Grand Neendwalutho eRashiya. Abalawuli of Russia yamandulo

Kievan Rus - karhulumente kumaxesha, ezivele kwinkulungwane IX. Zizo ezo zokuqala ezukileyo wabeka yokuhlala bakhe kwisixeko of Kiev, leyo, ngokutsho legend, yasekwa kwi VI. Abazalwana abathathu - Kyi, Scheck kunye eHorebhe. Urhulumente ngokukhawuleza waya kungena kwisigaba eneentyatyambo awuthimba isikhundla ebalulekileyo yamazwe ngamazwe. Oku lula yi kwamiselwa ubudlelwane bezopolitiko kunye norhwebo kunye nabamelwane enamandla enjalo, Byzantium kunye Khazar Khanate.

Board Askold

Igama 'Russian Land "wabelwa urhulumente nekomkhulu yayo Kiev ebudeni bolawulo Askold (cent IX.). In "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka," igama lakhe ekhankanywe ecaleni Dir - umfowabo omdala. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho data ebhodini yayo. Oku kunika izizathu eziliqela ngembali (umzekelo, Rybakovu B. A.) ukunxibelelanisa igama Amaxhama nelinye elithi Askold. Ngaphezu koko, kusekho umbuzo ezingekasonjululwa ngemvelaphi abalawuli zokuqala Kievan. Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa namabamba awo Varangian, abanye kuveliswe imvelaphi Askold kunye Dir evela entsimini (Kiya inzala).

"Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" unika iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo malunga ebukumkanini Askold. Ngo-860, wenza iphulo oyimpumelelo Byzantium kwaye emva kweveki eyayibanjelwe obloge eConstantinople. Ngokutsho legend, wenza umlawuli yaseByzantium ukuqaphela naseRussia njengohlobo geqe. Kodwa ngo-882 ukuba wabulawa Askold, Oleg, ngubani na ke wahlala etroneni Kiev.

Board Oleg

Oleg - wokuqala Grand Prince of Kiev, owayelawula kwiminyaka 882-912. Ngokutsho legend, wafumana amandla e Novgorod ngu Rurik ngo-879, ibamba unyana wakhe kweentsana, uze emva koko wafudukela yokuhlala sakhe isigxina eyayiseKiev. Ngowe-885 Oleg sele iqhotyoshelwe kumhlaba ulawulo lakhe Radimichi Slaven Krivichy waza wenza uhambo ukuya Ulichi kunye Tivertsy. Ngowe-907 wenza ngokuchasene uMbuso onamandla Byzantine. Uloyiso brilliant Oleg Nestor ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha emsebenzini wakhe. Grand Duke hambo nje kuphela wanceda ukomeleza indawo eRussia kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele, kodwa wavula ufikelelo kurhwebo umsebenzi-free kunye uBukhosi baseByzantium. New loyiso Oleg eConstantinople ngowe-911 waqinisekisa amalungelo abarhwebi Russian.

Ukuba ezi ziganeko kuphela ibakala ukuyilwa urhulumente omtsha kunye neziko e Kiev kwaye iqala ithuba ngokuchuma omkhulu.

Igor and kaOlga wobukumkani

Emva kokufa Oleg weza amandla, unyana ka-Rurik - (. 912-945 gg) Igor. Ngokufanayo kwakhe, Igor kwafuneka lijongane nabathetheli ukungathobeli ubuhlobo tribal ilawulwe. wobukumkani bakhe luqala ingxabano Drevlyane, yohlwaya kunye Tivertsy, apho Duke Grand wawaleka unikelo ngokugqithiseleyo. Loo mgaqo-nkqubo ichazwe ukufa kwakhe kusondele ezandleni Drevlyane eneenkani. Ngokutsho legend, xa Igor waphinda wabuya weza ukuqokelela irhafu, baqubuda yimithi emibini, ebotshelelwe iziciko zeenyawo zakhe wakhululwa.

Emva kokufa amanene wenyuka itrone umfazi wakhe Olga (945-964 gg.). Eyona njongo iphambili yale nkqubo yalo revenge for kokufa kwendoda yakhe. Wamelana yonke antiryurikovskie mood Drevlyane yaye ekugqibeleni phantsi igunya labo. Ukongeza, enegama Olga Enkulu wacofa ubhaptizo umzamo wokuqala Kievan Rus, leyo aluphumelelanga. Iinkqubo ukuba unqulo imeko isibhengezo of Christianity, waqhubeka elandela Neendwalutho Grand.

