Umzabalazo wokulwa ne-cosmopolitan e-USSR ufutshane. Ukuqala komzabalazo wokulwa ne-cosmopolitanism: unyaka. Iimbangela zomzabalazo wokulwa ne-cosmopolitanism

Umzabalazo wokulwa ne-cosmopolitanism, umhla owawunamathele ngokugqithiseleyo kwimbali yeSoviet, wagwetywa nguRhulumente. Kwakungumkhankaso weengcamango olwabhekiselele kubemi, ngokubona kweenkokheli zelizwe, babela ingozi kwilizwe. Behluke kwezinye iimbono ezingavumelani nesikhokelo semigaqo-nkqubo yasekhaya kunye nakwamanye amazwe karhulumente waseSoviet. Makhe sihlolisise ngakumbi indlela umzabalazo wokulwa ne-cosmopolitan wenziwa ngayo.

Ulwazi jikelele

Ngamafutshane, umzabalazo wokulwa ne-cosmopolitan e-USSR wawujoliswe kwi-Soviet intelligentsia. Babecingelwa ukuba bangabathwali beengcamango zaseNtshona. Yintoni eyayiqala umzabalazo wokulwa ne-cosmopolitanism? Umhla wale phulo uhambelana nexesha leMfazwe yeCold. Injongo ephambili yayo yayiyizibalo zenkcubeko kunye nesayensi, amaJuda aseSoviet. Bonke babecinga ukuba baseRashiya, kodwa basolwa ngabo urhulumente ngokungabikho kobuzwe, ukudibanisa kwabo neNtshona, kunye nokuhamba kwabo kwiingcamango zikaMarx noLenin.

Iimbangela zomzabalazo wokulwa ne-cosmopolitanism

Ukunqoba kweMfazwe ePhambili yePatriotic kwabangela ukuba ilizwe liziqhenye ngokubaluleka kwabantu balo, ukuphakama okunamandla ekuthandweni kobuzwe. Oku kuhlwayelwe eengqondweni zabantu ithemba lokuphila okungcono, ukwandiswa kwenkululeko, ukunyanzeliswa kokulawulwa kombuso kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Kodwa iMfazwe yeCold yayivuthiwe . Wonakalisa ukholo kwixesha elizayo. Impawu zokuqala zokudakalisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwelizwe kunye ne-West kwakuyimigaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente ngo-1946. Urhulumente wenza ingcinezelo kubameli be-bourgeoisi kunye ne-intelligentsia. Kwiimagazini ezidumile kumaphepha angaphambili, izigqibo zeKomiti Ephakathi yeNkcubeko zanyatheliswa. Kwimpapasho ethi "Leningrad" kunye ne "Zvezda" bahlaziyi baxhomekeke kubabhali, iibongozi, abalawuli, abaqambi. Phakathi kwabo kwakunguAkhmatova, Dovzhenko, uZoshchenko, iTvardovsky, Eisenstein, Shostakovich, Prokofiev. Bathi, njengabanye abaninzi, bachazwa kwizigqibo zeKomidi Ephakathi njengabantu abangcolileyo nabaziphatha okubi. Umsebenzi kaTarle wamphukisa isigwebo sikaRhulumente. Wayemangalelwa, ngokukodwa, ukuvavanywa okungahambiyo kweMfazwe yaseCrimea, ukulungiswa kweemfazwe ezenzeka phantsi koCatherine II. Oku kwakuhambisane nokuthunyelwa kwiindawo ezihlala kuyo, kubanjwe. Aba bantu batyhutshiswa ngenxa yokuba bazijonga ngokwabo ngandlela-thile iinjongo zeSoviet Union, bekhululekile ukukhetha phakathi kweMpuma neNtshona. Igama elithi "umhlaba jikelele" lithetha ihlabathi jikelele. Ibonisa ukuba ngummi wehlabathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba iliphi ilizwe elazalelwa kuyo kwaye liphila.

Umzabalazo wokulwa ne-cosmopolitan e-USSR (ngokufutshane)

Iimangalo zokuqala kubantu abakulandela izithethe zentshona zaqala ukubonakala ngaphambi kokubanda kwaye nangaphambi kweMfazwe ePhambili yePatriotic. Ngoko, ukuchasana nalabo abangazange bavumelane nesakhiwo sezenhlalakahle nezopolitiko zelizwe baziwa kakhulu. Ukuba sithetha ngowaphi na owayekhokela ukulwa ne-cosmopolitan e-USSR, ngoko kwakungathandabuzeki ukuba uStalin. Inkqubela yale phulo yanikezwa ngentetho yakhe ngoMeyi 24, 1945, kuyo uStalin waphawula ukubaluleka kwabantu baseRashiya, ekuthiwa yiyona nto ibonisa isizwe sonke. Wonke amazwi akhe axhaswa ngokunyanisekileyo yi-press Soviet. Kwiingcinga zabantu, uluvo lwaluxhomekeke ekubeni yiRashiya eyona nto yayisisiseko esitshabalalisa ama-fascists, ukuba ngaphandle koluncedo lwabo, akukho nanye isizwe ngaphakathi kweSoviet Union inokuhlangabezana nale nto. Yonke inzingo yayiqhutywe phantsi kwesibhanki sokuhlakulela ubuzwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwimpapasho yelizwe langaphandle kunye nekhaya, umzabalazo wokulwa ne-cosmopolitan, ngokufutshane, ulingana noSalin's anti-Semitism. Le ngcamango iboniswa ngabangcali-mbali abaninzi.

