneka abe ngaphezulu kwe-8-10%.

Iinkozo, ethi isetyenziswe ukuvelisa utywala, iquka wesitatshi (65 - 68% kwi into owomileyo) kwakunye protein, nenqatha, iswekile ezamahala, iiminerali, polysaccharides, dextrin. Zonke khompawundi ezidweliswe zikumanqanaba ahlukeneyo enkqubo inxaxheba ngayo ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo.

Enye into echaphazela iimpawu organoleptic le mveliso ogqityiweyo kukho imithombo kunye ibile amalungiselelo mikroorganizmennyh izityalo (saccharifying materials). Kufuneka kwakhona zithathelwe ingqalelo. Lidla bosulelwe la machiza ungasetyenziswa mveliso. Kananjalo kunokwenzeka ukuba bavela ukungabikho lomsebenzi enzymatic. Kwimeko enjalo kwenzeka inkqubo Ukubila owosulelekileyo. Isiphumo ndakhe-up iimveliso inkunkuma engamkelekanga engenagwele. Ngoko ke, igcwala utywala kunciphisa. Ngenxa yoku, kuba kuyahlwa, ivumba mbi kunye nemvakalo.

Umgangatho utywala ixhomekeke ngqo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo nagwele esetyenzisiweyo. Ukukhetha yazo efanelekileyo kunye abalinganiswa yokubola abanobuchule kuvumela ukufumana imveliso uthe ukuba isiqulatho phantsi ukungcola ezisisiseko.

Kwakhona candelo ebalulekileyo ekuvelisweni utywala ngamanzi. Ukususela esimsulwa (isixa ezincinane abakhoyo, kwaye ezahlukeneyo uyapheliswa kulo Imichiza) umgangatho imveliso eziveliswa luxhomekeke khona. Kungcono kakhulu ukusebenzisa amanzi avela kwimithombo nokususa.

Kwakhona qaphela ukuba emva kokuba imveliso wokucoca bahlala uthe ezingcolisa ezahlukeneyo ityhefu. esters Higher amaxesha khona utywala eveliswe, unokubanika ukukhanya, ivumba ungatyhafi elinuka. Oku kuyinyaniso ethembekileyo. Kodwa phambi diethyl kaEtere unika ubukrakra imveliso igama kunye ivumba elinukayo.

Umgangatho kweziyobisi kunye neempawu zayo organoleptic ziye zaphenjelelwa ubumdaka ezahlukeneyo Nedlac okanye ezinye ubuthi ngeentsholongwane, iyeza lokubulala izitshabalalisi kunye nabanye.

ukuvelisa technology alcohol

Le nto ke sihlolisise. Kulungiseka ethyl utywala kungenziwa ngeendlela ezintathu: ngenxa lwekhemikhali, ezithambileyo zengqo- (enzymatic). ukhetho lwabo luxhomekeke ngamnye.

• inkqubo enzymatic lokulungiselela yokubola iswekile utywala kwenzeka. It inkqubo nemaloznachimy. Ayewenza inyathelo nagwele kunye nee-enzayim.
• inkqubo yemichiza soqulunqo utywala kusetyenziswa ukuvelisa utywala mveliso evela nezityalo ekrwada ene-isiqulatho eliphezulu ifayibha (iindiza, kwimbuphu yesarha, njalo njalo). Kwakhona uphuma utywala sulphite (yinkangala Intlama nePhepha zemveliso).
• Inkqubo eyenziweyo ngenxa ukuvelisa utywala mveliso lelona uqhagamshelwano amanzi ethylene phambi kuvala. Oku kunika umdla kakhulu indlela eqhelekileyo.

Ukutya ethyl kulungiseka utywala zifumaneka kuphela ukusukela feedstock ehambelanayo. Ngokusisiseko, oku kuya kuba ingqolowa, nembeleko neetapile. Kulungiseka ethyl utywala Technical ilungisiwe ukususela feedstock efanayo. Noko ke, isenokuba ubumdaka ezahlukahlukeneyo, nto leyo ayabiza kushishino kokutya.

Ukuveliswa ethyl utywala luqhutywa ngokwamabakala 3

• Preparatory. Ngaba nyulu evela ukungcola ukutya kunye nokulungiselela lwemithombo.
• Main. Kweli nqanaba zokupheka lwenzeka kunye saccharification kwezinto okunesitatshi ekrwada, kwamazinyo, ulwelo kunye netshizi reception utywala.
• Final - ukulungisa. Le nkqubo neyanamhlanje ngokuphindaphindiweyo lwaqhutywa ngenjongo ucoco ethanol evela ukungcola ezahlukeneyo.

Enye yeentlobo best nezityalo, nto leyo isetyenziselwa kuveliswe le imveliso namazambane. Kuba oku isebenzisa loo iintlobo leyo ilifa okunesitatshi eliphezulu kwaye uzinzile kakhulu ekulondolozeni. Le yimeko ebalulekileyo nemveliso.

