Ukukhululwa Königsberg ukusuka ngamaNazi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II: umhla we-nxaxheba. Ukulwa inkululeko Königsberg, a ngaphambili? Imbasa inkululeko Königsberg

Inkululeko amaNazi Königsberg yaba imisebenzi enkulu ngempumelelo oluqhutywa yi-Red Ibutho kwintsimi yelo ngqo eJamani. Ukususela iziphumo zaso kwakuxhomekeke zonke izenzo elizayo namahlakani kwi lokugqibela ngokukhulula eYurophu ukusuka 'udushe. Ngoko ke, ukukhululwa Königsberg yayibalulekile kwikhonkco komjikelo lobungangamsha zomkhosi. Kwaye ke lokomfuziselo na ingongoma ukuba umzi lo mmandla, kungekudala emva ekuweni ulawulo lwamaNazi, yafakwa eSoviet Union.

Imbali emfutshane East Prussia

Earth East Prussia, xa uphuma esizweni kwiBaltic Prussians, ukususela ngenkulungwane XII zaye phantsi ulawulo olusebenzayo German emkhosini. Kwandula ke kwabakho imo leTeutonic Order of amaqhawe phantse kupheliswa ngokupheleleyo, yaye yayingeyonxalenye abantu balapha kunye isoyikiso ePoland, Lithuania naseRashiya.

Esi sixeko Königsberg, ngaphambili ngokuba Tvangste, wavuka igama layo 1255 imbeko Czech uKumkani Premysl Ottokar II.

Ngenkulungwane XV, iNkosi yokugqibela Hohenzollern usapho kula mazwe wempangelo Duchy of Prussia, leyo ke kudityaniswe union buqu kunye yoKhetho of Brandenburg yasekwa. Le meko iye ngokuba ubukumkani Prussia, yaye umhlaba ophethwe ngqo leTeutonic Knights, nekomkhulu yayo Königsberg, East Prussia waziwa.

Kamva, le imimandla kwakunento kwi uthotho kwi German uBukhosi, i Weimar Republic kunye Wesithathu.

Le lwa ngaphambili eSoviet-German

Ngowe-1944, amajoni amaNazi kusiliwa abaziingwanyalala zaye ekugqibeleni bagxothwa kummandla USSR. Ukukhululwa amazwe empuma central eYurophu buvela amaNazi. Nomkhosi yaya ngqo intsimi waseJamani, ingakumbi, eMpuma Prussia.

January 13, 1945 ngokusebenza East Prussia yaphehlelelwa yi nomkhosi. Ngayo inxaxheba, i-Belarus phambi 2 phantsi Marshal Rokossovskogo 3 Belarus Front phantsi Jikelele Chernyakhovskogo kuqala uze Marshala Vasilevskogo, kwaye phambi 1 eBaltic ekhokelwa General Bagramyan. Isenzo imikhosi komhlaba ukusuka elwandle layigubungela kwizithuthi Baltic phantsi ngokomyalelo Tributs Jikelele. Inani lilonke labasebenzi zomkhosi kule ndawo ingaphezulu abantu abazizigidi ezili-1.6.

imikhosi Soviet wayejamelene Army Group "Umbindi" yaye "North" phantsi kolwalathiso, ngokulandelelana, Colonel-Jikelele Reinhardt kunye L. Rendulic. Bona wawuquka 580 lamawaka. Abantu abasebenzi.

Ngexesha lohlaselo ngempumelelo Red Army waba idabi lentatho, wahlala inani lamanqaku zobuchule kunye nemizi. Kodwa undoqo lonke East Prussia wahlala soyiswe Königsberg.

Ngaloo ndlela, waqhubeka Patriotic iMfazwe Enkulu. Nokukhululwa Königsberg wayeza kuba ngomnye izigaba ezingundoqo kuye.

Ukulungiselela ndimiselwe ukuziphendulela baseJamani

Kuthe nje kwacaca ukuba kungekudala uza kuqalisa ngokulwa inkululeko Königsberg, i-High Umyalelo German iyalele ukuba ukomeleza ukuqiniswa naphambi isixeko phantse soyiswe. Siqalise ukwakha nzima.

Ikhupha yokukhulisa iinqaba zendalo zedolophu, equka amakhonkco amathathu, eyakhiwa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo zembali. Ngaphezu koko, Königsberg ine ring ukuzithethelela lwangaphandle kunye kwinqaba iShushan kakuhle enqatyisiweyo.

