Ukugqitywa kokuhlanganiswa kwamazwe aseRashiya eMoscow. Iminyaka yokulawula kuka-Ivan III noBasil III

Isiphelo XV kunye ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVI - umda phakathi kumaXesha Aphakathi kunye nexesha entsha, eyaziwa ngokuba Renaissance, yaba ixesha lokusekwa lokugqibela uninzi amazwe aseYurophu. Kweli nqanaba kukho kunye nokugqitywa yokumanya kumazwe Russian ngeenxa eMoscow ukubusa. In memory abantu bakaThixo amagama lwabasunguli zayo belifa. Ezi zizo grand uIvan Iii, owayelawula ukususela 1462 ngo 1505, kunye nonyana wakhe, Vasily III, lowo ngamandla ukususela 1505 ukuya 1533.

Iimpawu lonke of Western Yurophu neRashiya

Kufuneka ngoko nangoko kuqatshelwe ukuba eRashiya yaye amazwe aseYurophu, umbutho wabasebenzi mhlaba ngaphambili zahlukane kwenzeka zokwenene ezahlukeneyo zembali. Kwi-West, ukudalwa ithi esembindini ukukhuthaza ukukhula zokuvelisa izinto, nto leyo, ukunyuka ngokuphucula ubudlelwane yorhwebo-mali kunye neziphumo kuqoqosho ekuyekeni izakhelo abasenyongweni.

ERashiya, yonke into eyahlukileyo. iinkulungwane ezimbini lwethathari idyokhwe lwanciphisa uphuhliso loqoqosho kunye nenkcubeko yawo, yaye ngenxa lokumanywa Rus kwenzeka nxamnye umbutho feudal kuqoqosho, nto leyo ngokungathandabuzekiyo waba umqobo kule nkqubo. Ukongeza, kanye kukudala imeko esembindini kwenzeka kuphela kumntla-ntshona nomntla-mpuma lizwe, njengoko uninzi emazweni asemazantsi ezibe yinxalenye inxalenye yokuqala Kievan Rus, saqhotyoshelwa eHungary, Poland naseLithuania.

Uqhekeko - unobangela lokubamba amazwe Russian

Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, esona sizathu siphambili kuloyiso Udelnaya Russia Golden hlokondiba waba uqhekeko wayo, nto leyo bakhonze umzekelo Vladimir ubulawuli njengoko, lahlulwe emva kokufa zomlawuli walo Prince Vsevolod phakathi kwiindlalifa, waza waba ixhoba lula boyisa. Kwaye ngezenzeko ezifanayo kwimbali Russia kwelo xesha usekelwe kuyo yonke indawo. Eninzi Grand Duchy, emva ngokwahlukana yabo fiefdoms ezincinane, baphelelwe ngamandla yangaphambili baphulukana nako ukuxhathisa utshaba. Imbali National yi ni swikombiso ezinjalo.

Noko ke, abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba kukho Usongo evela Golden mkhosi mkhulu kunene, khanate kamva ezahlukeneyo, yena uwaphule apho phezulu, kwaye umgaqo-nkqubo ndlongo yabamelwane Western olukhawulezisiweyo kakhulu kokugqitywa yokumanya kumazwe Russian ngeenxa Moscow, iyenza kubalulekile. Uninzi lwe-credit bobabo ukuphunyezwa kwayo wanyukela kwetrone 1462, Ivan III.

Ngumdali lukarhulumente munye

Kamva waba ibaluleke ngokwenene kwimbali Russian, lo mlawuli, izandla zabo phezu enyangweni, ngelo xesha, urhulumente, xa wayeneminyaka emashumi mabini anambini kuphela. Ukuba kwaba yimpumelelo kunye wezopolitiko ejongelwe kwixesha elide elizayo, waba ngowokuqala kwimbali yelizwe baba eyaziwa ngokuba yi "woMlawuli of All Russia." Kwaba ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe waba Umfuziselo ukhozi zethu elineentloko ezimbini, yaye eMoscow yakhiwa, apho ikhona unanamhla ilitye yesicelo.

