UFriedrich Schiller: i-biography, ubuciko, iingcamango

Ubunokuthi uFriedrich Schiller wehla kwixesha elibizwa ngokuba yi "Storm and Outslaught" - isiqulatho kwiincwadi zaseJamani, oko kwakuyimpawu yokugatywa kweklasi kunye nokuguquka kwintando. Eli xesha liquka malunga namawaka amabini: 1760-1780. Kwaphawulwa ngokupapashwa kwemisebenzi yabalobi abadumileyo njengoJohn Goethe, uChristian Schubart nabanye.

Ngcaciso emfutshane yombhali

Württemberg Duchy, apho uFriedrich Schiller wazalelwa khona, yayiseMbusweni oyiNgcwele waseRoma. Umlobi wazalwa ngo-1759 kwintsapho yabemi. Uyise wayengumncedisi wezokwelapha, kwaye unina wayeyintombi yombheki. Nangona kunjalo, le nsizwa yafumana imfundo efanelekileyo: yafunda kwi-academy yezempi, apho yafunda khona umthetho kunye nomthetho-mthetho, emva koko, emva kokufudukela eStuttgart, waqala unyango.

Emva kokumisa umdlalo wakhe wokuqala wokubamba umdlalo "The Robbers", umlobi omncinci waxoshwa kwi-duchy yakhe kwaye wayichitha ininzi yobomi bakhe e-Weimar. UFriedrich Schiller wayengumhlobo weGoethe kwaye wadibana naye ngokubhala ibhalladi. Umbhali wayemthanda ifilosofi, imbali, imbongo. Wayengumfundisi wembali yehlabathi kwiYunivesithi yaseJena, ngaphantsi kweempembelelo ka-I. Kant wabhala imisebenzi yefilosofi, wayesebenzela ukupapasha imisebenzi, ukukhulula amaphephancwadi "Ory", "Almanac ye-Muses." I-playwright e-Weimar yafa ngo-1805.

Umdlalo othi "The Robbers" kunye nempumelelo yokuqala

Ngethuba lokuqwalaselwa, iimvakalelo zothando zathandwa kakhulu kubantu abatsha, abaye banomdla kuFriedrich Schiller. Iingcamango eziphambili, ukubonisa ngokufutshane umsebenzi wakhe, ubilise kule ilandelayo: ii-pathos inkululeko, ukugxeka iindidi eziphezulu zoluntu, ubukumkani, ubuqaqawuli kunye novelwano ngabo abo ngenxa yezizathu ezichaswe yilo hlandla.

Udumo waba umbhali emva kokumisa umdlalo wakhe "Abaphangi" ngo-1781. Lo mdlalo uhlukaniswa ngento engathandabuzekiyo kunye neengcambu zokuthandana, kodwa uthandana nombukeli ngesakhiwo esichukumisayo, esichukumisayo kunye nokufudumala komdla. Isiseko sokwakheka kwakuyinhloko yongquzulwano phakathi kwabazalwana ababili: uCharles noFranz Moore. Ukhohlisi uFranz ufuna ukuthabathela kumzalwana wakhe ifa, ilifa, kunye nentanda - u-Amalia umzala.

Oku kungabangela ukuba uKarl aye kuma-bandits, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo uyakwazi ukugcina ubuqaqawuli bakhe kunye nodumo lwakhe oluhle. Lo msebenzi wawuyimpumelelo enkulu, kodwa wazisa ingxaki kumbhali: ngenxa yokungabikho kokugunyaziswa okungagunyazisiweyo wajeziswa, kwaye wabuya wagxothwa kwi-duchy yakhe.

Iidrama ze-1780

Impumelelo ye "Robbers" yenze ukuba umdlali omncinane enze umdlalo owaziwayo owaziwa ngokuba yi- classics yeencwadi zehlabathi. Ngomnyaka ka-1783 wabhala umdlalo othi "Ukukhohlisa noLuthando", "UQhinga lwe-Fiesco eGenesis", ngo-1785 - "I-Ode to Joy". Kulolu chungechunge, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa umsebenzi othi "Ukukhohlisa noLuthando", obizwa ngokuba yiyokuqala "yintlekele yephilistine", ngenxa yokuba okokuqala ngumbhali wenza into yobugcisa kungekhona iingxaki zabantu abahloniphekileyo, kodwa ukuxhatshazwa kwentombazana elula evela kwimvelaphi efanayo. "Ode to Joy" ibhekwa njengenye yeyona misebenzi emihle yombhali, owangqina nje ukuba wayengumlobi omkhulu weprose, kodwa naye ungumlobi onobulumko.

Ukudlala kuma-1790

UFriedrich Schiller wayeyithanda imbali, kwizifundo apho wabhala amaninzi emidlalo yakhe. Ngomnyaka we-1796 wadala umdlalo "Wallenstein", ozinikele kumlawuli weMfazwe Yeminyaka Emashumi Amathathu (1618-1648). Ngomnyaka we-1800 wabhala umdlalo "uMaria Stewart", apho ahamba khona ngokukhawuleza kwizinto eziyimpumelelo, okwenza into ebonisa ubupikiswano phakathi kwabasetyhini ababini. Kodwa ke, okokugqibela, akuthinteli kwiimpawu zokubhala zedrama.

Ngo-1804 uFriedrich Schiller wabhala umdlalo "uWilhelm Tell", ozinikezele kumzabalazo wabantu baseSwitzerland behlasela ulawulo lwase-Austrian. Lo msebenzi uhlanganiswe neepathos inkululeko kunye nokuzimela, okwakubaluleke kakhulu ngokubaluleka kwabameli be-Storm kunye ne-Outlaught. Ngo-1805, umbhali waqala ukusebenza kwiidrama "uDemetrius", eyazinikela kwiimbali zembali yaseRussia, kodwa le midlalo yayingagqibekanga.

Ukubaluleka komsebenzi kaSchiller kwi-Art

Imidlalo yombhali yayinempembelelo enkulu kwinkcubeko yehlabathi. Into eyabhalwa nguFriedrich Schiller yayingumdla kwiingqungquthela zaseRashiya V. Zhukovsky, M. Lermontov, owaguqulela i-ballads yakhe. Imidlaliso ye-playwright yayisisiseko sokudalwa kwee-opas eziphawulekayo ngokubambisa abaqambi be-Italiya benkulungwane ye-19. UL. Beethoven waphetha isigxina sokugqibela sesithandabuzo sakhe esiphezulu sesithandathu kwiSchiller's "Ode to Joy". Ngo-1829, uDkt. Rossini wadala i-opera "uWilhelm Tell" kwiinjongo zomdlalo wakhe; Lo msebenzi uthathwa njengenye yezinto ezidalwa kakhulu zomqambi.

Ngowe-1835 G. uDonizetti wabhala i-opera "uMaria Stewart", ebandakanyiweyo kumjikelezo wemisebenzi yakhe yomculo kwimbali yaseNgilani XVI inkulungwane. Ngo-1849, uDkt Verdi wadala i-opera "uLouise Miller" esekelwe kwidrama ethi "Ubuqili Nothando." I-opera yayingathandwa kakhulu, kodwa ayikho into engathandabuzekiyo yomculo. Ngoko, ithonya likaSchiller kwiinkcubeko zehlabathi likhulu, kwaye oku kuchaza umdla kumsebenzi wakhe namhlanje.