Ikholoji niche: imifuziselo kunye nemigaqo

Zemvelo kufuneka ukujongana neentlobo ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo, ukususela icyanobacteria ukuya iindlovu. Kucacile ukuba okusingqongileyo ngaxeshanye ukuze kakuhle kakhulu kuba ezahlukeneyo. iindlela zokufunda nazo ezahlukeneyo. Kwenzeka njani ukuba ukuhlola izenzakalo ezahlukene ngolu hlobo? Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba ukwazi ukubona indlela kangaka? Ewe, kukho izixhobo zenzululwazi ezizodwa, olusekelwe phezu ingqiqo ka "crespo eziphilayo." Nayiphi na ingxoxo shishino wenzululwazi ejongene nale mbono. Ngoko ke, sijonga yintoni.

Igama elithi yaphakanyiswa ixesha elide eyadlulayo, xa 20 zenkulungwane yama-20. American John Grinell - Yena nge ummeli wesizwe bobuqili yenyuka. Ekuqondeni kwakhe "crespo eziphilayo" - ezi iimeko yokuhlala yesiqhelo eziphilayo. Kodwa uCharles Alton, omnye waseBritani, wayenza loo nto, Cacisa ezahlukeneyo. Wathi ukuba nshila - ubudlelwane kunye ukutya kunye nonxulumano neentshaba zendalo. Kukho iindlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo le nkcazelo. Kwimeko yokuqala, libhekisela "idilesi" (apho uhlala), elinesibini - "umsebenzi" (into ayenzayo ekuhlaleni). Kodwa ke iintlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo babe umsebenzi ofanayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, eRashiya enkulu herbivorous - ixhama, eAfrika - neula, Australia - kangaroos.

AmaMelika babengazi okwanele inkcazelo ebanzi enjalo "crespo eziphilayo." Ngoko, kwi 50 sisazinzulu kuloo State, Dzhordzh Hatchinson, uye wadala imodeli multi emacala-. Igama elithi, yena kucetywa ukuba siqwalasele uluhlu olupheleleyo imiba yokusingqongileyo, leyo apho look. Ngaphezu koko, ngokuba ixesha elide. Kwaye njalo kwi iintlobo efanayo. Thabatha umzekelo iintlobo zezityalo. Masithi ukuba siyazi ukuba kukho ephezulu nesezantsi nemida lobushushu ngaphakathi apho iintlobo anikwe baphile kwaye uzive okulungileyo. Ezi data angamelwa njenge nokulungelelanisa inkqubo apho omnye nezamazembe singamiswa lobushushu. A axis yesibini ukufuma-wesithathu, umzekelo, imali kwezondlo. Ngenxa yoko, le shedyuli ziya kuba iimilo-ntathu, ezifana iibhokisi.

Hutchinson usebenzisa le ndlela yayigcinwa kuthelekiswa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo. Khawube nomfanekiso-ezimbalwa zezi bhokisi esithubeni. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ukubonisa ezinye unxulumano izilwanyana isithuba kwaye kukhuphiswano ukutya. Animal ngokuqhelekileyo sebenzisa zikhombisi zilandelayo kwi nezamazembe: i lweendawo lungiselelo, ukutya kunye amaxesha onyaka.

Ezinye iintlobo zezitya kwaye bahlala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye abanye basebenzisa ukutya obungabangeli mdla kwaye bahlala kwiimeko ezichazwe ngokungqongqo. Indlela ukutya okuninzi, ingakumbi i ngakumbi "niche ububanzi" bathi kwemvelo. Hi xikombiso, le koala uthanda kuphela amagqabi emithi zomgamtriya (kwaye ngoko zonke iintlobo), kunye opossums badla phantse nantoni na. Ingaba kulungile niche xa ububanzi eziphilayo? Kwelinye icala, ewe, kuba likuvumela ukuba baziqhelanise utshintsho lobume. Kodwa ukuba bume uzinzile, le meko intle kakhulu ukuba bafake olunye uhlobo iintlobo zokutya. Ukongeza, kukho iindidi uthando idla abakwaziyo ukuvelisa ukutya ngaphantsi kune "iingcali elimxinwa".

iintlobo ezininzi kunye yayigcinwa ezifanayo kufuneka bakhuphisane ngengcwangu ukutya. Ngoko ke, phantse akukho iintlobo ezimbini kunye yayigcinwa ezifanayo komnye ummandla indawo ongahlali, omnye uya ngokuqinisekileyo indawo yesibini. Kuye kwafumaniseka ngokomfuniselo zesayensi ezisuka eRashiya, Gause. Kubonakala ukuba Azityi uluntu kagunyaziwe ukutya izityalo ezahlukeneyo. A marhamncwa ezahlukeneyo - ezizingelayo ku hayi iintlobo efanayo amaxhoba.

niche ayangenana rhoqo, kodwa ukutya eziphilayo kufuneka ibe ezahlukeneyo. Kakade ke, ngenxa yokusebenza eqhelekileyo kuluntu niche ithile kufuneka zilala, kodwa kufuneka ekusoloko kuzakubakho igumbi bhetyebhetye, kungenjalo ingqondo phantse akunakwenzeka ukuba asinde.

niche Human eziphilayo - yeyona esityebileyo olubanzi. Kufuneka ukuba anyamekele loo ecaleni nathi yaba isithuba kubukho kwezinye iintlobo. Nature ongabunyamezeliyo ukungahoywa.