Board Svyatoslav

Svyatoslav - unyana ka Igor kunye Olga - imithetho kwiminyaka 964-980. Uye ebezimisele-nkqubo ndlongondlongo angaphandle kwaye phantse zange awukhathalele iingxaki yangaphakathi karhulumente. Okokuqala, xa engekho, ulawulo abandakanyeke Olga, yaye emva kokufa kwakhe iindawo ezintathu kwimicimbi karhulumente (eKiev, umhlaba Drevlyansky kunye Novgorod) kuphelela zizikhulu Russian omkhulu Jaropolk, Oleg kunye Vladimir.

Svyatoslav wenza iphulo ngempumelelo nxamnye Khazar Khanate. Ngaphambi neqembu yakhe nako ukumelana inqaba enamandla ezifana Samandar, Sarkel Itil. Ngo-967, aqala eli phulo Balkan. Svyatoslav wayithimba imimandla kwimimandla esezantsi weDanube, wathabatha Pereyaslav waza watyala apho nesekela lakhe. Ayehamba ecaleni KwiiBalkans yena unamandla okumdambisa into yonke Bulgaria. Kodwa endleleni Svyatoslav ekhaya squad woyiswa Pechenegs, ezenzeka zoqoqo kunye nomlawuli lamaByzantine. kunye Duke Grand wafa obloge.

Vladimira Velikogo Board

Vladimir unyana ongumgqakhwe ka Svyatoslav, njengoko bazalwa Malusha - asithandayo Princess Olga. UYise ikamva umlawuli enkulu phezu kwetrone Novgorod, kodwa embambanweni wakwazi ukuba ingaxuthi itrone Kiev. Kanye ngamandla, uVladimir kuhlengahlengiswa ulawulo imimandla kunye neengcambu kwi izizwe phantsi ilizwe naziphi na iimpawu yezikhulu yasekuhlaleni. Oko xa indawo ngokwahlulwa yezizwe Kievan Rus indawo.

Xa mazwe United Vladimir umiwe ngamaqela amaninzi eentlanga kunye nezizwe. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, kwakunzima irhuluneli ukugcina lwesidima karhulumente, nkqu ngezigalo. Oku kwakhokelela imfuneko zizizathu ezizinzululwazi amalungelo Vladimir kuzo zonke izizwe yolawulo. Ngoko ke, inkosana wagqiba wokuhlaziya ubuhedeni ngokubeka e Kiev, kufuphi nendawo elisembindini yebhotwe elalibizwa ngokuba Grand Neendwalutho, nezigodo zonke oothixo Slavic kakhulu iziqu.

rus ubhaptizo

Ukuzama ukuba uguqule ubuhedeni aluphumelelanga. Emva koko Vladimir wabiza abaphathi zobumbano zesizwe ezahlukeneyo, abathi Islam, ubuYuda, ubuKristu, njalo njalo. D. Emva kokuphulaphula neengcebiso zabo malunga unqulo olutsha karhulumente, inkosana kuthunyelwa baseByzantium Chersonese. Emva kokuba iphulo ngempumelelo, uVladimir wabhengeza injongo yakhe ukuba itshate okweqanda yaseByzantium uAna, kodwa ekubeni kwakungenakwenzeka, njengoko wayesithi ubuhedeni, Prince wabhaptizwa. Ukubuyela eKiev, irhuluneli wathumela abathunywa kulo mzi, ukuba umyalelo bonke abemi imini beze Dnieper. weza Januwari 19 988 abantu ngasemlanjeni, apho babhaptizwa ababingeleli baseByzantium. Eneneni, ubhaptizo Rus waba ngenkani.

Ukholo entsha akazange waba lonke. Okokuqala, ubuKristu inxenye kubahlali imizi emikhulu, yaye amabandla de ngenkulungwane XII. kukho iindawo ezikhethekileyo ukuze abantu abadala.

Meaning inkolo yombuso declaration

Ukwamkelwa of Christianity waba nempembelelo enkulu kuphuhliso ngakumbi karhulumente. Okokuqala, oku kwakhokelela yokuba izikhulu ezinkulu Russian ziye waqinisa igunya lakhe phezu kwizizwe kwamaqela kunye nabantu. Okwesibini, indima karhulumente kwanda kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele. Ukwamkelwa of Christianity wanceda ubudlelwano olusondeleyo baseByzantium uBukhosi, i-Czech Republic, Poland, uBukhosi waseJamani, Bulgaria neRoma. kwakhona negalelo amaphulo yamajoni Grand iindwalutho eRashiya engasekho Zisebenziselwa indlela engundoqo ukuphunyezwa kwezicwangciso-nkqubo angaphandle.

