Benzene - a ... indlela lwesakhiwo, iimpawu kunye nokuveliswa benzene

A compound ezifana benzene, uNks Chemistry kwifama yakhe ekugqibeleni bazuze kuphela ngo-1833. Benzene - inamehlo ukuba unalo a-onephuku, sinokuthi, nokuba Uyadubula. Njengoko kufumaniseka?

indaba

UJohann Glauber waphethulela ingqalelo yakhe uxhulumaniso ngo-1649, nto leyo kwabunjwa ngempumelelo xa usomichiza benza ukuhluzwa amalahle tar. Kodwa wakhetha ukuhlala lenqubo.

Emva kweminyaka malunga ne-170, yaye ukuba kakhulu ngqo ngakumbi, phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-eko zenkulungwane XIX, ngenxa ithuba ekhulisa igesi, oko kukuthi ukusuka condensate kufunxwa benzene ngokwahlukana. Ngoko ke iinzame uluntu unetyala ku Michael Faraday, isazinzulu ukusuka eNgilani.

Ikhuni yokuqala ekufunyanweni kolunye benzene abamba German Eylgard Mitscherlich. Oku kwenzeka xa processing of kudlule anhydrous benzoic iityuwa acid calcium. Mhlawumbi, ke ngoko, siye kunikwa uqhagamshelwano negama - benzene. Sekunjalo, njengoko kukho khetho, zizazinzulu ipetroli. Isiqhumiso, ukuba in Arabic.

Nebenzene kakuhle kwaye eqaqambileyo zikhanyiswe, ngokunxulumene le ngqwalasela Ogyust loran ukuba babize 'iinwele "okanye" benzene ". Bright, kundibanekela - xa kuguqulelwa ngokusuka kwisiGrike.

Ngokusekelwe uluvo Linus Pauling, ingqiqo uhlobo lonxibelelwano ngekhompyutha, ze iimpawu benzene, isazinzulu wabanika compound molecule ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Le ntandathu. It libhalwe isangqa. Le ngasentla kubonisa ukuba ukuthembakala ilifu ngekhompyutha benzene, leyo iqukumbela ngempumelelo umjikelo carbon ezintandathu (ngaphandle kokukhetha). ubudlelwane yesondo yokubini waphawula.

Ne benzene ngaphambili wasebenza nje kuphela. Kwaye ngesiseko, njengoko besithi, ukuba akwenze, andizange inxaxheba. Kodwa ke kwinkulungwane XIX. Ngenkulungwane XX ziye iinguqu ezibalulekileyo apho. Iipropati benzene ukuveza iimpawu zexabiso dayo abe ngakumbi zithandwa ngakumbi. Inombolo octane, neyathi yabonakala phezulu, anika ithuba ukulusebenzisa njengezinto kukudla babangele izithuthi. Le ntshukumo umfutho nokususwa ngokubanzi benzene, utsalo yayo yenziwa ukuba ibe lokuvelisa imveliso coking ngentsimbi.

Ngu novalo kummandla benzene imichiza baqalisa ukuba zidliwe ekuvelisweni lunezinto ngokukhawuleza zisenokuqhushumba. Bambeka XX kwekhulu ngokwakhe ukuba ishishini ukusulungekiswa iye yaphuhliswa benzene, nto leyo eye yaba yokubonelela lweshishini lemichiza.

benzene Feature

hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo zifana kakhulu benzene. Ngokomzekelo, omnye ezizizembiwa ethylene series luphawu ngokwalo njengoko hydrocarbon unsaturated. Lubonakala ngumntu Ngaphezu reaction. Nebenzene lula abangenise ngayo endaweni. Konke oku enkosi athom ukuba kule nqwelo-moya enye. Kwaye iqiniso - conjugated electron efini.

