Indawo yakade umthombo awayebhalwe. Types of Imithombo yembali

Le mbali lidla ukuba ukujongana izenzakalo elidlulileyo, nto leyo ithuba lokuqaphela ngqo kunjalo yabo angenako. Nangona kunjalo, uphando kufuneka wenziwe cala kwaye buso, ngaphandle indlela amathuba zovavanyo zabo. Ukuphumeza oku kuvumela kuphela umsebenzi ngenyameko iincwadi zembali.

Overview

Ngoxa abafundi esikolweni othatha ezinye iincwadi zembali (iBakala 5). Phantsi program, abantwana banikwa ulwazi zokuqala njengesifundo. Uphononongo imithombo yembali, kubandakanya bekungayi nje ukwazi kubo. Ngexesha inkqubo yoqeqesho, abafundi liphonononge, ukuthelekisa ulwazi evela ababhali ezahlukeneyo.

lwesigama

Ngokutsho Klyuchevskoy imithombo zembali bamele kudidi oluthile ezikhumbuzo. Babonakalisa ubomi extinct noluntu lonke, kunye nabantu. Ngenxa kule okanye lwazi esongezelelwe imbali. imithombo Historical enokuthi ibonise indlela inkqubo ukusekwa kunye nophuhliso eluntwini. Ngokutsho inkcazelo, nto leyo enika Tikhomirov, sinokuthi yasinda ngendlela enye okanye enye inkcazelo iintsalela ubomi ngaphambili. Ngokutsho komnye utoliko Imithombo yembali lwezenzululwazi eziqulathe ulwazi malunga iziganeko ngokwenene ebomini uluntu kunye nemisebenzi yabantu ezenzeka kwinkulungwane edlulileyo. Ukudibanisa ezi nkcazelo, ungenza ufumane ingqiqo jikelele. Imithombo Russian zembali na izinto zenkcubeko kunye namaxwebhu ezibonisa ngqo iinkqubo ze elidlulileyo. Iziphumo isiganeko yenzekile kunye izibakala ezithile. Okulandelayo, cinga ngoko ke imithombo yembali.

uhlobo

Uphononongo imithombo yembali oluqhutywa kwisakhelo kwesayensi okhethekileyo. Uqeqesho kwakhona uphando iindlela lokubhaqa kubo, linika uqikelelo. Le inzululwazi ubizwa ngokuba "Chronology". Phakathi uqeqesho ivelele iindidi eziliqela uphando ulwazi. Ezi ndidi zilandelayo iincwadi zembali:

• Ngenkcazo.
• Phonons kunye nemifanekiso.
• Real.
• Ukubhala.

Ezi imithombo ezisisiseko yembali. Zimele iziganeko ezininzi olufikelelekayo elidlulileyo. Ukuthetha ngento ke imithombo yembali, kufuneka kuchazwe malunga ukwahluka ezintle kunye nokuziphatha.

izinto eziyinyani

Ngaphezu kwaba ukuhlelwa iincwadi zembali. Kuxhomekeke apho udidi kukho umba othile ikhethiwe kwaye indlela uphando yayo. Umzekelo, umsebenzi kunye nembali imithombo ye-real uhlobo oluqhutywa yobume nenzululwazi zakudala. Kule luhlu kukho naziphi na izinto zangaphambili, neempahla, impahla yendlu, imisebenzi yobugcisa, izixhobo, impahla, izacholo, ubuncwane, imingcwabo, iinkozo zemali kunye njalo njalo. Kufuneka kwakhona wathi uphonononga zakudala kunye nezinye iintlobo zemithombo yembali. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, iquka iifoto kunye namaxwebhu njengesiqhelo. Uhlalutyo Imithombo yembali ikuvumela ukuba ukubuyisela omnye okanye kwelinye ithuba uluntu. Ukuphanda ulwazi, iingcali umfanekiso uphuhliso lwezentlalo noqoqosho kuluntu.

Indawo yakade umthombo imbali ebhalwe

Olu didi lubandakanya zesikhumbuzo boncwadi era ethile. Ngokomzekelo, ezinde ixolo. Phakathi amaxwebhu afumaneka ESmolensk, Nizhny Novgorod, Pskov kunye nezinye izixeko kukho iileta ezivela nohlobo yolawulo izinduna ukuba abantu abaxhomekeke, izicelo ezivela amafama, iingxelo ezibhalwe yintloko lali, nzala kunye neerekhodi kwezoqoqosho, iidrafti kwimiyolelo. Kwakhona bafumanisa phakathi amaphepha kukho izithuba ze umxholo zomkhosi nezopolitiko, igunya lomthetho, imithambo umfundi.