Iinjongo

Amaphulo ajongene nexesha elidlulileyo-imfazwe lalisasazwa kwaye laphakanyiswa kakhulu . Injongo ephambili kaRhulumente, ngokwenani labaphandi, kwakukusekwa nokulawula ukulawula iintlanga ngenxa yokunyanzeliswa okulandelayo. Umzabalazo wokulwa ne-cosmopolism (unyaka wokubonakaliswa kokuqala-1948) uhlala uhlolisiswa nguStalin. Wanikela ngokubaluleka okukhethekileyo.

"IiNkundla zoHloniphelo"

Umzabalazo wokulwa ne-cosmopolism wawukhula njani? Unyaka we-1948 uthathwa njengexesha elibalaseleyo lokubonakaliswa kwalo. Kwiqhinga likaStalin, "iinkundla zentlonipho" zaqulunqwa. Imfundo yabo isiqalo esisemthethweni somzabalazo wokulwa ne-cosmopolitanism. "Iinkundla zentlonipho" zaziza kubonakalisa zonke iintlobo zokubonakaliswa nokukhutshwa phambi kweenkcubeko zaseNtshona. Baye batyholwa ngokuphelisa ukunqatshiswa kwendima yamaSoviet kunye nenkcubeko yesayensi ekuphuhlisweni kwehlabathi lonke. Ukuqala komzabalazo wokulwa ne-cosmopolism kwakuhamba kunye, okokuqala, ngentshutshiso yamaYuda. Eli phulo lwenziwa kuzo zonke izixeko zelizwe. Iinkundla zenziwa kwiSebe ngalinye. Babecinga izenzo ezingekho phantsi kobuhlanga kunye nezochasene nezenzo zelizwe ezingazange zihlawulwe yiKhowudi yePalamente ngokusebenza ngexesha.

Kwimeko "KR"

Kwaba sisihlandlo somkhankaso omkhulu kumanqanaba onke ophando lweli lizwe. Inzululwazi uKlyueva noRoskin yakha ngo-1947 isichengululo esisebenzayo malunga nomhlaza. Wayebizwa ngokuba yi "Krutsin" ("KR"). Ukufumanisa ngokukhawuleza inomdla eMelika. I-USA yazinikela ukuqhuba uphando olufanayo. Ekugqibeleni kwabo, kucetywayo ukuba kushicilelwe incwadi. Ngemvume kaRhulumente, isivumelwano esifanelekileyo safikeleleka. I-Parin (umfundisi-unobhala we-AMN) wathunyelwa eMelika. Wanika ama-Ambulou ampoules amachiza kunye namanqaku ebhaliweyo kwi-biotherapy yezidumbu ezibi. Zonke ezi ntshukumo zikaParin zenziwa ngemvume yoMphathiswa wezeMpilo wase-USSR. Kodwa le mcimbi yayinganeliseki kakhulu ngoStalin. Ukubuya eMelika, eParin wabanjwa. Wagwetywa iminyaka engama-25 kwinqaku ethi "Ukhohlakeleyo kwi-Motherland." Ukongeza, ityala likaRoskin noKlyueva lenzeke.

Phulo kwiLeningrad

Umzabalazo wokulwa ne-cosmopolitan uqhubekile nakwi-city kwi-Neva. Ngowe-1948, waba ngumbindi wephulo. IYunivesithi yaseLeningrad ihlupheke kakhulu. Kwii-factual and philological faculties, iiprofesa ezigqwesileyo zabanjwa kwaye zaxoshwa. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona u-Weinstein, u-Gukovsky, uRabinovich, uMavrodin nabanye. AmaYuda axoshwa kwisikolo esikolweni. Emva kokugqiba i-yuyunivesithi, emva kokusabalalisa bafumana ukuhanjiswa kwiphondo elikude okanye abazange bahlale bengasebenzi. Kwangexesha elide, ukumkelwa kwamaYuda ekufundiseni izikhundla kwamiswa. Bonke abasebenzi nabafundi bavunyelwe ukuba bapapashwe kwiimpapasho zangaphandle. Umzabalazo wokulwa ne-cosmopolitan wawuyinzuzo kakhulu "kwiingcali zenzululwazi." Abaninzi babo baye basebenzisa ngasese iimpapasho ezingavumelekanga, bakhupha iimpapasho zabo.

