Entsonkothileyo indawo futhi zendalo. izakhiwo Russian zemvelo

Abaninzi bacinga ukuba indalo - kuba isenzeko njengongekho kwaza ingalawuleki. Amahlathi kunye ehlathini, emaqeleni neentlango - konke oku okuthiwa randomly amalungiselelo zokuhlala zendalo. Makube lee oko.

Zonke iinkqubo zendalo kwi kwintsimi anikiweyo zisoloko ngokubambisana nje kuphela omnye nomnye kodwa kunye nezinye iindawo zokuhlala, nto leyo iqhele emnyango elandelayo. Loo nto yonke uluhlu leendibano kunye zokuhlala ezahlukeneyo (ngamanye amaxesha kunye iimpawu malunga ngokupheleleyo) imbaxa yendalo.

Uninzi umzekelo yehlabathi intsebenziswano enjalo kukuba iqokobhe enkulu ngenxa ngenxa yentsebenziswano le lithosfere, kwehayidrosfere, semvelo kunye nomoya asezantsi. Kakade ke, amacandelo alo owahlukeneyo kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba udibane kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo kakhulu, obe ubaqhiphukisa ukuyilwa kwizakhiwo ezikhethekileyo zendalo.

Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo yendalo - indibanisela nesimo sezulu, zebhayoloji kunye neznye ezinegalelo ukuyilwa kwintsimi ethile yokuhlala ekhethekileyo, ebonakala ngu ingqokelela yezinto eziphilayo. Ngokwahlukileyo inkolelo ethandwayo, ezi kwizakhiwo akukho kuzinza, ungatshintsha ngokukhawuleza, ukwakha uhlobo eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo elimi ngayo.

Impembelelo iimeko zokusingqongileyo

nempembelelo enkulu ukuyilwa indawo yokuhlala yendalo yobubanzi kwemozulu. Akumangalisi ukuba inkululeko inye ukukhawulelana isakhiwo esifanayo yendalo nelinabemi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ukuba malunga iimpawu ezifanayo. Kwiilwandle ibizwa ngokuba iinkqubo zendalo emanzini. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inkqubo ukuyilwa elide kakhulu, kuxhomekeke nje kuphela iimeko zokusingqongileyo, kodwa kwakhona kwi eziphilayo ahlala kule biotope.

A Umzekelo enkulu - izixhobo. Ukuba une polyp elwandle, i-mphandle emazantsi yahluke gqitha iimpawu mmandla elimelene apho coral ngesizathu esithile musa. Noko ke, musa ukulibala malunga imiba zejoloji: aselwandle kufuneka abunjwe kuphela kwiindawo apho kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-60 ezigidi eyadlulayo kwakukho mlilo extinct. Phela, oku kwaba yi odumileyo Darwin, ukwenza inkcazelo entsonkothileyo endalo ezilwandle. Ngenxa yoko, nathi bafikelele kwisigqibo elula.

Nawuphi ukubunjwa yendalo ivela, kwaye isantya yale nkqubo eyahlukileyo. kwakufuneka Kwafa kwizigidi zeminyaka, kanti kwezinye iimeko ukuze ibe kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa.

Eyona ezisemqoka wophuhliso

Eyona nto ephambili echaphazela phantse nasiphi na isakhiwo yendalo imitha yelanga, isantya ojikeleza ngaso wonke umhlaba, ngokunjalo ukuqokelelwa kwazo zonke iinkqubo ezikhoyo apha emoyeni, lo lithosfere, kwehayidrosfere. Ngenxa kule, zokuhlala ezingundoqo kakhulu kwaye buxhomekeke, kodwa kwiziseko abasesichengeni. Ukuba ubuncinane enye sakhi ezaphukileyo, ngoko nangoko kuchaphazela imeko yonke ezintsonkothileyo. Ngenxa yoko, yena okanye ukutshintsha okanye shwaka. Kwathi ke imigxobhozo e Polesye.

Umzekelo practical notshintsho zokuhlala

Ngokwembali, le ndawo senziwa inani elikhulu imilambo, nto leyo rhoqo bondliwa yi nobuninzi indibaniselayezitshixo. Ngenxa yoko, le yokugqibela etyalwa bubukho kwezakhi eninzi ngodongwe, nto leyo engazange avume ukuya komhlaba enzulu. ukufuma High negalelo ekuyilweni mmandla kunye microclimate okhethekileyo. Umhlaba uyehla igutyungelwe ezintshinyeleni imithana, moss kunye ulele.