Enye amaxwebhu ephambili elidlulileyo

Ulwahlulo ngasentla zemithombo yembali kuthathwa ukuba iyonke. udidi ngamnye subgroups yayo. Ngoko ke, imithombo ebhaliweyo ziquka kuphela ixolo ezinde, kodwa imbali. Le mali yamva ithathwa enye yezixhobo eziphambili elidlulileyo. Ukuqwalasela i yamandulo umthombo ezibhaliweyo yembali, kufuneka bathi wahlala inkcazelo nenokuthenjwa ngobomi abantu kwiinkulungwane zangaphambili. Imisebenzi kufuneka kwesakhiwo setekisi zimelwe ngokohlobo ntetho kweziganeko kwiminyaka.

Ukubhala eRashiya kwakhokelwa ngomlomo. Yaba lingumgcini abantu ngqo. I chroniclers yokuqala, owayebonakele eRashiya, bakwazi ukuqokelela ulwazi malunga kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo. Ngenxa yoko, baye ukusungulwa Ubalo yangaphambili lweziganeko. Old Russian umthombo zembali iqulathe ulwazi malunga phulo, ngokusekelwe imizi izivumelwano. Kule misebenzi iimpawu kanye labathetheli, wathetha malunga kokubuyela izizwe. Ulwazi wawiswa phantsi kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Ngohlalutyo imithombo yembali, abaphengululi bagqiba ukuba zonke iinkcukacha ababhali bevela lwemveli. Kwaye oku kuyaqondakala. Amavo, iingoma, amabali, iintsomi kukho imbali enkulu luluhlu Russia yamandulo.

zemihla Old Russian njengomthombo yembali

La maxwebhu esekhona, walondoloza iintsalela ezininzi yamabali, iingoma kunye namabali. Ngokusebenzisa kubo, baqala ababhali weRashiya yamandulo eyenziwe ngenxa yokungabikho imbali kwakhe izinto zomhlaba. Loo intsomi nto iye yaba isiseko imbali ekuphulukenwe nalo iziganeko ezidlulileyo. Xa i imisebenzi ngomlomo wayebunjwa ezingqondweni zabantu, ukuba akhule yeziKronike. Century, imelene ngqo umsebenzi wababhali zokuqala IX kunye X iinkulungwane, baye banikwa izinto kakhulu ngakumbi, abolekwe lwemveli, kunokuba yangaphambili.

Knowledgebase

Kulula ukwahlula phakathi iintlobo eziphambili iimveliso, ezisetyenziswa ekulungiseleleni inkcazelo yemozulu. Enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo le ntsomi ezininzi. Le misebenzi ziye ezinxulumene izixeko, iilali, amangcwaba, amaphecana, asasazwe kuzo zonke amathafa Russian. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba endizikhumbulayo ngoTata linxibelelene ngokusondeleyo kakhulu langaphambi kobuKristu, lehlelo yobuhedeni wooyise. Noko ke, ukusondela ixesha lobomi ababhali ngokwabo, kokukhona ngokucacileyo ndizilandile nje iinkcukacha zembali ngokucacileyo ime phandle umdla ngaphambili kweli lizwe. Consciousness yabantu ngexesha elinye lube kakhulu ngakumbi yaye yaziswa sikhokelo lwamaxesha.

imisebenzi ifomu

Uhlobo nohlobo neengqameko, nto leyo ifanele ibonise umthombo ebhaliweyo yamandulo, waba iimpawu alo. Iingqameko Form, ingakumbi, iye yanxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo ukwaziwa ababhali. imisebenzi aphakathi zenziwa ikakhulu ukulondoloza itekisi original njenge isiseko kuxwebhu olutsha. Kubafundi ezinomdla ngaloo maxesha abazange umfanekiso ngokoqobo, leyinene ngokwayo. Bona ababetsaleleke ngumcimbi igama yemihla obubhaliweyo. Ngelo xesha ke umfundi iphutha ukuba amabali ubunyani imimangaliso, iziganeko, iimpawu kunye nezinye izenzakalo.