Le wobukumkani Yaroslava Mudrogo

Yaroslav Mudry of Kievan Rus kumanyana phantsi kolawulo lwakhe 1036 emva kweminyaka emininzi wembambano yamakhaya umlawuli omtsha kwafuneka ukuba luvunywe kwakhona kula mazwe. Wakwazi ukubuyela Cherven umzi, yasekwa kwisixeko somhlaba St. George Chudskoy yaye ekugqibeleni wabaqoba Pechenegs ngo-1037-m. Imbeko uloyiso phezu manyano Jaroslav wayalela ukuba babeke ibandla kakhulu - St. Nozipho Cathedral.

Ukongeza, waba ukuqokelelwa lokuqala kwemithetho karhulumente - "Inyaniso Yaroslav". Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kuye abalawuli Russia yamandulo (Grand Neendwalutho Igor, Svyatoslav, Vladimir) wathi amandla abo ngenkani, kwaye alulunganga kunye nomthetho. Jaroslav benza ekwakhiweni amabandla (eSt George kaThixo Monastery, iSt Sophia Cathedral, Kiev-Pechersk Monastery) yaye yaxhasa igunya namandla umthetheli iselelona icawa kunokuba buthathaka. Ngowe-1051 wamiselwa yokuqala Metropolitan of the Rus - Hilarion. Abasemagunyeni Grand Duke wahlala iminyaka engama-37 waza wafa ngo-1054.

Board Yaroslavichy

Emva kokufa Yaroslava Mudrogo ilizwe ibalulekileyo nasezandleni zoonyana bakhe abadala - Izyaslav, Svyatoslav kunye Vsevolod. Ekuqaleni, lo iindwalutho ezukileyo olawulwa ngurhulumente kakhulu kakuhle. Baye balwa ngempumelelo nxamnye izizwe zamaTurkic-wayethetha Torquay, kodwa 1068 phezu komlambo Alta lahluleka ephehlayo wayesilwa Polovtsy. Oku kukhokelele kwinto yokuba Izyaslav wagxothwa eKiev wabaleka waya Polish ukumkani Boleslav II. Ngowe-1069 waba ngoncedo eentloko ezaxhobela encedisayo wathabatha ikomkhulu kwakhona.

Ngo-1072 i-Grand Neendwalutho of Russia laqokelelana kwiGumbi Vyshgorod, apho ikhowudi odumileyo kwemithetho Russian "Inyaniso Yaroslav" savunywa. Emva koku iqala ixesha elide iimfazwe zamakhaya. Ngowe-1078 itrone of Kiev wathabatha Vsevolod. Emva kokufa kwakhe ngo-1093, weza amandla Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, noonyana ababini, Vsevolod - Vladimir Monomakh kunye Rostislav - waqalisa ukulawula ngowe Chernihiv kunye Pereyaslav.

Le wobukumkani Vladimira Monomaha

Emva kokufa Svatopluk ngowe-1113 wacelwa ukuba itrone of Kiev Vladimir Monomakh. Eyona njongo ephambili yale nkqubo yalo, wabona lonke kwamandla karhulumente kunye nokomeleza umanyano Russia. Ukuze babe seluxolweni abathetheli ezahlukahlukeneyo wayesebenzisa imitshato dynastic. Kanye ngenxa yoku, kwaye ejongelwe kwixesha elide elizayo nkqubo ekhaya, wakwazi ukulawula ngempumelelo indawo enkulu eRashiya iminyaka eli-12. Ukongeza, imitshato dynastic elimanyeneyo likarhulumente Kievan nge Byzantium, Norway, eNgilani, Denmark, uBukhosi waseJamani, Sweden kunye iHungary.

Grand Prince Vladimir Monomakh ukuxhobisa elikomkhulu eRashiya, ingakumbi, yayakhiwe ibhulorho phesheya Dnieper. Umlawuli wafa ngo-1125, yaye emva koko waqalisa ixesha elide wokuhla nokuqhekeka kurhulumente.

iinkosana Great of Russia yamandulo kwixesha lahlulelene

Kwenzeka ntoni emva koko? Ngexesha ukuqhekeka feudal qho kwiminyaka 6-8, ukutshintsha abalawuli Russia yamandulo. Grand Neendwalutho (Kiev, Chernigov, Novgorod, Pereyaslavl, Rostov-Suzdal, ESmolensk) wawalwela itrone grand ezingalweni. Le Svyatoslav karhulumente inde walawula kunye Rurik, owafuza Olegoviches nempembelelo ubudala Rostislavovich.