Kwathiwa wenziwe umsebenzi wokulungisa elandela ngomonakalo leyo, ngenxa iziqhushumbisi Aviation yaseBritani yaba Königsberg (1944). Ukukhululwa umzi wathembisa ukuba nzima kakhulu.

imikhosi zamaqela

Inkululeko amaNazi Königsberg yenziwa Bulelani ukuba ukusebenza ngempumelelo wenziwe phantsi umyalelo kaMarshal Vasilevsky. Kwakhona baba iikhompawundi izifundo, ikhokelwa ngu-General Bagramyan. Gquma isibhakabhaka wayalela Air eliyiNtloko Marshal Novikov. Kuyinto isenzo sabo wokuba ukuqinisekisa ukukhululwa Königsberg. Yintoni na intlawulo phambi kwalo msebenzi? inxaxheba kakhulu gqitha ukuba i-Belarusian wesithathu, oko kuquka 1st iBaltic.

Inani lilonke imikhosi Soviet abathabatha inxaxheba kulo msebenzi, kwaba 137 amawaka abantu. Ukongeza, ukuba iyafumaneka 2174 moya kunye namatanki 538.

Königsberg ukuziphendulela ekhokelwa Jikelele Otto von Lasch Wehrmacht. Kwesandla sakhe amajoni 130 lamawaka, ezo ke ngaphantsi kakhulu inani ekuchaseni amabutho Soviet. Kodwa amatanki kunye moya umkhosi waseJamani kwindawo obuphantsi kakhulu. Waye, ngokulandelelana, iiyunithi 108 no 170.

Ngoko, xa malunga alinganayo eqela labasebenzi kweli candelo Soviet Army waba luncedo kakhulu vutshila abendlu ka-Wehrmacht. kanye kwakhona Oku kubonisa umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi imeko ekuqaleni imfazwe kunye nemeko ezazikho ngo-1945.

Belindele zotyando

Phambi kokuba uqale nokukhululwa Königsberg, yena lwaqhutywa yi amajoni yiSoviet bechuba zithuba ezinqatyisiweyo yotshaba. Ndathatha phantse lonke kwiveki yokuqala ka-Aprili. Ukongeza, siye zadipozithwa airstrikes moya yethu ngenqwelomoya kwiindawo zesicwangciso kusingathwa esixekweni. Sekunjalo, le ukuhlasela Iinkcukacha zazisetyenzwa ngaphantsi umonakalo ngaphezu ukuhlaselwa moya waseBritani abazenzayo ngexesha ezininzi ka-1944.

Ngenxa yoko, amaJamani ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka bazama ukulungisa zonke ekudaleni ukuziphendulela, kwababuleweyo le mijukujelwa Soviet.

ubunkokheli Wehrmacht uyaqonda ukuba amadoda akhe ukuyikhusela ngayinye somhlaba ukuya nethontsi lokugqibela legazi, ukuya joni yokugqibela, iintsuku Wesithathu kaThixo zibaliwe. Kodwa ke, njengoko siyazi kwimbali, nkqu umbingelelo nanto wamajoni zesiqhelo German asikwazanga ukugcina lo matshini kubi kohlanga ingcinezelo ekutshatyalalisweni.

city Sturm

Waza waqala ngoko nangoko, ukukhululwa Königsberg. Umhla April 6, 1945 ukuqala kwayo.

Blow kwaye kwasetyenzwa ngexesha elifanayo evela entla, nasezantsi komzi. Day, njengesiqhelo, lwaqala ukusetyenziswa kweziqhushumbisi yezikhundla yotshaba. iiyure kufutshane ezilishumi elinambini mini waphuma phezu iitanki ekhubekisayo kunye nomkhosi. A indima ebalulekileyo msebenzi sele inyuliwe ngamajoni, owenza igalelo elikhulu kwinkululeko Königsberg (1945).

AmaJamani yanika luvukelo lithemba, kodwa nomkhosi undintlitha umqobo ngoyaba emva kwenye. kwisikhululo sikaloliwe nezibuko sithinjiwe. Senza ukuba bazinikele amajoni Wehrmacht waphendula ukwala obungahexiyo. Iinzame lokuhlela kokurhoxa yenziwa, kodwa amajoni eSoviet nisithimbile inxalenye waseJamani, iceba ukuba ziphumeze isicwangciso zifezeke.