features intshumayelo

mbali Old Russian wamnika iitekisi ezintsha original kwiziganeko owayephila kubo. Le ngxelo waya phezu ngezenzeko apho umbhali kwaba bubungqina. Iinkqubo ezinikezwa rhoqo, okubhaliweyo uncediswa izinto ezintsha. De kwinkulungwane XVI, ibali akazange ziqulathe ixesha epheleleyo - wawuqala de kufike ixesha awayephila kulo zakomkhulu. Umbhali ngamnye wazama ukuba imveliso kwi "inkosana le nto." Ushicilelo lokugqibela lwaluquka eziphathekayo ingakumbi ezixabisekileyo. In kubo umbhali zange ukubhala nezicatshulwa imisebenzi zangaphambili, usimise izimvo zabo. Kungenxa yoko le nto umthombo yamandulo imbali ebhalwe okunene alikapheli. Isiphelo imveliso bekusoloko kukho uhlobo engasoze, alpha kakuhle kungena ngoku. Ukuqhubeka ibali, "umphumo zokuphila" inokuchazwa njenge uhlobo umbono lowo waba nefuthe kwi imilo nasezingqamekweni. Le nguqulelo elidlulileyo ukuya langoku isimo esidibanisa ubudala, izinto documentary ezixabisekileyo kunye amangeno entsha kwiziganeko zababhali banamhlanje.

bebhala iinkcazelo

Ababhali, ukudala imisebenzi ekhathalele kakhulu malunga ngokwenza imisebenzi ababengaphambi zabo ezandleni zabo. Okubaluleke ngokufanayo kubo, yaye ezahlukeneyo amaxwebhu zembali. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, ziquka iileta, izivumelwano, unga abathetheli, ubomi zabangcwele, amabali kunye nangaphezulu. Emva kwazo zonke izinto ezikhoyo sele iqokelelwe, kwezinye iimeko, zahlukile kakhulu kwaye zininzi, yaye maxa wambi iziqwenga ezimbini okanye ezintathu, lo umbhali inkcazelo yemozulu. Zemihla ngemihla onxulumene unyaka nonyaka. Umbhali wafuna ukuphepha kophindo. Waba le ntetho ngokuthi umnyaka bokuhlala kwabo, ubomi njengengcwele - ngomhla wokufa kwakhe. Izinto kunokuba inoveli yembali, kwiminyaka embalwa imincili. Kulo mzekelo, umbhali yahlula libe ixesha, wonk 'ubani phantsi ngonyaka othile. Esi sakhiwo wenza kube lula ukwenza utshintsho umkhumbuzi kuchaziwe kunyaka ngamnye.

Lo msebenzi ayikwazi kubizwa ngokuba mechanical. Umbhali, kwezinye iimeko, kwafuneka ukuba kwenzeka ukuphelisa eziphikisanayo, ukwenza uphando kakhulu entsonkothileyo ngokulandelelana ukufakwa ngqo ulwazi ubudala. Zakomkhulu akwazi ukutsiba nasiphi na isiganeko, ngokusekelwe, umzekelo, iimbono zabo zopolitiko, okanye wenze ukhetho weendaba. Ngemisebenzi ezithile uyakwazi ukufumana ehlaziya emfutshane umsunguli. Kodwa ngexesha elifanayo umbhali akukho benze nantoni na entsha. Ekugqityweni svodchika umkhumbuzi benza ukuchaza iziganeko zomhla wakhe.

Imisebenzi Class painting

Yamandulo ebhalwe umthombo zembali - yiseti lwamabali elidlulileyo kuphela. In imisebenzi kunye ezahlukeneyo ideology zazibonakala. Ukususela kanye ekuqaleni ikhona, zemihla eklasini ufumene Umbala ukuba umlinganiswa othile. Lo msebenzi waye uhlobo isikhumbuzo. Uxwebhu wahlaba phezulu kwezakhi eliphezulu kuluntu yamandulo, isikakhulu eduze kwisikhulu. Kulo mba, amanani esembindini kwimisebenzi baba feudal zinkosi nabaveleli nabathetheli. Umkhumbuzi wezinto lonke ixesha ndiphethulela ingqalelo lwayo yoluntu eliphezulu.

