East Prussia: imbali kunye modernity. Map, imida, iinqaba kunye needolophu, amasiko leMpuma Prussia

Emva kumaXesha Aphakathi ongasekhoyo ilizwe, ephakathi imilambo Neman kunye Vistula, wafumana igama layo East Prussia. Ngalo lonke ixesha sisekho wayo, amandla abatyhubela ngamaxesha ahlukahlukeneyo. Eli xesha uMyalelo, kunye duchy Prussia, kwaye ngoko ke ubukumkani, kwaye iphondo kwakunye lizwe post-imfazwe, ukuba ukuthiya ngokutsha ngokutsha phakathi Poland kunye eSoviet Union.

Imbali ingenzeka nezinto

Ukususela ngokukhankanywa yokuqala kumazwe Prussia sele kwiinkulungwane ngaphezu kweshumi. Ekuqaleni, abantu abahlala kwezi mimandla, yahlulwe yaba iziduko (izizwe) ngubani bahlukaniswa imida eziqhelekileyo.

Le babeziindleko enkulu lifa Prussia kuhlawulwa yi ekunene ngoku mmandla ekhoyo eKaliningrad, inxalenye iPoland Lithuania. Ezi ziquka samba kunye Skalov, Warmia kunye pogesanians, pomesanians kunye nomhlaba natangians Kulmskaya kunye Pati, Galindo kunye Sassen, Skalov kunye nadruvians, Mazovia neenqanawa.

uzuza amaninzi

amazwe Prussia lonke ixesha sisekho wayo, rhoqo phantsi imizamo ukoyisa phezu inxenye abamelwane olomeleleyo ndlongondlongo. Ngoko ke, kwinkulungwane yeshumi kwi kwizikhewu etyebileyo ngokumema evulekileyo beza leTeutonic Knights - Omnqamlezo. Baye wakha iinqaba ezininzi kunye chateaux, umzekelo Kulm, Reden, Thorne.

Noko ke, ngo-1410 emva kokuba Battle edume Grunwald Prussia waba utshintsho eligudileyo ezandleni iPoland Lithuania.

War kweminyaka esixhenxe 'ngenkulungwane elinesibhozo phantsi amandla yomkhosi Prussia kwaye kwakhokelela ekubeni into yokuba amanye amazwe zasempumalanga oyiswa buBukhosi Russian.

Kule mpi kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini nabo angawaconganga la mazwe. Ukususela ngowe-1914, East Prussia wabandakanyeka leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, kwaye ngo-1944 - yeSibini World War.

Kwaye emva kokuba uloyiso eentloko ezaxhobela yiSoviet ngo-1945, oko ngokuqhelekileyo abakho kwaye similise kummandla Kaliningrad.

Ubukho phakathi iimfazwe

Ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, ubunzima ilahleko enkulu East Prussia. Imephu ka 1939 sele waba utshintsho, kunye nokuhlaziya iphondo ukwimeko embi. Ngapha koko, akukho ndawo kuphela eJamani, apho ithathe amadabi ekulweni.

Nokusayinwa iSivumelwano Versailles neembila zithutha ngenxa East Prussia. Abaphumeleleyo baye bagqiba ekubeni ukunciphisa nommandla wayo. Ngoko ke, ukususela 1920 ukuya 1923 kwisixeko Memel kunye kummandla Memel waba League of Nations ukulawula ngoncedo amabutho baseFransi. Kodwa emva kokuba ngoJanuwari Uprising ngo-1923 le meko itshintshe. Kwaye kakade ngo-1924 eli lizwe libe izimele yaba yinxalenye Lithuania.

Ukongeza, East Prussia, ize kulahleke enye intsimi Zoldan (Dzialdowo isixeko).

Xa iyonke, kuye uxhulumaniso malunga 315 lamawaka eehektare zomhlaba. Kwaye oku Akukho mmandla encinane. Ngenxa yezi nguqu zihlala iphondo baxakekile, kunye neengxaki ezinkulu kwezoqoqosho.

imeko yehlabathi yezoqoqosho yezopolitiko 20 kunye 30.

Xa eko kusasa, emva kokuba kuqheleke unxulumano lobuchule phakathi kwe eSoviet Union neJamani, umgangatho wokuphila e East Prussia ngcembe waqalisa ukuphucula. nkampani Moscow-Königsberg yavulwa, siqhubeke mboniso lwasempumalanga waseJamani, waqalisa ukusebenza Kenigsbergsskaya radio ezidolophini.

Noko ke, le kwintlekele yoqoqosho lwehlabathi angawaconganga la mazwe amandulo. Kwaye iminyaka emihlanu (1929-1933 gg.) Kuphela Königsberg kwaba ongenamali iinkampani ezingamakhulu amahlanu elinesithathu ezahlukeneyo, kwaye izinga lentswela lenyuka kubantu ezilikhulu lamawaka. Kwimeko enjalo, usebenzisa i akuso kwaye awuqinisekanga urhulumente ngoku, i Party zamaNazi wathabatha ulawulo ezandleni zabo.

redivision yommandla

Iimephu ze East Prussia de-1945 wenza isixa esikhulu yokutshintsha. Kwaba okufanayo ngowe-1939, emva kokuba umsebenzi ePoland abendlu ka ku Germany. Ngenxa yoko, ucando ezintsha zala mazwe Polish kunye Klaipeda (Memel) kummandla Lithuania ziye zasekwa kweli phondo. A emzini Elbing, Marienburg kunye Marienwerder yaba yinxalenye kwisithili omtsha West Prussia.