In Chernigov-Seversky seLizwe amandla waba ezandleni O. Davidovich kunye nohlanga. Ekubeni la mazwe abasebenza ngaphezu naliphi na ukwanda abalawuli Polovtzy ikwazile ukugcina ukoyisa kwabo ngokusekwa kwimitshato dynastic.

Pereyaslavl ulawulo , nkqu kwisithuba eqhekekileyo wayexhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwi eKiev. Nokugqama eliphezulu le mimandla ezinxulumene igama Vladimir Glebovich.

Ukomeleza lo ubulawuli eMoscow

Emva Kiev kuncipha indima ephambili uya ubulawuli eMoscow. abalawuli bayo waboleka isihloko apho Zizo grand yaseRashiya.

Ukomeleza lo ubulawuli eMoscow ezinxulumene igama kaDaniyeli (unyana omncinane Aleksandra Nevskogo). Wakwazi ukuba ndizinyathele isixeko Kolomna, kunye Pereyaslavl ubulawuli Mozhaisk. Xa ukulawula le batshabalalayo ebalulekileyo indlela urhwebo kunye wamanzi p. EMoscow waba phakathi kummandla kaDaniyeli.

Kubusa Ivan Kalita

Ngowe-1325, weza amandla, Prince Ivan Kalita. Wenza uhambo ukuya yaseTver baza bawoyisa ukuba, ngaleyo ndlela lisuse umdlali lwakhe. Ngowe-1328, wamkela ilayibhuli ngeqhosha le Mongolian Khan malunga Vladimir ukubusa. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe Moscow ngokuqinileyo ngesamente ukongama kwayo North-Eastern Russia. Ukongeza, ngeli xesha baseka umanyano ekupheleni abasemagunyeni Grand kunye ibandla, leyo wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ukuyilwa kwento karhulumente kwindawo enye. Metropolitan uPetros yakhe bafudukela yokuhlala ukususela noVladimir eMoscow, nto leyo eyaba liziko wenkolo.

Xa ubudlelwane kunye Mongol khans Ivan Kalita waphum nkqubo ukujika kunye nokuhlawulwa lerhafu. Fundraising nabantu yabanjwa nge ngqongqo appreciable ezakhokelela sokuzuza ezandleni ngumlawuli ubutyebi obuninzi. Kwaba ngexesha isiseko ubulawuli Moscow Kalita amandla wayebekwe khona. Unyana wakhe uSimon ufune isihloko "Grand Prince of All Russia."

Ukudibanisa amazwe eMoscow

Ebudeni bolawulo Ivan Kalita eMoscow wakwazi ukuchacha uthotho iimfazwe zamakhaya, ndiseke iinkqubo ezisebenzayo kwezoqoqosho kunye noqoqosho. Le amandla kuye kwaxhaswa kwakusakhiwa yesicelo kunyaka 1367, nto leyo enqabeni yomkhosi ukuzithethelela.

Phakathi kwinkulungwane XIV. kumzabalazo ubukhulu ezweni Russian zibandakanya iNkosana Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod kunye Ryazan ukubusa. Ke utshaba iphambili Moscow yaseTver wahlala nangoku. Abachasi ubulawuli enamandla wayewenza inkxaso evela Mongol Khan okanye Lithuania.

Ubunye emazweni Russian malunga eMoscow edibene igama Dmitriya Ivanovicha Donskogo, ngubani wayingqinga yaseTver yaye yaphumelela ingqalelo bamandla ayo.

impi Kulikovo

Kwisiqingatha sesibini kulo XIV. Zizo Russian grand walathise amandla abo onke ukulwa Mongol Khan Mamai. Ngexesha lasehlotyeni ngo-1380, yena nempi yakhe, wafika kwimida esemazantsi Ryazan. Ngokwahlukileyo kuye, nguDmitry Ivanovich wabeka squad 120,000th, nto leyo eye yabangela kwicala le Don.
September 8, 1380 amajoni Russian ahlala izikhundla endle Kulikovo, yaye loo mini, kwidabi - enye amadabi ezinkulu kwimbali ephakathi.

Ekubulaleni Wakhawuleza ngokuwa Mongol Golden anayo yaye bomeleze ixabiso eMoscow njengoko kumbindi ubunye kumazwe Russian.