incazelo Laurentian

Le rekhodi yomhla nyaka 1377. Ekuqulunqeni monk waya Lawrence kunye nabanye ababhali. Umsebenzi linikwa kwi uhlobo ngqangi ngesikhumba. Iqulethe ikopi yeKhowudi ka 1305. Phantsi kolawulo iqela ziimonki abakhupheli ngo-1377 lo msebenzi phantsi kwemiyalelo Prince nguDmitry (Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod). Iqala nombhalo "I Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka 'yaye yagqitywa kunyaka 1305. Xa imveliso akukho iziganeko kweminyaka ethile. Cwangcisa ka 1305 eziqulathwe iinkcukacha malunga neziganeko ezenzeka ngexesha xa isikhulu olukhulu Vladimir UMichael Yaroslavovich. Oku kusekelwe ibali 1281, nesilima 1282-m. Laurentian Chronicle yahlelwa i Annunciation Monastery e Nizhny Novgorod okanye Vladimir Christmas ezayo. Ngowe-1792 oko obafunyanwa AI Musin-Pushkin yaye kamva thaca kwi Alexander Omkhulu. Kamva, lo mbhalo-ngqangi zizaku nikezelwa kudweliso Library kaRhulumente (ngoku Saltykov-Shchedrin). Apho kugcinwa unanamhla.

Ipatyevsky igumbi

Lo mbhalo ithathwa litye lesikhumbuzo endala, omnye wemisebenzi yokuqala ingxelo. Igama egumbini waba uluhlu indawo e Kostroma e Ipatiev monastery. Njengenxalenye ngqangi ezintathu. Eyokuqala i "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", okwesibini - Kiev umlando ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XII, kwaye eyesithathu iqulathe ikakhulu Galician-Volyn kwebali. Ipatyevsky arch ithathwa imisebenzi zixabisekileyo apho inkcazo iziganeko abayiqokeleleyo kwinxalenye ekumzantsi-ntshona ekupheleni XIII kwinkulungwane eli lizwe. A isici esasenza ingxelo kukho indlela yehlabathi amanye amabali. Kuba uninzi namabali Galician-Volyn luphawulwa eqaqambileyo, izafobe, imibulelo kuyo arch banokuvuselwa umgangatho womsebenzi zemibongo.

Novgorod I tale

Le ngxelo ithathwa ukuba mthombo ibalulekileyo, ubalisa ibali yembali kwezentlalo nezopolitiko Russian kunye, ngakumbi, ka Novgorod 11-17 kwiinkulungwane th. Eli qumrhu waba nefuthe Tales zonke-Russian kwesiqingatha sesibini sale XV kunye XVI eminyaka. Ngokubanzi, kule misebenzi ichazwe kule ngcinga nabalawulayo kuluntu. Kodwa ababhali Novgorod ngokufuthi bezimi yabantu abasebenzayo. A ixesha sokurekhoda umdla kakhulu bakha bengatshatanga Russian. Amvumela ukuba okuncedisana kwaye icacise ulwazi, yaseTver, eMoscow kunye nezinye ababhali. umlando Novgorodskie kwiimpapasho ngokuqhelekileyo etyunjwe amanani amahlanu. Inxalenye endala ithathwa iseti kuqala. Icacisa iziganeko woziswa banesifo lwe ngenkulungwane ye-14. Njengenxalenye yale arch ekhoyo "Russian Inyaniso" kwi kwinguqulelo elifutshane, zokuqokelela zomthetho, equka ezikhumbuzo ezininzi mthetho. Le umlando becala wafumana irekhodi ukususela ngenkulungwane ilishumi XII yesibini. ixabiso Novgorod I ukuzicwangcisa ziyachazwa Shakhmatova isebenza. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba imisebenzi okuqala kuboniswe iseti ekupheleni wokuqala lwekhulu XI. Yena Yayikhokelwe "Tale of adlulileyo Years".

ezimnyama meaning

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngelo xesha langoku ndizibalela ifuna umlando wayo nje kuphela akwaziqonda lemfundo yembali kwaye ulwazi, kodwa. Ezimnyama bayaqhubeka ukufundisa nentlonelo enzulu elidlulileyo elizukileyo ebantwini. Zemihla namhlanje ukhuthaza imfundo wokuthand iingcamango amanene.

