Dzhon Lo: biography kanye photo

Dzhon Lo - mali oya shotlansky, umprofeti, wamazwe, zebhanki romantic, ityala wemi- kwamaxabiso uyise - ngokuba yena wathi ngabantu kwinkulungwane XVIII. Ekuqaleni, le ndoda yajika eFransi ukuya kwelinye lamazwe kakhulu nempumelelo eYurophu, uze emva koko ngemoto ngayo nentlupheko. I ngobomi yokuqala yemali kwaphuma ngexesha lokudla kwakhe waza yaguqulelwa ngeelwimi ezininzi. The French bambiza Jean intokazi. Kwamanye amazwe, nto yayisaziwa ngokuba Dzhon Lo. Eli nqaku liza kuchazwa ngayo kwincwadi engobomi bomntu emfutshane wezimali.

ulutsha

Dzhon Lo Of Lauriston wazalwa e Edinburgh (eScotland) ngo-1671. kuyise womfana lowo othengisa kunye umbolekisi. Ngowe-1683, intloko-ntsapho bathenga ilifa elincinane Lauriston, ukuba eyaqhotyoshelwa isihloko ungunyana wabanumzana. Xa kwasebuncinaneni bakhe, uYohane impela, yaye bonwabile ukuthatha kwi izindlu ezingcono Edinburgh. Ngenxa yoko, yemali elizayo ngokukhawuleza "Iyakwazi zonke iintlobo ngamanyala." Kungekudala, lo mfana ndidikwe, yaye uneminyaka engamashumi amabini waya ukoyisa ikomkhulu eNgilani.

Nasemibonweni ezimbini zokucwangcisa

E London Dzhon Lo nangoko liphuhlise uqhwithela yomsebenzi. Ukwazi ukuba imali ke ilifa kuyise. UYohane yaqalwa lwentekelelo kwizabelo, ubucwebe kunye nemizobo. Ukongeza, wasungula inkqubo umdlalo card. Kwaba Luo imali esiqinileyo. UYohane wayekuthanda yimpumelelo enkulu kakhulu kwabasetyhini lubonakala selectivity kwimicimbi uthando. indaba yakhe olulandelayo yaphela ngo-1694 zokucwangcisa. Luo wabulala imbangi yakhe waza wabanjwa. Enkundleni, yemali elizayo isigwebo sokufa. Kodwa uYohane esindile entolongweni, waya Amsterdam. Ngokubanzi, iqhawe eli nqaku nethamsanqa kakhulu.

Tshintsha umsebenzi

Efika kwisixeko esitsha, Dzhon Lo ngokusondeleyo inxaxheba kolu phando kwethiyori kwezoqoqosho. Kule ndaba, umfana wafunda lukhulu yamaphepha eziphezulu. Kungekudala, wapapasha incwadi yakhe. yemali Kukho waxelela malunga oyena nobangela yokudodobala koqoqosho. Ngokutsho Uyabona, ukuba ukungabi namali. Ukuze kulungiswe le ngxaki, uYohane wathi ukukhupha engamaphepha nokubanika ngegolide. Emihle bonke, ukuze akhuphe eyilwayo ukubamba isikhundla eburhulumenteni. Le yemali mbono wacela ukuba amkele phantse onke amazwe aseYurophu. Kodwa ndaqonda ukuba kuphela kwimo enye.

Ukuphunyezwa imibono

Ngowe-1715, emva kokufa kumkani xa namali France engenanto ngokupheleleyo. Filipp Orleansky (ibamba umzukulwana ka-Louis XIV) Ndothuka kakhulu emva kokuba ukubalwa kwamatyala karhulumente. Kwacaca ukuba eli nani lifikelele livres 3 billion. A unikelo lonyaka kunye irhafu wenza million 250 kuphela. Nangona, ngokutsho ingxelo oyiNtloko Imfihlelo Police, imali leyo kathathu ngaphezulu. Nje 500 million ukuya kucebisa bureaucrats ezahlukeneyo.

Ngokutsho ibamba, kwimeko enzima ezinjalo kunokukunceda kuphela inkqubo Dzhona Lo. Sele phakathi ku-1716, lo iqhawe eli nqaku uvule ibhanki (nangona esidlangalaleni, yaye equity) kunye ilungelo lokukhupha imali kwephepha. Ngelo ihlelo efanayo bananise yayizisela iingqekembe ezenziwe amatye anqabileyo ngomhla imveliso eyiyo ngegama, kwakunye ukuthatha ekuhlawuleni irhafu kunye nemisebenzi. Okt engamaphepha uYohane waba eqinileyo ngaphezu kwesilivere negolide imali.