Nantsi olukhawulezayo inani enkulu izinambuzane. Nabo ke watsala eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, ezirhubuluzayo neentaka zezulu.

Yintoni eyabangela ukuba ukutshatyalaliswa yonke biotope? Ke ngoko nje kwaba ngokwaneleyo ukuphazamisa umaleko ngodongwe kungenwa nto. Kwathi kamsinya nje akuba ewela umjelo lokunkcenkceshela, indawo yokuhlala waqala ukutshintsha ngokukhawuleza. yaphulwe Le microclimate ezizodwa ziye, iintlobo zamanzi-befuna waqalisa ukufa en endle. Umgxobhozo wanika indlela eya Amadlelo eyomileyo ngokulinganisela kumhlaba asidi, Bathiwe wambu izityalo singami ndawonye. Ngenxa yoko, le ndawo entsonkothileyo yendalo yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo, kodwa endaweni nangoko kwafika omnye ukwakheka.

iyantlukwano Historical mxokelelwano wendalo

Asimele silibale ukuba lonke ixesha inkqubo yembali phezu kwamanzi planethi yethu ibunjiwe wanyamalala amawaka iintlobo nezakhiwo zendalo. Ngokuphindaphindiweyo mzuzu ulwandle Babonakala nomhlaba owomileyo yanyamalala, azafunyanelwa ndawo, izigidi iintlobo. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba izakhiwo zendalo mihla baqala ukwenza kuphela 10-12 amawaka. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo.

Noko ke, yayisathe iingqikelelo 'ubude'. Ababhali-mbali kudala bathi kanye uAleksandr Makedonsky wakwazi ukuya ukuza kuthi ga ngo-Asia kuphela ngenxa yokuba kwiminyaka amanye amabini okanye amathathu amawaka edlulileyo Amudarya kunye Syrdarya baba imilambo kakhulu nzulu ngakumbi. imibhobho zawo kudityaniswe nganye nakweminye imimandla iisayithi ezininzi ingafikeleleki weentaba, ngoku ukufikelela kuphela umoya okanye umhlaba.

Isantya utshintsho kwiinkqubo zendalo

Noko ke, kwezinye iimeko, zokuhlala badla ukutshintsha phambi kwamehlo ethu. Kakade ke, oku ngenxa kwezinye izinto zendalo (mlilo, kunye nezinye iintlekele musa zenzeka rhoqo), yaye phantsi kwempembelelo zinto anthropogenic. Ngelishwa, ungenelelo phantse lonke uyagula-wamitha kukhokelela neziphumo ezibi kakhulu.

Eyona engundoqo amacandelo kwisakhiwo yendalo

Isakhiwo ngasinye zemvelo ezenziwa uhlobo "iibhloko zokwakha", iimpawu apho zixhomekeke kwiimpawu yonke yokuhlala. Okokuqala, lo mhlaba. Eli gama libhekisela kuhlobo olufanayo kwendawo, iimeko zemozulu ezifanayo, zidibene ne iinkalo enezityalo nezilwanyana. Ubume landscape ibandakanya iinkalo amaphecana facies.

Makhe sijonge amacandelo nje kancinane ngakumbi isakhiwo yendalo.

izinto uphawu

Facies ebizwa biotope kwakheka ngaphakathi inxalenye ebalulekileyo ngengingqi. Umzekelo emazantsi ebisenyobeni, entabeni okanye ngaphezulu, ngapha nangapha komlambo, okanye ulwandle. Kulo mzekelo, kuvamile iintlobo zikho, njengoko efanayo kakhulu kwaye rhoqo iimeko facies.

Xa sithetha iqela ezinxulumene kunye nezinye facies nganye, le ukubunjwa kuthiwa umda yendalo. Ngokomzekelo, complex sobummandla kunye zendalo, apho ibekwe ecaleni somlambo - phecana. Kakade ke, ukuba eliqela enxulumene rhoqo omnye komnye, bakha iindawo. Ezi ziquka ummandla wezandyondyo enkulu kunye umlambo nzulu, phakathi imilambo ezimbini, enkangala enamatye.

Njengoko ebukeka ezithathwa?