Ivan III, wayetshate nomtshana umlawuli yaseByzantium, kuqaliswa enkundleni kubomi bemihla ngemihla umsitho oluchumileyo, hayi obuphantsi kwabo esamkelwa kwiNdibano kwiinkundla yaseYurophu. Kwaba phantsi kolawulo lwakhe, igama endala Russ yasuswa yi yangoku - Russian. Yena ziqhuba utshintsho lolawulo ezinkulu, waza waba ngomnye wababhali edume Sudebnik - iseti yemithetho embambano nawolwaphulo-mthetho.

Code of Laws of Ivan III

Ngokutsho oku, obuqhubekayo kakhulu ngexesha layo, uxwebhu, i Boyar Duma yasekwa kwi Grand Duke. abameli balo baxhotyiswe ulawulo lwemimandla eyahluka-hlukeneyo nakubomi babo baba nabalawuli kwi ezishelfini neerhuluneli njengenkosana emizini.

Kwabakho ke sunguleni-odolo - urhulumente kazwelonke, apho olawulwa ngokukodwa izidwangube okanye oomabhalane oomabhalane. Kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, kunjalo - mabandla, ulawulo olwenziwe ebizwa ngokuba yi-volostelyami - elawula Isakhiwo eyenziwa ngabantu abakhululekileyo.

Of wawuthi iziko ulawulo olungqongqo ngenxa neenkokheli izinduna zasekuhlaleni kwaye ikhankanya izohlwayo kunokwenzeka kwimeko-zokungathotyelwa umyalelo yenene. A Inani lamanqaku ngokuphathelele umbutho-mkhosi. Endaweni yangaphambili amaqela iinkosana saa wadala umkhosi emanyeneyo. Local iindwalutho-abaqeshisi zacelwa, ukuba kukho imfuneko, kufuneka zenziwe zifumaneke kwi-Grand lweTshawe ngeendleko zakhe ukuze kuxhotyiswe inani elithile imadlana yonyawo ngamakhoboka owaya. Inani labo belisondliwa ngobungakanani umnini welifa.

Kunye nale Moscow fiefdoms ngaphambili ezizimeleyo

yezopolitiko Wise kwaye ngamanye amaxesha onobuqili kakhulu, uIvan ikwazile, uphambuke ezintethweni impixano evulekileyo, yisa uqhagamshelwano eMoscow, nje kumntla Russia. Oku kwaqala ngo-1468, xa iinkosana ethile Yaroslavl, ukuqaphela igunya elongamileyo ka Ivan, wangena nokuzithoba kwakhe.

kweminyaka emine kamva kwafika Perm inxalenye Omkhulu ulawulo lwakhe. Rostov ubulawuli ngelo xesha uzimele kuphela isiqingatha - inxalenye kodwa wathenga yesibini phambi kokuba (suppliers) uyise Ivan III, Moscow Prince Vasiliy Tomny. Ngowe-1474, intengiselwano kwaqhubeka kwaye ngenxa yoko, wonke ummandla eseleyo ukuba ligqithiselwe eRashiya.

Ezinye iingxaki ezavelayo kunye ukulawula saseTver, engqongwe yi umsesane ngaphambi emazweni eMoscow. Abanumzana balo de kutshanje ndixambulisana Ivan, ukukhusela inkululeko yawo, kodwa emehlweni nabantu bakhe enkulu, iindlela ukuya iindonga zesixeko, waba ingxoxo exhasayo kangangokuba akhawuleza ukuthatha isifungo sokunyaniseka.

Inkqubo elandelayo kuquka ukulawula ngo-1489 ilizwe Vyatskiye yindawo ebalulekileyo zokuloba. Ke othe zengcebo iimali ezinkulu, tsenivsheysya kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe - uboya.

