Iiparameters ze "Iron Lady", okanye Yintoni ukuphakama kwe-Eiffel Tower kwisiphene

I-Eiffel Tower, enye into eyaziwayo njengeTour de Eifel, yenye yezona zakhiwo ezibonakala zilula kakhulu eParis kunye nokukhangwa khenketho. Imbali yesakhiwo, ebizwa ngokuba ngumdali wayo uAlexander Gustave Eiffel, inomdla kwizizathu ezininzi, kubandakanywa nokuba ukwakhiwa kwangaphambili akuzange kuthathwe njengenxalenye engunaphakade yendawo yokwakha. Ngoku "i-Iron Lady" ibonakele kwi- Champ de Mars, esebhantshini elisentshona yoMlambo Seine, kwaye akukho namnye ophikisana nobuhle bayo. Abantu baseParis bathanda "intombikazi enhle" kwaye bakholelwa ukuba i-Eiffel Tower yikhadi elikhe tye laseFransi, kodwa kwakungekho njalo.

Khuphiswano

Ngomnyaka we-1889, iMiboniso yamazwe ngamazwe yoPhumelelo lweNtsebenzo yezobuGcisa yayiza kubanjelwa eParis, ifikelelwe ixesha elixhomekeke kwiminyaka eyi-100 ye-Revolution yesiFrentshi. Intsimi yokubonakaliswa yonyulwa njenge-Field of Mars. Iminyaka emithathu phambi komboniso, ikomidi lombutho linikezele ukhuphiswano lwezakhiwo ezilungileyo, ezinokubonisa ngokucacileyo umxholo wesicatshulwa. Kwakukho izicelo ezingama-700, kwaye ezinye zazingenjalo. Ekubeni umboniso ubanjwe ukuphawula i-centenary ye-revolution, enye yezinto ezicetywayo ziyikopi enkulu ye-guillotine. Enye iphrojekthi isakhiwo esinqumleko kunye nemicu yombhobho ekuvumela ukuba uphendule ii-jets zamanzi kunye namanzi kwindawo yaseParis xa kunesomiso. Mhlawumbi inkolelo enkulu yayisisiphakamiso sokwakha i-light-meter yehouse 300 eyenziwe ngegranite eneqhosha elisezantsi elaliza kukhanyeka ngokugqithiseleyo kangangokuthi amaParis angafunda iphephandaba ebusuku. Ngethamsanqa, zonke ezi projekthi zithatyathwe, kwaye ngaphandle kweziphakamiso ezikhulu kakhulu, ukudalwa kukaGustave Eiffel kwakunobunye wabizwa ngokuba ngumqhubi wokhuphiswano.

Iprojekthi yenzeke njani?

Kuyathakazelisa ukuba iinjineli ezidumileyo kunye nabakhi bebridge babengayi kuthatha inxaxheba kwintcintiswano, kwaye i-design tower yasekuqaleni yenziwa emva kowe-1884 nguyena oyisakhiwo esisikhokelo sakhe, uMaurice Keschlen. Xa u-Eiffel wanikezwa ngemifanekiso, wayenomdla kwisicombululo sobunjineli sento. Le projekthi yagqitywa ngumqambi uEmil Nugyo kwaye yangeniswa ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwintcintiswano. Emva kokuqwalasela iinketho ezahlukeneyo, ikhomishina yayeka emsebenzini we-design e-Eiffel. Ngaloo xesha, injini evelele yayenze utshintsho lokugqibela ekubaleni nasekuyikweni kwinqaba. Inkqubo yenkqubo yokwakha eyomeleleyo kunye neyasebenza. Ngombulelo ngenxa yokusebenza uGustave Eiffel wayala ukuba abhalwe ngamagama angama-72 abakhethekileyo abakhi bezobunjineli, iinjineli, izazinzulu kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abaye bathatha inxaxheba kwindalo yakhe yesinyithi. Amagama abo nanamhla adonsa inqaba kwimiqolo emine.