Ukuba ifomyula ekhoyo umsesane benzene, ngoko namnye unako ukuza kwisigqibo esisiseko le - benzene, ifomula noshowo elijongeka kanye ngokufanayo.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Benzene - ulwelo ukuba akukho umbala, kodwa ivumba lilishwa. Nebenzene linyibilike xa amaqondo obushushu ifikelela degrees 5,52 Celsius. Amathumba ku 80.1. Konga 0,879 g / cm ^3, ubunzima izinyo elingana 78,11 g / Mol. Xa yokutsha uyatshaya kakhulu. Kungenisa iikhompawundi ezinokugqabhuka, xa umoya ungena. Miyalezo ukuba iintlobo eziphilayo (benzene, iEtere, njl) kunye kweziyobisi okuchazwe oxhulumene ngaphandle iingxaki. Idala compound azeotropic ngamanzi. Ukufudumeza phambi vaporization kwenzeka degrees 69.25 (91% benzene). Maxa 25 Degrees Celsius songanyibilikisswa emanzini 1.79 g / L.

iipropati chemical

Nebenzene ke awasabela ngayo kunye sulphuric acid kunye ne-nitric acid. Kwaye alkenes, halogens, chloroalkanes nayo. endaweni reaction - oko yinqobo kuye. Lobushushu kuchaphazela iringi benzene xi idabi elisuke ku kwiimeko ezithile ngqwabalala.

Nganye equation ye abasabela ngayo benzene sikwazi ukubona iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu.

1. endaweni Electrophilic. Bromo, phambi ngumnxibelelanisi, yena waphendula chlorine. Ngenxa yoko a chlorobenzene:

C6H6 + 3Cl2 → C6H5Cl + HCl

2. Friedel-Crafts abasabela okanye alkylation of benzene. Ukuvela alkylbenzenes kwenzeka ngenxa uxhulumaniso kunye alkanes, eyile avela halogen:

C6H6 + C2H5Br → C6H5C2H5 + HBr

3 endaweni Electrophilic. Nantsi indlela nitration kunye sulfonation. Khangela equation benzene lumi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

C6H6 + H2SO4 → C6H5SO3H + H2O

C6H6 + HNO3 → C6H5NO2 + H2O

4. nebenzene xa utshisa:

2C6H6 + 15O2 → 12CO2 + 6H2O

Phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ivelisa uhlobo hydrocarbon azalwa elizele. U-electron ilifu, leyo isakhiwo into ekuthethwa ngayo, uchaza ezi khemikhali.

Zobuchwepheshe ekhethekileyo zixhomekeke iindidi ngeendidi benzene. Ngenxa yoko ukumakisha benzene petroleum. Umzekelo, nyulu kakhulu kwaye lokucamagushela loo njini. Ndingathanda krwela homologues of benzene, kwaye ukuba eziphathekayo - iimpawu yemizimba yethu. It alkylbenzenes.

Homologues of benzene kakhulu ngakumbi amathuba okuba basabele. Kodwa indlela vulavuriweke benzene, ezizezi homologues ndibuweze nokungafani.

halogenation of alkylbenzenes

Ifomu lenxaki imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

S6H5-CH3 + Br = C6H5-CH2Br + HBr.

Umnqweno bromine kwi ring benzene ayikho ulandelwe. Yena uya kungena chain ecaleni. Makubulelwe wetyuwa kuvala Al (+3) bromo ngokungafihlisiyo khonkcweni.

nitration of alkylbenzenes

Ngenxa asidi sulphuric kunye ne-nitric, benzenes nitrating kunye benzenes alkyl. benzenes alkyl lovukelo. iimveliso ezimbini zifunyenwe kwi-amathathu anikezelwa - i sigaba kunye ortho-isomers. Unokurekhoda enye fomyula:

C6H5 - CH3 + 3HNO3 → C6H2CH3 (NO2) 3.

igcwala

Benzene ususwe. Kodwa benzenes alkyl kusabela lula. Umzekelo, benzoic acid. Ifomula yile ilandelayo:

C6H5CH3 + [O] → C6H5COOH.

Alkylbenzene kunye benzene, hydrogenation ka

Phambi hydrogen msindo uqalisa azithethelele benzene, cyclohexane oko kwasekwa, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla. Ngokufanayo alkibenzoly imiswe ajikwa alkylcyclohexanes. Ukuze alkylcyclohexane ukuba phantsi le alkyl benzene hydrogenation oyifunayo. Ngokomthetho kube yinkqubo efunekayo ekuveliseni imveliso unalloyed. Kwaye le nto yonke indlela benzene kunye alkyl benzene.

Ukuveliswa benzene. imboni

Fundam ezinjalo isekelwe kwinto yokuba amacandelo Recycle: toluene, avuthayo tar ephuma ngexesha nokuqhekeka wamalahle, kunye nezinye. Ngoko ke, benzene evela petrochemical, amashishini metallurgical. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba indlela ntumbuluko benzene ezahlukeneyo, ngenxa yomgaqo kwimveliso kunye indawo kufuneka ibe ubudlelwane ngqo uphawu lwento.

isabelo yengonyama yenziwe oguqukayo bead zokuphosa inxenye kaustobiolitnoy ebilisiweyo iphume degrees 65, nto leyo eye ifuthe isicatshulwa ulwelo ne dimethylformamide.