Ngaloo mihla olumnandi ibonwe. Ukuqinisekisa onke amatyala eziveliswe Yabonani eFransi nje abazange babe nemali efunekayo isilivere negolide. Noko ke, emva kweenyanga ezili-12 emva kokuba ekuqaleni umba engamaphepha eFransi ubunzima ukuphucuka koqoqosho. Kuqaliswe kuphuhliswa icandelo lokwakha, urhwebo, savuka ezikhutshwe mboleko ephantsi-umdla.

enye inkampani

Kodwa ke ibhanki wayengekho ingcamango kuphela Scot. Ekuqaleni 1717 Dzhon Lo wadala "Company of the Indies." Capital yale nkampani Luo wayefuna ukuba imali kuphuhliso Mississippi River isitya. The French wayibiza ngokuba eLouisiana imbeko iNkosi uLouis XIV. Ngokwembali le siganeko sehla saya njengoko Mississippi Company.

Ngasekupheleni kwehlobo ka-1717, uJohn isaziso malunga nokubekwa ngamawaka-200. Wokwabelana. Iimeko baphatheka nabathathi-kwi ixabiso eliphambili livres 500 iphepha zathengiswa ngesiliva nje 250 kunye nesiqinisekiso liqhubeke kwisithuba seenyanga ezintandathu ixabiso lokuqala. Izabelo beenkampani bathenga phezulu ngephanyazo. Kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva, ixabiso lweentengiso ingaphezulu kayi amaxesha amaninzi. Ku khongela zonke izibambiso, uYohane bayihlise isixa esikhulu. Kungekudala inkampani Luo wanikela ububange kurhwebo "zombini Indies." Oku kwanda kuphela ixabiso lemakethi izibambiso kunye yokwanda kwemfuno kuzo.

Istock exchange yokuqala

Impikiswano amawaka 50 izabelo -. Ngoku, oko Dzhon Lo kwaziwa kungekudala. Emva indlela ngexesha lokugqibela isicelo yemali wagqiba ukufumana ngaphezulu. Bafune izihlandlo ezintandathu oversubscribed, njengoko ukuthengwa lwamaphepha ezifunyenweyo amawaka 300. Izicelo. Iigrafu, izikhuselo zeseyile, iindwalutho, zizigwili kunye viscounts ezifektri indlu yemali, efuna ukuba abe yinxalenye ubutyebi 'of the Indies. " Ngenxa oku, uNobhala Scot uyiqwebe imali eninzi kakhulu, ukufumana kubo isinyobo.

Ngokuzenzekelayo wabonakala izibambiso imarike yesibini. Enyanisweni, yaba istock exchange yokuqala. Nokubona umthombo wengeniso, uYohane amalungiselelo ecaleni Wamisa nendlu yakhe. Baqalisa ngokuthengisa izabelo abantu Luo abaqeshwe, ngoku ebizwa ngokuba "abarhwebi".

izinga Securities Exchange wakhula ngokucacileyo. Inxalenye oku kubangelwe kukuba umongameli wayelilungu iNkosana Orleans, ibhodi yenkampani. Intlalo-ntle French kukhula kunye nokunyuka kwexabiso sabelana. Kakade ke, kule kakuhle efunyenwe ngokwakhe Dzhon Lo. yemali iphiramidi bafika ubuninzi yesiqalo sayo ukukhula. Kodwa Scot zange ndicinge ngayo yaye "elizenza" kwi imali. Wade uthenge yena isibini ngamafa ezibizayo. Ukanti, uYohane wafumana itayitile lweTshawe yaba uMphathiswa wezeMali (enyanisweni, owesibini umntu kweli lizwe). Kodwa konke okulungileyo ngonaphakade lufikelele esiphelweni.

Ukungabikho kwemali

Ngenxa yeempembelelo yi "Mississippi Inkampani" UYohane ezilawulwa kakubi ulawulo yebhanki. Lize likhuphe sakhe sonke phezu mboleko eziye imali kwi nokuthengwa kwezabelo yenkampani. Ngenxa yoko, i "Company of the Indies" indawo rhoqo imiba ezintsha izibambiso ngokuthenga kwiibhondi zikarhulumente kwi-mali. Ngenxa yoko, le nkampani iye cishe otyalwayo kuphela eFransi. Kodwa Regent onke amalungiselelo, waza wafuna nokukhululwa imali ngaphezulu kwephepha.

Nkqu kakhulu "India Company" liye na baqhuba kakhulu. Uphuhliso kwiindawo ezikude Louisiana pretty kade. Ngomhla kweenxweme Mississippi ngokwenene Wakha isixeko ukunika amaphulo kunye iinqanawa zithunyelwa bahlali. Kodwa impembelelo anayenza le projekthi. Bambalwa ayazi imeko yokwenene. Ngenxa yokunqongophala bafa abafakwa ibamba umthetho (ngokomyalelo efihlakeleyo) ukuthumela eUnited States phantsi neempelesi namahenyukazi, namasela kunye becela. Kodwa umkhankaso advertising ingcinga ngaphandle waphefumlela French abo bangena amazibuko Unjengeenqanawa lizwe swi amalaphu, izinongo, isilivere kunye neminye imithombo amazwe.

