Synecology ukufunda neenkqubo zokunxibelelana kwendalo

Eziphilayo xa kuthelekiswa Botany, ngokuphila kunye nokwakheka isiyalo eselula zebhayoloji evelayo ngenkulungwane ye-19. Ixilonga ubudlelwane bezinto eziphilayo neendawo zazo kunye nezinye kunye nendawo ebonakalayo. Enye awo - synecology - uhlola imvelo izinto zayo eziphilayo eziyinxalenye biogeocenosis: izityalo, izinambuzane, amakhowa, izilwanyana ngokubambisana nabanye. Science ngokwayo imvelaphi yayo umsebenzi abaphengululi ezifana L. Dollo, O. Abel, DN Kashkarov, VN Sukachev.

Kweli nqaku, siza kufunda nezimaphambili ezingundoqo yecandelo imvelo ukufumana isakhiwo kunye nokusebenza kweenkqubo eziphilayo.

Biogeocoenoses amacandelo njengoko umhlaba onokuphila

Ndawonye abantu iintlobo ezahlukeneyo - labemi - kuphila eyahlukanisiweyo. Ayavumelana zibe uluntu ezinkulu - biocenoses. Ngaphezu koko, phakathi kwabantu ngabanye eziphilayo elinikiweyo kuvela iintlobo ulwalamano, ezifana allelopathy, parasitism, mutualism, ukhuphiswano, uqhagamshelo trofotsenoticheskie. Synecology ufunda ubudlelwane phakathi eziphilayo efakwe zendalo, kwaye uphonononga ingakumbi interspecies unxulumano izityalo kunye nezilwanyana ezisezantsi ukuba zenze Sinabantu abazimiseleyo.

Kuthetha ukuthini inkqubo eziphilayo

ngoku nazo kusetyenziswa nenzululwazi yendalo apho ibinzana elithi "biogeocoenosis" nje kuphela, kodwa ikho into "eziphilayo", yazise yi Arthur Tansley. Omabini la magama asetyenziswa ukubhekisela iinkqubo zendalo kunye namacandelo zabo: fitosoobschestv kunye nezilwanyana ezenza synecology izifundo ezisekelwe zezimvo ezikhoyo interconnectedness zonke izinto eziphilayo kunye nendawo zazo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba phakathi imiqathango zimbini akufuneki lifike. Igama elithi "biogeocoenose" banikwa V. Sukachyov, kuthetha enkulu, ngokubhekisele izakhiwo zendalo kunye nomjikelo ka mba kunye namandla kokungcola kwenzeka kuzo. Kodwa umba "eziphilayo" isagquba, ingakumbi iincwadi yenzululwazi kunye ethandwa, ngenxa ezihamba yayo ngoku kusetyenziswa zikhona iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwizakhiwo zebhayoloji, zombini yendalo neyenziweyo.

Theory biogeocoenose V. N. Sukacheva

izimvo Scientist imiswe phantsi kweempembelelo zebhayoloji abadumileyo Russian Dokuchaev, wenza inzululwazi komhlaba, kunye Vernadsky - ngunozala le thiyori ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila. Ngokuhlanganisa ulwazi geochemistry, ka Forest, geobotany V. Sukachev udale uqeqesho omtsha - biogeocenology. Yena, kwakunye synecology - icandelo eziphilayo, wafundela ukuzalana eziphilayo phakathi kwabahlali abazizityalo, ucinga iipateni lolwalamano interspecific kunye nabantu ngabantu sokubandakanyeka ziiphytoplankton kunye zoocenoses. Ngokusekelwe kwiimbono ze-nzulu, zonke zomaleko ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila ngokupheleleyo lobomi, apho kukho iinkqubo interconversion ngolunya namandla. Bakhonza kwasekusekweni kwitsheyini lokutya.

Ziquka Abalimi - eziphilayo autotrophic, ingakumbi izityalo. consuments Kulandelwe kuqala, okwesibini, umyalelo wesithathu, ezo heterotrophs.

Ikhonkco lokugqibela amatyathanga ukutya ezi utilizers kwabafileyo organic umcimbi - eziphilayo. Ezi ziquka iintsholongwane, saprotrophs fungi ezinye izinambuzane. Zonke izinto zemvelo engaphiliyo, zifakiwe eziphila ezifana lomhlaba, amanzi, umoya, nabizelwa biotope.