Ekwenzeni ethylene kunye propylene ifunyenwe iimveliso engamanzi akhiwa ngexesha kuwohloka iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo organic, phantsi kwempembelelo ubushushu. Kwezi, benzene kunye ekwanti. Kodwa ke, ngelishwa, ngumqolo izinto version yemveliso ye benzene ayikho kangako. Ngenxa yokuba nomdla into enencindi oguqukayo na. Yi indlela enjalo kwandisa isixa benzene.

Xa dealkylation ashushu 610-830 kunye uphawu lokwengeza, phambi engumphunga lasekwa ngo ukubilisa kwamanzi kunye hydrogen, ilungisiwe ukususela toluene, benzene. Kukho enye indlela - kuvala. Xa ubukho zeolites kwenzeka, okanye ungenzanga njalo, ehlanganisa oxide, ngokuxhomekeke lobushushu 227-627 degrees.

Kukho omnye, nangaphezulu, uphuhliso indlela benzene. Kunye ukufunxeka imvelaphi zomgquba sibohla ukuba uyazimela umphumo lokugqibela amalahle coking. Le mveliso yathotyelwa kwimeko umphunga-gas kunye pre-injini. Umzekelo, ngethuba ziqhube ioli, umthombo leyo oyile okanye namalahle. Xa ulwelo lwenziwa umphunga, absorber bahlukana. Hydrotreating of benzene crude inceda ukhululekile izinto ezingeyomfuneko.

amalahle zetar okubonakalayo

Yokunyibilikisa isinyithi usebenzisa zamalahle, kwaye ukuba cokisa - neyanamhlanje yayo owomileyo wanika coke. Ngethuba le nkqubo, kuphela umoya. Musa ukulibala ukuba lobushushu ka-1200-1500 Celsius amalahle ashushu.

Carbon Chemistry benzene kufuna ukusulungekiswa ngokucokisekileyo. Kufuneka ukuba balahle mandatory ukusuka imethyl cyclohexane kunye neqabane lakhe n-heptane. hydrocarbon kugcwale nayo kufuneka isuswe. Benzene ukuba inkqubo osithelisayo, ohluza, eya kwenziwa ngaphezu kanye.

Le ndlela echazwe ngasentla, omdala, kodwa emva kwexesha ithe indawo yayo ephezulu.

zegazi petroleum

0.3-1.2% - ezi zibalo hero yethu eolini alunyangwanga. ukusebenza elusizi ukutyala kwaye ngezimali amandla. Kungcono usebenzise inkqubo yezoshishino processing of amaqhekeza ioli. Oko encedisa ukuqalisa oguqukayo. Phambi aluminiyam-platinum-oluLula msindo abafumana iphesenti carbohydrate enuka kamnandi, kwaye yandisa Isalathisi inkcazo fitsha self kwanokubuyisela amafutha ngexesha ucinezelo yayo.

pyrolysis resin

Ukuba simunce non petroleum ekrwada eqinileyo, oko kukuthi yi pyrolysis kukhokelele ekuvelisweni kweti i-propylene kunye ethylene, ukuba le ndlela iza kuba ezifaneleke kakhulu. Ukuze ube ngqo, benzene kukhululwa pyrocondensate. Le yokubola lwezabelo ezithile kufuna hydrotreating. Xa uhlamba isalfure umxube unsaturated lunqunyanyisiwe. Isiphumo yokuqala lweziqulatho waphawula xylene, toluene, benzene. Uqhuba kwayo ekstaktivnym, BTK-iqela ifunyenwe kwaye siyahlukana benzene.

hydrodealkylation of toluene

Primary inkqubo Heroes cocktail lokuhamba hydrogen kunye toluene abondliwayo kungena reactor shushu. Toluene wawiswa ngayo umaleko kuvala. Ngethuba lale nkqubo, eli qela imethyl siyahlukana ukwakha benzene. Apho kufanelekileyo ngendlela ethile lawo lokuhlambulula. Ngenxa yoko into eliphezulu-ntumbuluko (nitration).

toluene disproportionation

Ngenxa udidi imethyl sokwala wenziwe benzene indalo, xylene into oxidized. Kule nkqubo, kuye kwaphawulwa transalkylation. Isenzo kungenxa palladium catalyzing, platinum kunye neodymium, eziphezu alumina.