Kufuneka uyazi ukuba ingqolowa kuphela isetyenziswe izinto ekrwada, kodwa ke imithombo, nto leyo umthombo enzayim ndidilize starch ukuba fermentable iswekile. Kuxhomekeke iminqweno ngamnye. Ezinye izityalo izakusetyenziswa endaweni ngamalungiselelo lwemithombo enzyme lemvelaphi ngeentsholongwane. Fumana bemke jeli. imixube enzyme ingaba mhlawumbi indawo olupheleleyo lwemithombo esetyenziswa kunye nayo xa ngawona ezahlukeneyo.

Misela iimpawu kubuxhakaxhaka bokuvelisa alkoholi. Umzimba eluhlaza iqulethe eziliqela ubumdaka leyo ziyahluka ngokutsho lobushushu elibilayo. Ba iimveliso ngexesha ukubila. inani labo lentsalela composition luchaphazela umgangatho utywala wavelisa ungalibali ukundinika. Le nkalo.

izixhobo ezifunekayo

Ukuze ufumane imveliso evela utywala crude ngokusebenzisa inkqubo emininzi. ukusetyenziswa kwazo kubalulekile. umhlathi ngamnye izixhobo uthe ezisebenza umsebenzi ethile ehambelana ukwahlulwa umxube kwiqondo lobushushu ezahlukeneyo kunye nengcinezelo. Ngayo alkoholi kunye neempawu zazo physico-imichiza ukuvumela ukuba bahlukane ukungcola ezahlukeneyo. Kubalulekile kule meko. Abazange zivunyelwe ekuveliseni utywala ezityiwayo. Okwangoku, kukho izinto ezininzi ezintsha lobunikazi schemes lobuchwepheshe zokuhlanjululwa yezityalo ekrwada, nto leyo kakhulu ngcono iimpawu zohlalutyo kunye organoleptic kwemveliso yathi. bragorektifikatcii Performance kwenyusa nge-15%. Yemveliso imveliso yokugqibela ukusondela 98,5%. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukuveliswa iziyobisi ezisetyenziswayo bragorektifikatsionnye iintshukumo okuqhubekayo ukuba anokuqulatha ukuya kwi kwiintsika ezintlanu. Ba ezahlukeneyo, ngokungqinelana nenjongo yayo, yahlulwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Brazhnye. Zisetyenziswa ukuba abaseleyo ngumash kunye notywala.
• Epuration. Zisetyenziswa ekwahluleni ethanol.
• Ulwelo. Sebenzisa ukuba ukucoca utywala - ekrwada. ukufumana umoya kulungiseka apha kwenziwa
• Fusel. Lithathelwe ebalulekileyo. Bona esinyusiweyo bodwa yeoli fusel
• Columns zokuhlanjululwa lokugqibela. Zisetyenziswa ukufumana imveliso iphezulu umgangatho.

ukucocwa

Nokulungisa - luhlobo lwe multi-sigaba ulwelo. Ithwalwa kwiikholam esebenzisa zomphunga mnogokolpachkovyh amacwecwe. Ezi zityalo bathela uthe kweziyobisi kunye amacandelo eguqukayo neoli fusel leyo ngumxube alkoholi ephezulu. Ukungqinelana nomgaqo-nkqubo neyanamhlanje, ezi ubumdaka zihlukaniswe:

• Umsila. Ezi zinto zidla ekubhekiswa abo indawo abilayo ngaphezulu ethanol. It fusel neeoyile, kunye nezinye izinto. Umzekelo, furfural, acetals, kunye nabanye.
• Intloko. Ezi ziquka elimsulwa ukuba lubila kubushushu ngezantsi ethanol. Kulo mzekelo, esters kunye aldehydes.
• alkoholi esiPhakathi kunye ukungcola umda. Bona kwawona maqela trudnootdelimymi of iikhompawundi. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo neyanamhlanje isenokuba nokuba ngumsila nentloko.

uhlobo

Xa imveliso wathi, kuxhomekeke iqondo zokuhlanjululwa wohlulwe:

• 1 kwibanga. Le utywala ifumene isicelo amayeza. Noko ke, ngokuba imveliso iziselo ezinxilisayo ayikho ukusetyenziswa.
• "Lux".
• "Extra".
• "Isiseko".
• "Alpha".

Kuba nokuveliswa iziselo, nto leyo umgangatho kudibana nazo zonke iimfuno zale mihla, kufuneka asele utywala ukuze ukungabikho eziluhlobo inetyhefu kakhulu ukungcola. Kufuneka ukuhlangabezana neemfuno GOST R 51652-2000.