Uhlolo lokuqala

Ukusuka ngo-1887 ukuya ku-1889, i- Eiffel Tower yayakhiwa eParis. Ukuphakama kwisiphene kwakuyi-300.65 yamitha ngelo xesha. Isakhiwo sonke esinamawaka asixhenxe anesithandathu sasisebenza njengomngcipheko wokungena eMibonisweni wamazwe ngamazwe eParis kunye neminyaka engamashumi amabini emva kokuphela kokwakha kwakuza kuqothulwa. Ekuvuleni kwinqaba kwathatha inxaxheba kwi-Prince of Wales, kwaye emva koko uKumkani waseNgilandi u- Edward VII. Ubungangamsha, njengendoda enembono ephakamileyo kunye nomtsalane we-neo-impressionism, wayenwabileyo ukwakhiwa. "I-Iron Lady" yayiyimpumelelo ephawulekayo kwiindwendwe kulo mboniso: ezinyangeni ezintandathu, wayeyithandwa ngabantu abayizigidi ezimbini. Nangona kunjalo, akuyiyo yonke into evumela ukuyila ngokuvelisa ngokutsha kwintsimbi. Amakhulu amathathu emitha ekuphakameni kwe-Eiffel Tower kwi-spire kunye nezinto ezivela kuyo, kubangele ukuthukuthela kwabaninzi baseParis. Isibongozo kumagosa kamasipala ngokukrakra ekwakhiweni kwezinto ezinqamlekileyo, ukuchithwa ubuso bomzi, wasayinwa ngabemi abangamakhulu amathathu abahlonishwayo baseFransi. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona uGuy de Maupassant, u- Emile Zola, uCharles Francois Gounod (umsunguli wohlobo lwe-french lyric opera) kunye noDumas Jr ..

Yintoni ukuphakama kweNqaba ye-Eiffel kwisiphene?

Inqaba iqulethwe ngamanqanaba amathathu, exhotywe ngamaphulo okuqwalasela. Iyokuqala ikude kumitha engama-57 ngaphezulu komhlaba, okwesibini - 115, kunye neyesithathu-274 yamitha. Ukubukela imbonakalo enhle yaseParis kunye nommandla ojikelezayo kwimbono yeentaka, kwakudingeka ukunqoba amanqanaba angama-1710. Emva kwakho konke, ukuphakama kwe-Eiffel Tower kwi-spire kwakungamamitha angama-300, kwaye i-elevator kwinqanaba eliphakathi lalibonakala kamva. Nangona kunjalo, ubunzima obunjalo abuzange baluphelise abo banqwenela ukutyelela ummangaliso wobunjineli bacinga. Ukuthandwa kwinqaba kwenza iziphathimandla zedolophu zithintele ukuyiqhawula. Ekubeni ukuphela kokwakhiwa kwe "Iron Lady" iminyaka engama-41 isele isakhiwo esiphezulu sabantu emhlabeni jikelele. Eyakhelwe ngo-1930, isakhiwo saseKhrysler sasiyiphakamisa phantsi kwa-1957. Ngaloo xesha, i-antenna yayinamathele kwinqaba, kwaye isakhiwo sasibuye siphinde sibe ngaphezu kwekhredithi. Kuza kube namhlanje, ukuphakama kwe-Eiffel Tower kwi-spire ngamamitha angama-324. Olu tshintsho kwiiparitha lwenzeka emva kokufakwa kwe-antenna entsha kwinqanaba layo ngo-2010. Ukudalwa kwe-Eiffel ngowona wesibini ophezulu eFransi emva kweVaduct Millau Bridge, eyaziwayo njengeyona bhuloho ephezulu kwihlabathi.