Ngenxa yokuba i-mandla lonke ulawulo ithi nkqubo Russian, leyo gqolo bamsukela Ivan III, ukongeza ekukhuleni ngcembe kuqoqosho lweli amandla empi, ndakumandisa iwonga karhulumente. Oku kube negalelo ekubeni kule minyaka yokuqala, apho kuya kuza kwinkulungwane XVI inani elininzi abathetheli Russian, weza evela kwimimandla esentshona lizwe, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo ewele kwinkonzo abalawuli Lithuanian, babuyela kwilizwe labo.

ebuhlungu Novgorod

Noko ke, asingabo bonke abantu lwalukumanqanaba alo ugqityiwe yokumanya kumazwe Russian malunga eMoscow zenzeka kakuhle. Umzekelo woku iziganeko ezimangalisayo eyitwabulule ngeenxa Novgorod, wahlala unangoku ezimeleyo Boyar Republic. Kulo isiphumo yokuvuselelwa kulawulo, ukusebenza ngo 1410, kuye komelezwa ngamandla wabanumzana oligarchic, yaye umthetho ka Basil Dark ukususela 1456, anikwe inkosana iphezulu igunya lendawo yenkundla.

Kukoyika (kufanele) ukuphulukana inxalenye ebalulekileyo amalungelo emva ngaphantsi Novgorod eMoscow, wakhokela izinduna, saya Posad umhlolokazi Marfoy Boretskoy, ukuba bafune uncedo kwi-Lithuanian Prince Casimir, uyavumelana koNebhukadenetsare kwimeko ngenkxaso yayo kumlo Ivan III. Ukuphendula, umthetheli eMoscow wathabatha amanyathelo angqongqo ngenxa nto leyo 1471 bafudukela kwabaneenkani isixeko yomkhosi emanyeneyo, eyenziwe amaqela kuzo zonke izilawuli eMoscow subordinated.

Le ngxoxo kubalulekile, nto leyo ukuba Ivan III kwixesha elifutshane ukuqokelela umkhosi onocwangco ngolu hlobo of Novgorod waba ukuya phantsi kwegunya umlawuli yamaKatolika, ngaloo ndlela enikela isizathu ukuba yokummangalela zokufuna ukuba babelane ukholo Orthodox kwi "Latin". Ngokungafaniyo eMoscow amatshantliziyo, abavukeli baye bahlangana mkhulu kunene, kodwa athathwe abangaqeqeshelwanga kabi exhobileyo. Ngexesha idabi lokugqibela, olwabanjwa ngomhla Shelon emlanjeni, bagxothiwe kwaye makabulawe basaba.

Noko ke, nangona ukoyiswa Ngokukodwa Novgorod wakwazi ukuthethana nesikhulu, kunye bahlawule imali isityhwentywe semali ngenxa ixesha elithile ukuze ugcine iintsalela elalisakuba ukuzimela. Okokugqibela, i-Novgorod iye yafakwa eMoscow ngo-1478. A njengesenzo esingumqondiso ukuhluthwa ilungelo self-determination yaba iwuthimbe lo Novgorod intsimbi ibandla labo, ukusuka kudaladala ebezibanjwe ukuba ukusombulula imiba ebalulekileyo yangoku.

Emva ukungeniswa Novgorod Prince of eMoscow yaba kuloyiso yaseTver ubulawuli igcina kude kube ngoku ukuzimela. Apha, ngendlela ethile ndaphinda ibali elinye njenga kwi Novgorod. YaseTver prince, bengakholwa ukuba angabi nako ukumelana amandla ophezulu eMoscow, icele uncedo kubalawuli efanayo Lithuanian njengoko Novgorod, yaye ngenxa yoko ubunzima bebonke isiphelo sinye.

Kuyo yonke le minyaka imashumi mane-emithathu wobukumkani bakhe, uIvan III waphum injongo single - ubunye kumazwe abanemfundo Russian. Kuba lo wangena imbali yesizwe "Collector of kumazwe Russian." Yena Ubaguqisa Grand Duchy ezininzi ngaphambili ezizimeleyo.

Ukuphela ukubola idyokhwe

Kodwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ibhodi yaso kuphawula isiganeko ezibalulekileyo ezifana ekupheleni kwexesha le-tartar idyokhwe, leyo yabalasela uloyiso abendlu ka inkosana eMoscow phezu ingxokolo Ahmad Khan on the Ugra River ngo-1480. Eyafunyanwa ngayo noludumileyo hayi kakhulu emkhosini njengoko bokuphathisana ngobuchule, nto leyo ikhokelele Ivan III wayekwazi ukwenza sizana iCrimea Khan, ngubani utshaba ukrakra umdlali bakhe ngoku, yaye kwangaxeshanye Nokwethisa isenzo Ahmed Khan, sizana, Lithuanian King. Ngenxa yoko, eqonda amandla edabini, i Tartars umkile kwizikhundla zabo lweMedia.