AmaNazi ziye zenza izicwangciso namabhongo ukuba redivision of Europe. Kwaye imephu leMpuma Prussia, ngokoluvo lwabo, yaba liziko kwindawo kwezoqoqosho phakathi kwiBaltic kunye neelwandle Black, ngokuxhomekeka Ukuvuma ngokwemimandla eSoviet Union. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zicwangciso ayikwazanga kuphumelela.

Ixesha post-imfazwe

Njengoko ukufika imikhosi Soviet leMpuma Prussia chu siguqulwe. Misela ofisi ngqwayi zomkhosi wakhe, nto leyo engadlulanga u-Apreli 1945, kwakukho sele ezingamashumi amathathu anesithandathu. Injongo yabo nokubalisa labemi waseJamani,-inventri yesikolo zize inguqu ngokuthe ngcembe kubomi yomphakathi.

Kuloo minyaka, kwi wonke ummandla leMpuma Prussia zokufihla amawaka zamagosa German namajoni benze amaqela abandakanyeka ngabom kunye loku-. Kuphela ngo-Aprili 1945, iofisi-ngqwayi zomkhosi wakhe wathimba fascists ngaphezu kwamawaka amathathu.

Noko ke, kummandla Königsberg kunye nakwiindawo ezikufutshane likhaya abemi elula German. Kwakukho abantu abamalunga nama-140 amawaka.

Ngowe-1946 isixeko Königsberg kwathiwa igama eKaliningrad, kubangele ibunjiwe nommandla Kaliningrad. Kwaye elizayo oko kutshintshile amagama kunye nezinye iindawo zokuhlala. Ngokuphathelele olu tshintsho iye redone kwaye imephu ekhoyo phambi 1945 East Prussia.

East Prussia amazwe namhlanje

Kule mihla, intsimi owayesakuba kummandla eKaliningrad yi Prussians. East Prussia zayeka ukubakhona ngo-1945. Kwaye nangona le ngingqi ibe yinxalenye Russian Federation, ke ngokwendawo ngokwahlukana. Ukongeza kwiziko lolawulo - eKaliningrad (ukuya ku 1946 abathwele igama Königsberg), kwizixeko ephuhliswe kakuhle ezifana Bagrationovsk, eBaltic, Gvardeisk, Amber, Sovetsk, Chernyakhovsk, Krasnoznamensk, Neman, Ozersk, Primorsk, Svetlogorsk. Le ndawo iqulathe kwizithili ezisixhenxe ezidolophini, izixeko ezibini nezithili elinambini. abantu Main abahlala kulo mmandla - a Russian, Belarusians, Ukraine, Lithuanians, Armenia baseJamani.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ummandla eKaliningrad ubekwa kwindawo yokuqala kwimveliso evuthiweyo, ukulondoloza esifubeni sayo asithoba ezinye ekhulwini koovimba bayo jikelele.

Iindawo ezinika umdla zotyelelo mihla East Prussia

Nangona namhlanje imephu leMpuma Prussia yatshintsha ngaphaya ingqalelo, kunye kumhlaba ome kwiidolophu neelali zazo kwaye ngoku kwisikhumbuzo elidlulileyo. Umoya lizwe enkulu aphel kwaye yeva kummandla yanamhlanje eKaliningrad besemizini yabo, ezibe amagama Tapiau kunye Taplaken, Tilsit kunye Insterburg, Ragnit kunye Waldau.

Abakhenkethi ukuba zikhenkethe ezithandwayo zenziwa efama stud "Georgenburg". Ivela kwinkulungwane yokuqala weshumi elinesithathu. Georgenburg nqaba iyindawo kartel German kwaye yenko- sizathu siphambili ukuya ihashe lokuzala.

Kude kube ngoku, ibandla siyakhuselwa kakuhle, elakhiwa ngenkulungwane elinesine (kwizixeko zangaphambili Hayligenvalde kunye arnau), kwakunye ibandla kwinkulungwane yeshumi kwi kwintsimi isixeko yangaphambili Tapiau. Ezi zakhiwo iingangamsha rhoqo Ziyakhunjuzwa abantu ngamaxesha amahasa leTeutonic Order wempumelelo.

nqaba knight kaThixo

ilizwe maxesha amandulo abazizityebi oovimba yegolide evuthiweyo kwatsala bahlaseli German. Kwinkulungwane weshumi iinkosana Polish, kunye leTeutonic Knights ngcembe bababamba nempahla kanye wazakhela ezinde ezininzi. Egqithiseleyo abathile kubo, nokuba ezikhumbuzo zokwakha, yaye namhlanje kwenza kwahlala njalo bexesha lakhe. Inani omkhulu iinqaba aphakathi kwakhiwa kwiinkulungwane lweshumi elinesihlanu. izakhiwo zazo ndawo zafakwa inqaba Valenod-zodongwe Prussia. Xa usakha iinqaba ngokuyimfuneko igcinwe isiko style nombhinqo bokwakha Gothic zamaXesha Aphakathi emva kwexesha. Ukongeza, zonke izakhiwo ngokuvisisana isicwangciso enye ukwakhiwa kwayo. Namhlanje wamandulo nqaba Insterburg avule engaqhelekanga open-air imyuziyam.

Phakathi abahlali kunye neendwendwe kummandla eKaliningrad i ezintlwini kwilali ethandwa kakhulu. It is a museum eyodwa kwemimandla izisele yamandulo Waldau Castle. Emva kokutyelela ngayo, sitsho ngengqiniseko ukuba phambi kwamehlo akhe kwande imbali yonke East Prussia, kususela kwimihla Prussians amandulo nesiphelo ilixa osanda Soviet.