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba yokwakha kufuneka zihlelwe ngokweempawu zazo neznye. Bona zixhomekeke shifts ziitectonic plates kunye nesimo sendawo. Ngokukodwa, kwizakhiwo Russian yendalo ziquka ubume plain kunye entabeni. A umahluko kwakhona udidi nelezihlambo kunye obhudlayo eziphila. A udidi eyahlukileyo ezi komhlaba intaba-hlathi, kummandla welizwe lethu uswele.

Le-flat yahlulwe ezi ndidi zilandelayo: zamaxesha athile ngonyaka, exubeneyo-zamaxesha athile ngonyaka, coniferous, ehlathini-emathafeni kunye emathafeni. Iziseko abathile kunxweme yemilambo komlambo, amachibi kunye imigxobhozo. Kwizakhiwo yendalo ephambili Russia - yengenanto i zigqunywe ngamahlathi pine, ihlathi-emathafeni, eyetundra ubume weentaba, ngokuqhelekileyo zaseCaucasus.

Yintoni ifuthe lwemisebenzi zabantu zokuhlala zendalo?

Siye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wabonisa ukuba izinto ezenziwa ngabantu kusoloko kukhokelela utshintsho vuhlayiseki nezinto zendalo kule ndawo. Kwaye kule meko ikwatshintsha iimpawu entsonkothileyo kakhulu zendalo. Kwaye isiqabu nje kuphela, kodwa imozulu, iimpawu zomhlaba, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Izazinzulu bahlule kuphela kwezolimo, amahlathi, ulawulo lwamanzi, kwakunye neendawo zoshishino kunye zokuhlala (izixeko, iidolophu ezinkulu).

Xa ilizwe lethu umntu Ukungenela waqala VI-V nkulungwane BC. e. Ngenxa yoko, ehlathini kunye neentili kwasekwa kakhulu kuphuhliso uluntu wayeqalisa kudliwe ukhuni, ngokubonakalayo bagawula amahlathi. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo ngokukodwa ngenkuthalo baqhubeka 18-19 kwiinkulungwane th. Umzekelo, i-Udmurtia enye, kude kube ngoku, yayibizwa ngokuba 'idolophu zigqunywe ngamahlathi. " Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, xa ilizwe kwakufuneka eninzi amalahle, apho phantse nto iseleyo.

Ukongeza, uphuhliso lorhwebo emanzini yaba sisiqalo yophuhliso kunobukhulu amathanga lonxweme phambili ngokukhawuleza kwi ubungakanani nakwizixeko ezikhulu-nkqubo (kwimeko yamaGrike). Ngomhla wama-16-18 kwiinkulungwane th. kwabakho inkqubo omkhulu kakhulu ukuguqula amahlathi nakwimifula. Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-15, abantu ngokunzima kakuhle emathafeni. Konke oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba abantu lakhula ngokukhawuleza, abantu babefuna ukutya okuninzi. Ukususela kuphuhliso kwezolimo ngelo xesha olubanzi kakhulu, oko kwakufuneka ukulima amasimi ukubandulula ngezembe ehlathini.

Ngenxa yoko, phantse akukho complex ngokunjalo yendalo ubalekile utshintsho.

De kwaba yinkulungwane ye-19 ngomhla kummandla welizwe lethu amahlathi kokukhona baya kwiimfuno zoshishino olukhula ngokukhawuleza. Ngexesha ezimbini Wars yeHlabathi isantya yale nkqubo liye landa kakhulu. Okokuqala wabonakala ngokwenene landscape mveliso xa Kuzbass waqalisa emigodini yamalahle olunzulu, yaye Baku - ngexesha amaqula ioli yokuqala.

kwinkulungwane yama-20 Early yabalasela kukho utshintsho olukhulu jikelele-mhlaba phantsi iimfuno zabantu. Ehlahla inani elikhulu zeendlela, yokunyibilikisa isinyithi liyigqibele ngakumbi amalahle, iinkuni kunye esikrwada, kunye nemfuno nokwanda yombane wafuna ukwakha inani elikhulu lezikhululo zamandla ngamanzi, ngenxa yokuba apho kukho inani elikhulu nezo zisemazantsi izikhukhula.

khona

Ngoko, kwi European kummandla eRashiya namhlanje ubukhulu becala kugcwele mhlaba zoshishino ezenziwe ngumntu. Kwezinye iindawo kukho ngaphantsi kwe-20% ye-iinkqubo zendalo ezingakhange abachatshazelwa imisebenzi yabantu. Ngelishwa, kusekho ukukhuselwa izakhiwo zendalo ise phantse zethu isanda. kwiminyaka yakutshanje baye babonisa umkhuba yangcono noko, kodwa oko kwenziwa ngale ndlela nangoku hayi kangako.

njani umntu yokulondoloza zokuhlala zendalo?

Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba kufuneka ukudala oovimba abaninzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Kakade ke, ukusa kumkhamo othile, oku ilungile, kodwa kuyimfuneko ukuba ucinge iindlela zehlabathi ngakumbi. Khumbula oko sathi malunga interconnectedness yeenkqubo zendalo?

Ukuba ecaleni kwindawo ekhuselweyo yeyona lweshishini inkulu mveliso, ngoko onke amanyathelo ukuze kukhuselwe indalo inokuba ilize. Kuyimfuneko ukuba kungafundiswa lonke ubugcisa resource-okonga, ukuba ukulima phezu ubuchule mihla efuna izivuno eziphezulu kunye neendawo ezincinane. Kulo mzekelo, umntu kuyimfuneko akusekho ukulima umhlaba ngakumbi nangakumbi.

Kunyanzelekile ukuba kukunciphisa isixa ezikhutshwayo emoyeni kunye kwehayidrosfere, njengokuba ngoko siya kuba nako ukulondoloza iyantlukwano eziphilayo imilambo kunye neelwandle nenzala yethu.

Nangona kunjalo, asimele sicinge ukuba izakhiwo abadalwe abaphili ummandla layigubungela mveliso imibhobho. Nature ubonisa bhetyebhetye emangalisayo, rhoqo sivumelane neemeko nokutshintsha parameters yokusingqongileyo.

Ngokomzekelo, abaninzi iintlobo baye bafunda ukuphila ecaleni le ndoda, siwasebenzise ngokupheleleyo kukho intsebenziswano enjalo. Ngoko ornithologists kudala wabonisa ukuba ledlelo lemizi ezinkulu sele iqalile ukwenza i eyahlukileyo sub-iintlobo amabele, leyo ehlotyeni kuhlala ngaphakathi kwemida isakhiwo zokuhlala.

Ngokufutshane, kwisakhiwo ezemvelo - uluhlu self-ekulawuleni bangatshintsha dynamically.

Njani na uhlobo biocoenosis anthropogenic?

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi ntaka aya emizini kuphela ebusika, xa ihlathi kwakunzima bekumfanele yokufumana imali eyimfuneko ukutya. Namhlanje ahlala unyaka wonke-kwimimandla ehlathini, ngaphandle abaneengxaki kunye nokutya. Ngenxa yoko, ukubakho kokutya landa inani amaqanda sibekiwe, ekubeni onke amantshontsho inganikezelwa ngokutya. Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba phakathi kwiminyaka embalwa ngokucacileyo Iziqulatho zenyathi eziya kwahluka tits oluqhelekileyo ubungakanani ezinkulu feathering lula.

Nantso ukusebenza ngomhla isilwanyana kuzakutshintsha uluhlu yaso yendalo. Imizekelo kuba eqhutywa ixesha elide, kodwa omnye eyona ke iimpuku. Xa izicwangciso ezisezidolophini, ukuba zinkulu nangobungcali of abaza babo zasendle kakhulu. Ebonakala eliphezulu lokukhulelwa ezininzi kunye kombala ezahlukahlukeneyo. Le yokugqibela kubonisa ukuncitshiswa kabukhali inani iintshaba zendalo, ekubeni izilwanyana inkangeleko "engaqhelekanga" bakwazi ukusinda futhi sizale.

Kukho imizekelo ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Kule ndawo ipoma inani enkulu iipakethe izinja esathathwa apho ngelo xesha. Bathi akalawuleki, ningoyiki abantu. Le zokuhlala elungisiweyo, ezi zilwanyana wahlala niche kweengcuka yendalo. Abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba la maqela yezilwanyana ekugqibeleni uya kuba nako ukumelana ngaphandle, ukudala kweejini okhethekileyo kakhulu.

Njengoko ubona, iinkqubo zendalo ezenziwe nangona kwiziseko afundileyo ngezandla inkxaso, bahlala phezu imithetho eqhelekileyo ngokwanelisayo yendalo, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukugcina biosphere.