Ezihlangwini zikayise xa

Ngowe-1505 le Moscow itrone ezukileyo unyana ka-Ivan III, Vasily III, ukususela kwimihla ngqa kwi-ofisi wazibonakalisa ezihlangwini ishishini kayise. Ngenxa nguzwilakhe oyinyaniso, wayiqhubela inkqubo onzima, injongo leyo, ukuze ayichithe nkqubo indala oozilawuli qhoboshela eMoscow wayesenawo ngelo izilawuli ezizimeleyo Rus ixesha.

Fair ukuba uthi inkosana mfana akazange ngaphantsi kuyise yakhe nasekulawuleni kwakhe nokumiselwa izenzo zakhe, okanye ukukwazi ukuba ukhethe kubo mzuzu kuFeliks. Kulo mba, ukubambelela kakuhle ziqhelekile Moscow ulawulo lwe Pskov, ngubani kwada ngoko ilawulwa yi Lithuania. Ukuze wenze oku, Basil wathabatha buthathaka yakhe ebangelwe ayehlasela iCrimea nangezinto.

Yena olungenayo ubuqili lokuba kuyise. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1509 Basil 3 wayalelwa ukuba ndihle ndiyikhawulele naye Novgorod, Pskov abameli tenements, kwakunye bonke abo aneliseke umnqweno wakhe ukuzisa Pskov phantsi kolawulo eMoscow kaThixo. Bonke baya kufika umyalelo wakhe, walibeka ukungabikho nentembelo kuye, yaye inkoliso yabo wobulawa afe.

IBhodi Basil 3 aphelise kwisixeko owayesakuba Independence. Emva kokuba ukubulawa nabameli baloo dolophu ka Pskov, ndingowokugqibela kwimbali yayo, ibhunga, leyo yamkela isigqibo kuzalisekisa ngokungagungqiyo zonke iimfuno yesibhovubhovu. Pskov Veche intsimbi, njengoko wenza amanye Novgorod, wadutyulwa ngokusisigxina isuswe esixekweni.

Kwixesha elizayo, ukuba bazikhusele inkcaso kunokwenzeka ngokufaka mzi impahla yakhe, umthetheli oselula ugxothiwe kulo ezingamakhulu amathathu iintsapho bazizinhanha kwaye bahlala endaweni yawo isixa ngokulinganayo ngokucacileyo abanyanisekileyo kuye abantu abavela kwezinye iindawo. Noko ke, le mbono akangowakhe kuye, aze uyise Ivan III, ukubhalisa kanye ngexesha elifanelekileyo ukuze abantu abatyebileyo Novgorod woyisa. Basil 3 Ekubeni bupheliswe Pskov Veche kwinkqubo yangaphambili, wacela ukulawula iirhuluneli zakhe.

Phambili inkqubo yokudibanisa ilizwe

Kwiminyaka emine emva koko, nokuqhubeka ukulandela up umanyano of Russia, Vasily III wajoyina ulawulo yakhe ESmolensk, reconquered ngo-1514 Lithuanians. Ukukhunjulwa kwesi siganeko sele immortalized yi ngendalo eMoscow Novodevichy Convent. Ku ngokunzulu wasiwa ESmolensk Icon ye nguMama kaThixo, yamkelwa ngokungummangaliso, waqubuda njengoko imida UmKhuseli ekwakuphila yaseRashiya.

Ukugqitywa yokugqibela yokumanya kumazwe Russian malunga eMoscow lifikelelwe emva ngo-1521 xa urhulumente wangena Ryazan ukubusa. Kwaba phambi uxhomekeke ethile kwi abathetheli Moscow, kodwa sigcine ezinye ukuzimela. Noko ke, kwaba ibilithuba abemi Ryazan baze babe ngabemi eMoscow.