Ethyl alcohol - application

Kule nkalo, nto intle alula nangqalileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kotywala nezimo kakhulu. Noko ke, amaxesha amaninzi ukuba zisetyenziselwa iinjongo zonyango, kuba imveliso iziselo ezinxilisayo, kwakunye kushishino.

features lemveliso

Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kweziyobisi wathi lufumaneka izinto ezahlukeneyo ekrwada. ezizezi:

• Utywala "Alpha" yenziwa ngengqolowa okanye rye. Kungenjalo, umxube isetyenziswa kuwo kule meko.
• UMoya "Lux" yaye "ezongezelelweyo" lufumaneka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo izityalo, kwakunye kwimixube zalo okanye iitapile. Kuya kuxhomekeka kukhetho ngamnye izinto ekrwada. Utywala "Extra" iveliswa kuphela ukusuka iinkozo esempilweni. Kujongwe ukuba imveliso yevodka, athunyelwa kumazwe aphesheya.
• Utywala grade 1st kuveliswe kumxube iitapile kunye neenkozo, okanye nje ngabanye. Kwakhona kulo mzekelo, ingasetyenziswa yaye nembeleko sugar beet. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-alkoholi kushishino linegalelo ekuveliseni uhlobo utywala.

Izibalo imveliso wathi kwenziwa ngokumisela umthamo kunye lobushushu iyeza lombhobho yokulinganisa. isixhobo Special (alcoholmeters) ligqibe lexinene ukwimo. Siyafana inqaba ethile. Esebenzisa iitafile ekhethekileyo Yayibubungqina ezifunyenweyo kunye nobushushu agqibe inqaba% (ethanol turnover). Kwakhona, le into ehambelana sicwangciswa apha. Nguye umntu obalasele. Xa liphindaphindwe umthamo kweziyobisi wathi ikhutshwa phandle ekubaleni isixa utywala anhydrous apho iqulethe.

Izicwangciso ezintandathu basic ukhuseleko ngokwasemzimbeni nemichiza ayinakutshintshwa ethekweni. Ukuseka imida ke lamanani izinto eziyityhefu echazwe SanPin. Ubukho furfural ayivumelekanga kwaphela. Impilo utywala alipheli. Nakuba kunjalo, kuzo zonke iimeko ezichaziweyo kufuneka nazo.

Iilebhile, ukupakisha kunye nokugcinwa

Le mveliso ayivalele ngendlela ngokukodwa izixhobo neempahla, iinkonkxa, amabhakethi, iibhotile okanye amanzi. Bamele hermetically etywiniweyo ezineziciko okanye bavimbe. Iibhotile kufuneka itywiniweyo okanye yatywinwa. Iintsuba ezitransparenti iingobozi ezizodwa okanye iibhokisi. Ezingavumelekanga kulo mzekelo, ukusetyenziswa izikhongozeli zentsimbi kwalenza.

Ethyl utywala 95% yokusela ayivalele zeebhotile iglasi nemiqulu ezahlukeneyo leyo uphawu isivalo okanye isivalo iplastiki. cap Top lufakwa kwi-aluminiyam apho lusetyenziswa isitampu umenzi. Kwakhona, kukho kuboniswe umthamo iqhezu utywala.

Ngqo kwileyibhile ibhotile yodwa apho kukho igama imveliso, igama kunye nedilesi umakhi, igama lophawu, kwilizwe lemvelaphi, amandla, umthamo kunye nomhla ezizalisa. Kufuneka apha ukuba babonise ulwazi certification. Kwakhona kwileyibhile isicelo amaxwebhu ingabonisa zobugcisa okanye zolawulo, ngokwe apho kuchongwa imveliso.

Iintsuba ezi ke zingafakwa kwiibhokisi yamaplanga. - Igama umenzi ngayo utywala, ukwalathelwa ibhanile igama kwishishini, bona ngokungacimekiyo mandatory le ngcaciso ilandelayo. Kwakhona ibonisa ubunzima obukhulu, inani iibhotile kunye namandla azo. Kufuneka kwakhona ukuya othi "Qhaphela! Glass "," ezinokutsha "," Top. "

Ethyl utywala kuyalungiswa, zipakishwe kwizikhongozeli neenkonkxa agcinwe ngaphandle izibonelelo yemveliso lweshishini. Le mveliso e imiphanda, iinkonkxa neebhotile zigcinwa kwivenkile ekhethekileyo. utywala ethyl na ulwelo olunokutsha aziphethe ngayo. Yeyona iqondo azinampembelelo umntu bobabo kwiklasi yesi-4. Ngoko ke, iimeko yokugcina iimfuneko ezizodwa. Iintsuba iwayini utywala kunye neenkonkxa kufuneka abekwe emgceni, kodwa igubu - hayi ngaphezulu kwe ezimbini ukuphakama, ububanzi mfumba. Ukwenzela ukuphepha kuqhuma, kuyimfuneko ukwenza izixhobo zokhuseleko, amatanki kombane static. ixesha Ukugcinwa kule meko alipheli.

ngenxa

Emva kokufunda ngasentla, uyakwazi uyazi ngokupheleleyo oveliswa ngayo ethyl utywala, ixabiso apho, ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo imveliso kunye benjini kwisikhongozeli apho emi kuyo, uvela engange-11 ukuya 1500.