crash

I intsimbi yokuqala yaba ukufika Prince de Conti Bank. Naye wathabatha cartload ngayo imali engamaphepha yafuna unaniselane zemali. UYohane nangoko ubuyeleyo Regent kunye isalamane bacenga ukubamba imali kwephepha. Nangona kunjalo waza wafumana eninzi emphakathini, kodwa phantse kwakungekho mntu uyiphayo ixabiso, njengoko Conti wayengekho ezithandwayo phakathi kwabantu. Kodwa ke abantu abaninzi esisilumko balumke baqalisa ukutshintsha yamaphepha isiliva kunye negolide. Oku nangona igunya ebe ngexesha Dzhon Lo. Utya- icebo kungekudala ukujingxela, njengoko inani kokutshintshiselana lakhula kuphela suku ngalunye.

reserve Tiny zesinyithi axabisekileyo inyibilikiswa phambi ebhankini. Ekuqaleni kuka-1720, Yabona wakhupha imimiselo ukuba umda utshintshiselwano amanqaku. Kwakhona kwi imali iphepha akuvumelekile ukuba bafumane amatye nezacholo. NgoMeyi, amanqaku devalued kabini, kwaye ke babuyele ingqekembe inqanyulelwe ngokupheleleyo.

intiyo A abantu

nangoko The French nyanya Lo. Njengoko isihlwele baseParis wawufuna uYohane ukuba babelane yamaphepha igolide. Ukuba saliwe, abemi ngumsindo phantse zayidla wamazwe. Kulo mba, Luo wafudukela Palais Royal, ukuba baphile phantsi ukhuseleko ngqo iNkosana. Kungekudala yemali wasuswa esikhundleni. Ukulawula France wabuyela Dagasso Chancellor, ngubani ngaphambili ugxothiwe ngenxa utshintsho bakaYohane ukuxhathisa. umyalo wakhe yokuqala kwisikhundla sakhe esitsha yaba kut- olo tshintshano. NgoJuni 10, 1720 zonke isiFrentshi waya Royal Bank. Emva exchange yisilivere negolide, ekuqalekeni wayengekho ngokwaneleyo, kwaye ke waya imali yobhedu. abantu abahluphekayo babonwabile yaye. Suku ngalunye, iinkanuko angaziphi yebhanki idlabhuzwe. Julayi amajoni 9 ilinde ziko bazifinyeza grille, isihlwele ayikwazanga kuyityumza isakhiwo. Abantu baqalisa ngamatye kubo. Ngenxa yoko, amajoni baphendula ngokudubula ngemipu. Ngenxa ukufa enye engumFrentshi. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva isihlwele Bamnyathela abantu abali-15 ...

Ngo-Agasti 1720, i-Royal Bank wathi yimali. Kwiinyanga ezintathu kamva, onke amanqaku akhe irhoxisiwe.

Kwimeko yenkampani Indian ayihambanga ngcono. Amaxabiso stock lehla. IPalamente wabeka phambili imfuno yokuba Dzhon Yabonani, njengoko kumququzeleli we iphiramidi-mali wokuqala, kufuneka kwambatha kwetyala kunye abulawe. Kodwa endaweni iqhawe eli nqaku kwi Bastille waya kumntakwabo - uWilliam. le yokugqibela yi hayi bokuba unetyala, yaye isizalwane yemali wakhululwa.

Ukufudukela Brussels

Kodwa yena Dzhon Yabona washiya France ekupheleni kuka-1720. Scot kunye nonyana wakhe baya eBrussels, eshiya umfazi wakhe nentombi. Kule dolophu entsha, uYohane waphila athobeke. ingeniso kuphela wakhe ipension ehlawulwa iNkosana Orleans (France athimba yonke impahla Lo).

umnikelo engalindelekanga

Ngowe-1721, le mali oya ngo Venice. Apho watyelelwa Savoyard esemka laqalisa-arhente karhulumente Russian. Ke wanika uYohane ileta evela kwenye kubacebisi uPetros. Xa umyalezo Luo wamenyelwa inkonzo Russian, yaye thembisa advance elungileyo. Kodwa ke onke amathemba bakaYohane enxulumene nenkundla IsiNgesi, apho eRashiya waphathwa uxabene kakhulu. Ngoko ke, i Scot ligqibe ukuba esichengeni kwaye labaleka. Kwaye ngoko ungxamile, washiya Venice.

kwiminyaka yakutshanje

Yabonani kweenyanga ezimbalwa emva kokumka bamthomalalisa ngokwabo ngethemba lokuba Regent ambize emva yaseFransi uncedo ukuze soyise le ntlekele. Kodwa ke ngo-1723, iNkosana Orleans wafa, kwaye yemali waqonda ukuba kwakungayi kuba nako ukubuya.

Dzhon Yabona, ogama engobomi kuye uchazwe apha ngasentla, wafela eVenice yingqele ngo-1729. Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, i Scot wabhala incwadi ethi 'The History of Finance amaxesha Regency. " Kodwa ke ukukhanya, wabona kwiinkulungwane ezimbini kuphela kamva.