Izidumbu yolawulo engundoqo

Kule ndibano imihlaba Russian ngayo yagqitywa bengatshatanga, nto leyo yaba likhulu eYurophu, wabiza ukususela ngoko Russia. Kodwa inkqubo wachukumisa kuphela kwiindawo emantla-mpuma nomntla-ntshona eRashiya. Ukuzisa efanayo phantsi intonga izilawuli ka Moscow, sime kumazwe kumzantsi-ntshona, kwaye asathe gqolo ukuba phantsi kolawulo Hungary, Poland kunye Lithuania, yaba mbandela kwixesha elizayo.

Ukugqitywa yokumanya kumazwe Russian malunga eMoscow lufuna ekudalweni isixhobo nabakwaziyo ukubonelela ulawulo oluyintloko zikarhulumente ntsha. Baba Boyar Duma. Yakhe yokuqala yaye zibandakanya abameli iiklasi ezimbini ephezulu ngexesha le izinduna kunye zayo, kodwa ukusuka embindini XV ngenkulungwane nokubunjwa kwayo wongezelela kwiinkosana komhlaba eqhotyoshelweyo eMoscow, sinyanisekile umlawuli ephakamileyo. Boyar Duma umnakekeli yowiso-mthetho yaye umlinganiswa umzimba yengxoxo.

Ebudeni bolawulo Basil 3 arhente ezimbini karhulumente, wabeka isiseko abunjwe kamva inkqubo mandative ziye zasekwa. Ngabo babizwa ngokuba-Palace kunye nguNondyebo. Owokuqala ukudlulisa ulawulo lomhlaba, ukubayinxalenye i-Grand Duke, kwaye ekuqhutyweni yesibini baba ezemali, ugcino kunye ngophawu karhulumente.

Ngokutsho zophando ezininzi, kokugqitywa yokumanya kumazwe Russian malunga eMoscow kwaphunyelelwa becala ngenxa indima edlalwe yi-Orthodox Russian kule nkqubo. Ukuphucula ixabiso layo ekusombululeni imiba engxamisekileyo yesizwe negalelo ukwakhiwa ngo-1448 kwi itrone Metropolitan of Ryazan Metropolitan uYona. Ukususela ngelo xesha, ibandla eRashiya lafumana iwonga le autocephalous, oko kukuthi eyahlukileyo nezizimeleyo kwezinye iicawa zasekuhlaleni, yaye ebonakalayo iphembelela nkqubo namazwe angaphandle karhulumente.

izinga entsha ubudlelwane

Impangele kwenkulungwane ye-16 eye esekwe ngokudibana zamazwe ngaphambili saa wafumana iwonga eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo kwimibandela yomgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle. Ukuba ngaphambili ukuba nje kuba neentlobano zokwazana khans iGolden anayo kwaye uluhlu eliqingqiweyo abathetheli, ngoko emva kokuba lizwe waqalisa ukumela komdibaniso uhlanga Great Russian kunye nomlawuli walo kubizwa ngokuba lobunganga, ukuba uye kwindawo yalo efanelekileyo eYurophu.

bokuphathisana Russian weza kwinqanaba eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Emva kokuba kugqityiwe ilizwe ukumanywa North-Eastern eRashiya, eMoscow, akwamanye amazwe kumaxesha angaphambili baqalisa ukuza ukuba engozini ukuya kungena babeziindleko Russian kwi Novgorod. Ngokwendalo, oku kwenza iingxaki ezithile, njengoko kwafuneka ngaphambili ukujongana kuphela izinduna, abathi nokholo ukuthetha ulwimi olufanayo. Ngoku, ebudeni thethwano kwakufuneka uthathe ingqalelo iimpawu zezinye iinkolo kunye ukusebenzisa neetoliki, kunye kamva iilwimi zokufunda.

Nempikiswano abathetheli ababini Moscow Ivan III, kwakunye nonyana wakhe ezihlangwini Affairs Vasily III ayinakuphikiswa. Ngenxa imibhalo yabo, iileta, kwendisa ngaphandle, utyikitye ukususela kwesihloko "INkosana eMoscow All Russia." Oku kwakuthetha ukuba wonke eRashiya wavala ku litye lesikhumbuzo ukuba ungaqhubeka ukumelana naluphi na uvavanyo.