Inyaniso yentengiso

I-Eiffel Tower isoloko ibe yintlobo yobuqhetseba obuninzi, kodwa ubuqhetseba obuninzi bube nguVictor Lustig: waphatha ngo-1925 ukuthengisa eso sakhiwo kabini. Le ndoda yakha ngobuqili amaxwebhu karhulumente ekubhubhisweni kwesakhiwo, njengoko yawa phantsi kwayo, kunye nokuthengiswa kwayo. Yena, ebiza ngokuba nguSekela leNtloko yeSebe leZithuba kunye neTelegraph, wathumela isimemo sokuba athathe inxaxheba kwithenda kubashishini abathintekayo kwisitraba. Ukuphakama kwamamitha amathathu anamanci we-Eiffel Tower kwisiphango kwakuyinxalenye ecebileyo, ngoko ke ithuba lokufumana inomdla kuninzi. Okukhethiweyo kwawa ku-Andre Poisson, owayefuna ukufumana inqaba, eyade yanikela umxhaphazi, ukuba alahlekise abaphiswano. Xa umntu oshishino ohluphekileyo efumanisa ukuba wayekhohlisiwe, umphambukeli onesiqinisekiso esipheleleyo semali wayesele ekwazi ukuphepha. UPoisson wayenamahloni kakhulu ukuya kumapolisa. Ukukhuthazwa yimpumelelo yomenzi wokuzama ukuzama ukuphumeza inkohlakalo efanayo ngenyanga. Kodwa xa umthengi okhohlisayo wachaza isicwangciso sakhe waza wazisa amapolisa, uVictor wabaleka eUnited States, apho ekugqibeleni wawa ngenxa yezinye izinto ezimbi waza waziswa.

Umsebenzi

Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBili, amajoni ama-fascist azama ukulungisa i-swastika enkulu phezu kwesakhiwo esiphezulu saseFransi. Kodwa kubalwa ngokungalunganga ukuba ubude be-Eiffel Tower bunjani, kwaye abuzange kuthathelwe ingqalelo amandla okuphefumula umoya kwintlanganiso yayo. Ngoko ke, isimboli, esiqwengqwe ngomoya onamandla, kwakufuneka ithathelwe enye enye, leyo yayincinci. UAdolf Hitler wazama ukutshabalalisa i-Eiffel Tower ngo-1944. Umtyholi wecala lalela igosa lempi laseParis, uDietrich von Hollitz, ukudiliza inqaba kunye nezinye izinto zokwakha zeso sixeko, kodwa uwonke wenqaba.

Yethu imihla

Njengomfazi ongumFrentshi oyinyaniso, "UMongameli we-Eiffel" waguqula umbala wakhe ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ngoku ngoku yonke iminyaka eyisixhenxe, ukubonakala kwowesifazane omhle kuxhaswa ngamathani angama-57 epeyinti emdaka, elandela ngokulandelelanayo imifanekiso ye-shades yendalo. Ukususela ngo-2003, "i-Iron Lady" igqoke isambatho esikhanyayo sama-bulb angamawaka amabini ama-light ayenzelwe ukulandelelana. Iqumrhu elibandakanyekile kulo mhlobiso obalaseleyo unelungelo lobunikazi, ngoko awukwazi ukususa i-Eiffel Tower ngexesha lobusuku bokukhanya ngaphandle kwemvume ekhethekileyo.

Curiosities

Ubuhle obukhulu buhlala bubhenkcelela abahloli, ukuzibulala okanye ukuhamba nje. Ngoko, umzekelo, umfazi wazama ukulungisa amanqaku ngobomi, eqa e-Eiffel Tower, kodwa wafika emotweni, emi ngasentla, kamva watshata umnini wale moto. Ngo-2007, umAmerica ogama lakhe linguErica Labri watshata ku-Eiffel Tower waza waguqula igama lakhe nguLabri waya e-Eifel. Le meko yecala ibe yinto yokuxubusha kwiindaba nakwiinkonzo zentlalo.

Yiba nokuba kunjalo, i-Eiffel Tower ibe yimbophu engabonakaliyo kunye nokuhlobisa intloko yaseFransi iminyaka emininzi.