I-reactor uyala lokusekwa kuvala yehayidrojini inikezelwa taluol. injongo yakhe - ukugcina isimemezelo kwi ngokuguqulwa ezizizembiwa yempela-moya. Kumlanjana lukhupha reactor lupholisiwe yehayidrojini zisebenziseke isuswa ngokukhuselekileyo. Into eseleyo, iya Yek kathathu. Ngelo xesha lirhoxisiwe iikhompawundi sokuqala ukuba non-enuka kamnandi. Owesibini uvelisa benzene, kwaye inyathelo lokugqibela - isabelo-xylenes.

trimerization of iasithilini

Ngenxa umsebenzi semichiza emzimbeni French Marcellin Berthelot ukusuka benzene yokwenziwa ngentsimbi iasithilini. Kodwa kumi cocktail enzima nezinye izinto ezininzi. Lo mbuzo yokunciphisa iqondo lobushushu reaction. Impendulo Kwafunyanwa kuphela novalo ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane XX. W. Reppe wafumana iza efanelekileyo, yangqineka nickel. Trimerization - nguye kuphela ukhetho ukuze bafumane benzene iasithilini.

benzene benazo kwenzeka kunye namalahle ziyasebenza. Ngamazinga aphezulu ubushushu phezu amalahle udlula iasithilini. Nebenzene ukhululeka ukuba lobushushu Iqondo lobushushu lihle laya ubuncinane 410. Ngoko nangoku wazalelwa hydrocarbon ezahlukeneyo enuka kamnandi. Ngoko ke, kufuneka izixhobo elungileyo, ezinako iasithilini ngokomgangatho ecacileyo. Xa inkqubo onjalo etya ixesha njengoko trimerization of iasithilini wabadla lukhulu. Ukuze ufumane ml 15 benzene, iilitha 20 amkelwe iasithilini. Uyakwazi ukubona indlela ozijonga ifomula (iasithilini, benzene), basabela uthatha ixesha elide.

3C2H2 → C6H6 (Zelinsky equation).

3CH → CH = (t, kat) = C6H6.

Apho ukusebenzisa benzene

Benzene - nto ezithandwa ngumqondo chemistry. Ingakumbi kaninzi kuye kwaphawulwa njengoko benzene ufumene inkonzo ekwenziweni cumene, cyclohexane, ethylbenzene. Ukudala styrene ethylbenzene akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle. Okubhalwe kokuqala ukuze avelise caprolactam yi cyclohexane. Ngokwenza lo intlaka thermoplastic kusetyenziswe caprolactam. Uchaza into eluncedo ekwenziweni Iipeyinti ezahlukeneyo, ivanishi.

Indlela yingozi benzene

Benzene - into ityhefu. Kubonakaliswa siziva oluthile, nto leyo sikhatshwa isicaphucaphu kunye Uyagula - umqondiso yityhefu. It is hhayi ngaphandle nokufa. Imvakalelo uvuyo olungathethekiyo - oko alarm iintsimbi kungekho ngaphantsi xa yityhefu yi benzene.

Benzene ulwelo ibangela kwesikhumba. lula ezitshatileyo benzene ukungena nkqu ngesikhumba lomelele. Ngelo kakhulu qha elifutshane kunye kweziyobisi idosi encinane, kodwa rhoqo, imiphumo ebuhlungu ukuthatha ixesha elide ukuba alinde. Oku kube leukemia lomongo wethambo kunye nohlobo etsolo kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo.

On top of loo ayiyekeki ebantwini. Nebenzene uba dope. Ukusuka umsi wecuba ajike imveliso ungalibali. wafundela ikhowudi, ngoko weza wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba umxholo wale mithandazo akukhuselekanga ukuba abantu. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukongeza phambi inicotine nomoya nkqu phambi enuka carbohydrate uhlobo benzopyrene. Lwalawo benzpyrene are carcinogens. Isiphumo ezinaso yingozi kakhulu. Umzekelo, ukuba umhlaza.

Nangona zingasentla, benzene kuba kwimveliso imithi ezahlukeneyo, iiplastiki, irabha eyenziweyo izinto zokuqala kwaye, kakade, zombala. Le umntwana ixhaphakileyo neyezinto elibona enuka kamnandi.