Ekugqibeleni, ngoAprili 9, 1945, Jikelele Otto von Lasch, eqonda ngamampunge ukuxhathisa, zisayinwe emuva, waza wayalela bonke abantu abaphantsi kolawulo lwakhe, walala phantsi iingalo zabo. Atshayele isixeko ngayo ngokuthobela imiyalelo amaqela amajoni Wehrmacht kwaqhubeka kulo ngemini elandelayo.

Ngoko kwakukho inkululeko Königsberg. Wanikwa amajoni eSoviet iilahleko ezincinci kakhulu, kodwa oku akukho ndlela ziphazamisa ukubaluleka lo mcimbi kwisakhelo kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ngokukodwa kunye Second World War xa iyonke.

iilahleko amaqela

Ngexesha ukusebenza inkululeko isixeko Königsberg, ngokubulala 42,000 amajoni aseJamani, malunga 92.000 basiwa banjwa. Ukongeza, nomkhosi uthimbe izixhobo, ezizezi iziqwenga amawaka amabini zokudubula, 128 moya 1652 nodaka.

Phakathi imikhosi Soviet ilahleko baba ezincinane kakhulu, zaba nabalwi abafileyo 3.200. Oku kwakubonisa ukuba iinjengele bethu baye bafunda ukuba aphumelele zoloyiso hayi ngenxa inani imikhosi kunye kakhulu inani lamajoni abafileyo, njengokuba kwakunjalo ekuqaleni kwemfazwe, ngenxa phambi isicwangciso okhanyayo amanyathelo. Le nto ke eyenzeka Red Army nge ngendlela ngokomgangatho entsha.

Kuba abahlali Königsberg meko efanayo wakhangela nosizana kakhulu ngakumbi. 80% ye sixeko satshatyalaliswa phantse ngokupheleleyo ngethuba ehlaselwa kunye iziqhushumbisi evela ezulwini, kuquka ezo olwenziwa yi-moya Royal British ngexesha lika-1944. Abemi 316.000 yabemi ka Königsberg ekuqaleni kwemfazwe, 200,000 kuphela wemka emva kokuba aphume lomzi, yaye kungekudala basiwa kwezinye iindawo.

inani operation

Ukukhululwa of Königsberg kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II banceda ukwenza i sokufezekisa qhubela phambili ye nomkhosi. Aprili 25 woyiswa wokugqibela ezinkulu German umkhosi wamajoni kummandla - i Samland Group of Forces. Kulo msebenzi East-Prussia yagqitywa ngempumelelo.

iziganeko Eminye ezaziwa bonke: siqhubeke Allied ekhubekisayo, ukuba aphume of Berlin, ukuzibulala uHitler kunye uzinikele ngokupheleleyo Germany May 8, 1945. Kakade ke, ukuze oku kwenzeke yoko, ukuthatha omnye Königsberg yayingekho ngokwaneleyo, kodwa esi siganeko - ikhonkco ofaneleyo yezinto zoloyiso njengoko Idabi Stalingrad, i-Battle of the Kursk Velile Lolwana kunye ukugaleleka Allied e eNormandy.

Ukubaluleka peculiarity ye uloyiso nomkhosi ukuya Koenigsberg ibonisa ngokugqibeleleyo ukuba kumsitho kwexesha-24 layo ivolibholi evela imipu 324 eyanikelwa eMoscow. Ukongeza, kwamiselwa ibheji ezizodwa (imbasa) ukuya phambili imemori yale yimpumelelo ukuba amajoni ethu edabini malunga naluphi na iinkcukacha, sithetha kancinane.

EKaliningrad - emzini Russian

Bayahlelwa ngakumbi sixeko saziwa kakuhle. Königsberg ngo-1946 labizwa ngokuba eKaliningrad imbeko oswelekileyo kulo nyaka, inkokheli yeqela M. I. Kalinina, kwaye zibandakanyiwe kunye inxalenye enkulu East Prussia, kuqala kwi RSFSR, yaye emva kokuwa yiSoviet Union - kwi-Russian Federation. Inkoliso yabantu German lo mmandla wagxothelwa eJamani. Le ndawo ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba eKaliningrad, bantu kubemi kwezinye iingingqi waseUSSR, ubukhulu becala le RSFSR kunye Ukrainian SSR kunye imthetho Byelorussian. Isixeko eKaliningrad yakhiwe ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, abantu abavela kulo lonke Union inxaxheba ekuvalweni umonakalo imfazwe kuye.