namanye amaxwebhu

Ukuqwalasela imithombo Russian yembali, akunakuthethwa malunga iinkumbulo abasemzini, abaya kwafuneka ukuba aye kumhlaba wesizwe. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umsebenzi wokuqala yaye kuphela ezinkulu zenzululwazi Kliuchevskoi waba PhD ithisisi kwi zamaqhawe basemzini impangele. Lo msebenzi sapapashwa njenge ngodaba. Imithombo imbali ebhalwe kufuneka ujonge umthetho, amaxwebhu karhulumente, uphando lwasenkundleni nezinto manani, izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe. Iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo malunga iziganeko ezidlulileyo, abaphandi baye bafunda emails abucala, iidayari. Xa ixesha eli qela imithombo ebhaliweyo baqala ukungena iitranskripthi zodliwano zasedaniyay amagosa aphezulu amaqela ezopolitiko kunye imibutho yezentlalo, iincwadana, iinkqubo, memoirs, iincwadana, oolindixesha (amaphephandaba kunye neemagazini) kunye namanye amaxwebhu.

Injongo yale data isifundo

Assembly of umthamo omkhulu amaxwebhu imisebenzi amaziko kamasipala kunye karhulumente kunye nemibutho eyahlukeneyo yezentlalo kunye nabantu bagxila kwii-akhayivu. Zaba ukufunyanwa, ukugcinwa kunye nokusetyenziswa ngakumbi ulwazi. isicelo Complex imithombo yembali kuvumela abaphandi ukuba kutsha iziganeko zexesha elidlulileyo ngokungakhethe cala.

Amangcwaba inkcubeko ngokomoya nangezinto

imithombo ngenkcazo zibandakanya izinto zemveli, yobomi bemihla ngemihla kunye neemeko zokuphila kwabantu. Olu didi lubandakanya, ingakumbi, izixhobo, izixhobo, izixhobo zokulima, zomdongwe, izinto, indawo yokuhlala, ifenitshala nezixhobo kuyo, ukutya, izinto zokudlala womthonyama. Kwakhona ziquka izakhiwo, impahla kunye namalaphu, kubandakanywa yesinxibo yesizwe, uhombiso, nezimfakamfele njalo njalo. Xa udidi lwemithombo ngenkcazo iquka isenzeko yobomi babantu bokomoya. Ezi ziquka usapho kunye nekhalenda amasiko, izithethe kunye neenkolelo intsomi, iintsomi, iintlobo kunye neentlobo yesizwe iingoma, imidaniso, izafobe, amabali, iintsomi, iimfihlelo, amayelenqe namabali.

Ezinye amangcwaba elidlulileyo

Kuba imithombo kwiimpawu zokubala ziquka ezo okanye eminye imisebenzi yobugcisa, kuquka petroglyphs, izinto zomntu ngamnye kunye nengqokelela lwemizobo, ukukrola, imizobo. Iqela kuquka imithombo kwezithethe zokuziphatha (emkhosini, umsebenzi, iiholide, njalo-njalo), ifashoni, amasiko, izinto nodumo.

iindlela ezintsha nokubhalisa

Ezi ndlela lokuqokelela kunye nokugcina ulwazi efunyenweyo ngokwanelisayo ngokubanzi. iindlela ezintsha ziye zavela ngenxa yokuba izinto zesayensi, uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe, inventions izifundo ezahlukeneyo. Le mithombo bamaxwebhu ziquka, umzekelo, ifilim, eziviwayo kunye nezinto lokushicilela. Ezo data iindlela zokuqokelela kuthiwa ezimanyelwayo. Bona ziqulathe ulwazi oyimfuneko ukuze ivelise kwakhona izixhobo ezifanelekileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le mithombo zithathwa ngokubanzi. Oku kungenxa yokuba ziyafana kakhulu ubuchule kwaye udlala indalo, uhlobo indlela yolwazi encoding nokucwangciswa yokugcina yabo. Okwangoku, abaninzi umboniso, photo, ividiyo kunye nesandi ezirekhodiweyo eziqulethwe kwi kumajelo enkcazelo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukhuseleko data kunye nokukwazi ukusebenzisa kubo zophando izihlandlo ezininzi ziingcali ezahlukeneyo.