Umbala ongalunganga wekota

Ngomhla ka-Matshi 1945, u-Aleksandrov wapapasha inqaku kwiphepha lemibuzo Imibuzo yefilosofi. Ngaloo nto wayitsholwa ngamazwi anxamnye neentlanga ezibonakalayo njengeTrotsky, iMilyukov, neBukonrin. I-Cosmopolitans, ngokweengcamango yakhe, yayingamabini aseSoft Socialist-abaguquleli kunye namaKhomanisi, ngokukodwa uGeneral Vlasov, owayeguqukele kuma-fascists ngexesha lemfazwe. Kule nqaku abaninzi beembali-mlando badibanisa nokubonakala kombala ongacacanga wekota. I-Cosmopolitans yayifaniswa "neentshaba zabantu" okanye "abaphangi baya kwi-Motherland." U-Aleksandrov kwinqaku lakhe libiza ngamagama athile. Phakathi kwabo kwakuyi-editor-in-chief of "Imibuzo yefilosofi" - iphephancwadi apho lanyatheliswa khona. Ukususela kuloo mzuzu ngoku, ukulwa ne-stolid cosmopolitanism yadluliselwa kwiincwadi.

"Iqela le-Antipatriotic labahlalutyi bezemidlalo"

U-Stalin, enikela ingcamango engundoqo yeli phulo, ngokwakhe wayedla ngokuphrinta kwiingxelo ezikhokelayo phantsi kwegama elibizayo. Ngoko, wapapasha inqaku kwiphephandaba elithi "Pravda". Kwakukho iingcaciso ezininzi kwiingcamango zalo, nangona kunjalo, kuphela "umthonyama wendalo" oye waxhaphaka kwiincwadi. Ngomnyaka we-1949, ingxabano yangempela yavela phakathi kwabagxeki boMbutho weTatrical kunye neenkokheli zabasebenzi be-Union Union. Iyokuqala kumanqaku abo ixhomekeke kwimisebenzi yeentlalo-ntle ukuba ihlazeke (i-Fadeev, ngokukodwa). Owasekugqibela, wamangalela abagxeki be-cosmopolitanism. Umqalisi wongquzulwano nguPopov, owathi u-Stalin waziqwalasela kweso siganeko. Ngenxa yoko, umzabalazo omkhulu wokulwa ne-cosmopolitan kwimiqulu yabalobi yaqaliswa. AmaYuda ahlupheka kakhulu kunene konke, kunjalo.

Iziphumo

Umzabalazo wokulwa ne-cosmopolism kwaholela ekuhlanganyeleni kwabantu baseSoviet bevela ngaphandle kwehlabathi. Ngokomzekelo wabaphandi, lonke uphuhliso luye lwasuswa nguStalin ukuqinisa inkqubo yakhe (zombini yangaphakathi nangaphakathi). Phakathi kwemiphumo, umntu kufuneka akhulume ngempembelelo embi yomzabalazo ekuphuhliseni isayensi yeSoviet kunye nenkcubeko. Amathuba oososayensi kunye nobuntu babuncinane. Ukuqiniswa kolawulo lweengcamango kwagxotha kakhulu iSoviet Union ngokumalinganisa neNtshona. Umzekelo ukuvalwa kwendlela eya kwii-geneticists zasekhaya. I-Academician Lysenko yayingenwa yi-agrobiology. Oogqirha abaninzi, iiprotologists kunye nezinye iingcali zifakiwe kwisicwangciso sokugqibela. Oku kwaphazamisa kakhulu ukuphuhliswa kwee-agrobiological areas. Eli phulo ligxeka iindawo ezibalulekileyo zesayensi, intsebenziswano engavumelekanga kunye nabalingane bangaphandle. Ubungakanani beengxoxo kunye nenkcazo yombono phakathi kwamanani afundisweyo aphezulu kwaye awanqongophele.

Isiphelo

Kufuneka kuthethwe ukuba ukulwa ne-cosmopolism kwakubonwa njengobonakaliso be-anti-Semitism. Nangona kunjalo, ngokweqela labaphandi, kwakungekho ngqo kumaYuda. Ukongezelela, ukukhutshwa kwamanani amakhulu, njengama-1930s, akuzange kwenziwe. Injongo ephambili yomzabalazo kukuthatha ubambiswano loluntu nokuseka ukulawula. Ngenxa yezenzo zikaRhulumente, "iinkundla zentlonipho", umonakalo omkhulu wenziwa kwiindawo ezininzi zesayensi. Izithintelo ezinkulu zibekwe enkululeko yentetho, ucinga, kwaye ucinezele. Urhulumente wenza imisebenzi ejolise ekuhlukaniseni ilizwe kwiimpembelelo zeNtshona. Kwakungumbingelelo wokuzithandela ngurhulumente wengingqi kwibala lehlabathi. Kwimisebenzi yoluntu yaseSoviet yenziwa ukuphelisa igunya lokuziphatha nezenzululwazi zaseNtshona. Impembelelo yeMfazwe yeHlabathi ekusebenziseni le phulo ayiqinisekanga. U-Stalin, ukuvavanya imeko kwihlabathi nakwizwe, wagqiba ekubeni agxininise ekugxileni kweentetho kunye neengcamango ngokuchasene ngenjongo yokuqinisa ubutyebi phakathi kwabantu. Kwixesha lomzabalazo, amanani eentlanga ezahlukeneyo ahlupheke. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko imithombo yembali ibonisa ukuba, amaxhoba amakhulu ayenziwa kumaYuda.