Methods Research synecological

Ngemihla okuqala inzululwazi, izazinzulu kwidatha zovavanyo ngoncedo uphando - zobuntlola. Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-20, iindlela ezifana naba ezibalaseleyo njengoko indlela emileyo-ngeenxa experiments tracer, radiotreking. Kwinkulungwane yama-21, kuye ukusetyenziswa esebenzayo umkhondo ngoncedo Hewana Earth sokwenziwa ukuba ukuhamba kwezilwanyana. Umzekelo, ezimpuphu zicandwe zacandwa ayabulala ezinkulu izilwanyana, ebhalwe radiochipami. Ngenxa yokuba synecology - eli candelo eziphilayo, lifunda ulwalamano phakathi inani elikhulu eziphilayo-nye, abaphengululi wasebenzisa uhlalutyo zemathematika cybernetics. Le yokugqibela isetyenziselwa Ukulinganisa noqikelelo olumalunga amacandelo enza iinkqubo zendalo.

Oko lihlola phytosociology ezisebenzayo

Izityalo zezona nxaxheba zibalulekileyo kwi ecosystem yobomi. Ngenxa photosynthesis, babonelela zonke ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo ukutya, enika uvimba ethile amandla. Synecology uhlola ubudlelwane phakathi amacandelo kunye nabantu phytocenosis eziphilayo heterotrophic, izinambuzane, Yemifuno-nezidla.

Ukwakheka floristic koluntu izityalo ezininzi biotsenozov ukungabi lula wabiza iintlobo nokuqhama. eziphilayo zezityalo zendalo zimelwe ngohlobo amanqanaba, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu ezahlukeneyo yayigcinwa eziphilayo. Ukwahluka tyaba yezityalo ekuthiwa kaMoses, ngokwahlukileyo ukuya Ukufikisa, omncinane kuxhomekeke ubude bemini. Kodwa ke ngqo ngenxa iintlobo kobudlelwane, ezifana allelopathy nokhuphiswano. kwizityalo ukuguqula amandla azo ngenxa izingqisho lomzimba kunye successions, ezifana kwamahlathi, geokataklizmy, imililo ihlathi.

Izizathu nemiba labemi kwezilwanyana

Ezifana izazinzulu eyaziwa ngokuba S. Severtsov, N. V. Turkin, C. L. Elton, wafunda iinguqu kwinani labantu abahlala intraspecific. NoCharles Hewitt eyaqamba ibinzana elithi "amaza ebomini". Ukuba kwenzeka kwizakhiwo zendalo kunye neenkqubo trofotsenoticheskimi zizalathisi kokhenketho olunokuba zasemanzini sezinto eziphilayo. Study of nemiba lwamanani abantu kubaluleke aluncedo olukhulu amanyathelo anti-ubhubhane ukulawula izingqisho lomzimba kweempuku zikhe, ukusasazeka kwezifo zezilwanyana, ezifana isibetho kunye tularemia. Synecology uhlola impembelelo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu ngesimo zoocenoses, xa ukuncitshiswa ethile kwemiphakathi ezinqabileyo ziintlobo ezisengozini, ukuncitshiswa kwenani noluntu izilwanyana ngokorhwebo ezixabisekileyo.

Iintlobo unxulumano eziphilayo kwiibhayom

Khumbula ukuba synecology - eziphilayo ukuba ufunda ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu enezityalo nezilwanyana. Ezi ziquka mutualism, ukhuphiswano, allelopathy. Ngokomzekelo, xa phytocenology wayewazi izibakala ukungavumelani kwe ezinye izityalo kunye nabanye elide: Anut abamnyama okhupha liseyityhefu imithi pome kunye neziqhamo ngamatye iziyobisi abangaphangeliyo ukukhula kwabo fruiting, kwaye kukhokelela ekubeni ukufa kwezityalo.

Mutualism - oluthile kwavumela inane iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka apho eziphilayo luxhamla macala (unonkala yedwa kunye anemone elwandle, flagellates ezihlala emathunjini izinambuzane kubanceda makayiqhawule iselulosi).

Energy sokufudumeza ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila

Biogeocoenoses okumisele ukuba iqokobhe eziphilayo zomhlaba, ukuguqulwa lwenziwa njenge biomass namandla, kwaye iinkqubo ezivulekileyo. Ezi nkqubo zendalo kufuneka ugxalathelwano ukukhanya. Phototrophs ukusetyenziswa kwayo ukuze kuyondelelaniswe kwezinto eziphilayo, i molecule ATP kunye ₂ NADFhN. Synecology - isayensi ufunda inguqu efanayo ngolunya namandla.

Zinelungelo Ngenxa iphiramidi eziphilayo kunye ikhonkco yonikezelo. Dynamics amandla ukusuka bathobe kwinqanaba trophic ukuba sisonke eziphezulu imithetho jikelele yemvelo, koko, umahluko phakathi kwamanqanaba Amandla nekhono ezikufutshane ifikelela kwi 10-20%, lo gama i-eneji eliseleyo dissipated njenge bubushushu. Kweli phepha sijonga icandelo eziphilayo - synecology, wafumana iindlela zophando wayo, kwaye ukubaluleka kobomi-inkxaso umhlaba onokuphila.