Okwangoku, ummandla eKaliningrad i mveliso kunye iiholide mmandla ebalulekileyo Russian Federation. Development ngezobunjineli kunye imikhumbi. Ngaphandle ezikhumbuzo, okwangoku kukho ubungqina okuncinane ukongamela elidluleyo lokuphila amaJamani kule ngingqi.

Le mbasa "Kuba Ukuthatha ka Königsberg"

Kwiinyanga ezimbini emva kokuba kuthinjwe isixeko amajoni yiSoviet ngengqibo urhulumente USSR iseke imbasa inkululeko Königsberg. Yaziswa ukuze ukukhumbula feat of mlilo. Ngokutsho ibhaso agqamileyo baba ukuba nxaxheba kwinkululeko Königsberg abachaphazelekayo ukususela nge-23 Januwari ukuya kwi-10 Epreli 1945 njengenxalenye ye East Prussia kwi aphume kweso sixeko.

Le mbasa kubalwa yobhedu. Yaba ifomu wesangqa. Ukuze "Kuba Capture ka Königsberg" into oqingqiweyo, phambi kwileyibhile. Sabonisa phezulu lokubonakala kwenkwenkwezi; umzantsi - yesebe ngowakhe. Kwicala reverse iqulethe umhla xa inkululeko Koenigsberg - Aprili 10, 1945. Ubukhulu be ibheji - 32 mm.

Isendaweni le imbasa esifubeni sakhe, emva umqondiso imbeko elaneleyo lokufakwa Budapest naphambi imbasa elaneleyo lokufakwa eVienna. Oko kukuthi, kulo mzekelo iqokelelwe ngokulandelelana umgaqo imbalelwano.

Uluhlu amalungu imbasa ukukhululwa Königsberg lweembasa

Ukususela ekuqaleni kwalo, abalwa ezininzi ukufumana imbasa inkululeko Königsberg. Uluhlu amabhaso lonke ixesha lingaphezulu kwabantu 760.000.

Amadoda amaninzi ngoku musa ukukhumbula igama. Kodwa phakathi wafumana imbasa abantu ezaziwayo-kakuhle, ezifana Baykov evgeniy Grigorevich (emsebenzini), Lapidus UViktor Lvovich (uLieutenant Kol) Neplyuev Valentina Fyodorovna (emsebenzini), Rozhin Ivan Maksimovic (emsebenzini), Statsenko Ivan Denisovich (Second uLieutenant), Trinity uViktor Pavlovich (phoyisa), Hudyakov uNikolay Vasilevich (ngokubethwa), Yanovskiy Pet Grigorevich (uLieutenant Colonel), Mashanov Ivan Savvateevich (induna). Nokukhululwa iminyaka Königsberg 1944-1945 - kwimeko nganye kuzo. Igazi kunye nokubila amadoda bafefa Ngowamasimi East Prussia. Ngamnye kubo inxaxheba kwinkululeko Königsberg.

Olukhulu zokufumana la Fighters, yaye amakhulu amawaka abo asikwazi ukusho apha. Imbasa inkululeko Königsberg, kuphela inxalenye encinane ibhaso, leyo hola imfazwe, ngendleko impilo yakhe nobomi ukwenza umsebenzi.

Okwangoku, lo mahluko ndondo, izinto zendalo akukho eyenziwa.

iziphumo

Enye zihlandlo eziphambili ekugqityweni yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yaba nokukhululwa Königsberg. Yintoni na ke phambi kwisikali umlo zenzeka kwi kummandla East Prussia! Kwathi ngelo xesha Königsberg nokusebenza umzekelo obalaseleyo njani na ilahleko mncinane abasebenzi kunokwenzeka wasithimba isixeko kakuhle enqatyisiweyo.

Yeyona ngoloyiso nomkhosi lowo kakhulu kulo msebenzi East Prussia nokuqinisekisa indlela ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ku Berlin. Ukongeza, kokugqitywa ngempumelelo ukulwa e Königsberg ukuba kwixesha elizayo ukuze iquke isixeko nommandla ezingqongileyo eRashiya, nto leyo yinxalenye yommandla eKaliningrad nalo ngoku.

Kwaye, kakade, ukuxhaphaza amakhulu amawaka abantu abalwa baphalaze igazi labo ngexesha ukubetha ka Königsberg, iya kukha kulityalwa. umbingelelo omkhulu looMawokhulu yabo iya kusoloko khumbula.