Science ukuba ufunda esikule - histology

Yintoni esiyaziyo lesayensi njenge histology? Ngokungathanga ngqo kunye nezibonelelo zalo ezisisiseko zazifumaneka esikolweni. Kodwa iinkcukacha ngakumbi, lo inzululwazi ifundwa kwimfundo ephakamileyo (kwiiyunivesithi) amayeza.

Kwinqanaba ngezekharityhulam, siyazi ukuba kukho iindidi ezine izicwili, kwaye ungomnye ngeekhomponenti asisiseko emzimbeni wethu. Kodwa abantu oceba ukukhetha okanye sele ukhethe ishishini labo medical wobugcisa, kufuneka uqhelane ngokweenkcukacha kunye candelo eziphilayo njengoko histology.

Yintoni histology

Histology - isayensi lifunda esikule izinto eziphilayo (abantu, izilwanyana kunye nezinye izinto multicellular), ukubunjwa kwabo, isakhiwo, umsebenzi kunye nothetha-thethwano. Le yesebe inzululwazi iquka abanye eziliqela.

Njengoko isiyalo academic, le inzululwazi ziquka:

• cytology (efunda ngesayensi iseli);
• embryology (ukufunda wophuhliso umbungu, iimpawu ukuyilwa Amalungu nezihlunu);
• histology jikelele (inzululwazi kuphuhliso, umsebenzi nokuba isigqeba yethishyu, ingakumbi izifundo zeethishu);
• histology zabucala (ukufunda emincinci amalungu kunye neenkqubo zazo).

Amanqanaba mbutho umzimba womntu kwinkqubo emanyanisiweyo

Le yabasemagunyeni into yokufunda of histology iqulathe kumanqanaba aliqela, nganye equka ezilandelayo. Ngaloo ndlela, uyakwazi nomfanekiso njengokuba matryoshka emininzi.

1. Body. It ingqibelelo ngokobugcisa nkqubo, oluthi luqokelelane ngexesha ontogeny.
2. Authorities. It is a entsokothileyo izicwili, leyo basebenzisane nabanye ekwenzeni imisebenzi yabo esisiseko kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa yi imisebenzi esisiseko.
3. Kwithishyu. Kweli nqanaba, idityaniswe yezabelo iseli. Iintlobo bafunda izicwili. Nangona isibakala sokuba ukuze iqulunqwe ezahlukeneyo data yemfuza, iimpawu zabo ezisisiseko isigqibo iiseli ezisisiseko.
4. Iiseli. Eli nqanaba iyunithi esisiseko zesakhiwo kukwasetyenziswa yona inyama - iseli kunye nezakhi zayo.
5. kwinqanaba Subcellular. Kweli nqanaba yeekhomponenti ukufunda iseli - ngumongo, organelles, cytolemma, cytosol, njalo-njalo.
6. kwinqanaba eziphilayo. Lo mgangatho luphawulwa isifundo ubume beemolekyuli inamacandelo iseli kunye nokusebenza kwabo.

Science ukuba ufunda esikule: Tasks

Njengaye nawuphi na inzululwazi, histology kukwasibonise inani lemisebenzi ukuba lwenziwa ngethuba lophando kunye nophuhliso kulo msebenzi. Phakathi kwezi imisebenzi zezona zibalulekileyo:

• ukufunda histogenesis;
• utoliko theory jikelele histology;
• Ukufunda yommiselo inyama kunye homeostasis iindlela;
• isifundo iimpawu ezinjalo iiseli njengoko bhetyebhetye, Ukwahluka kunye reactivity;
• theory Uphuhliso ngokutsha emva kwezihlunu atyiwe inyama therapy replacement iindlela;
• ukuchazwa kwezixhobo ummiselo yemfuza eziphilayo, iindlela ezintsha unyango zofuzo, kwakunye nombutho we iiseli stem osandul;
• isifundo sophuhliso lwabasebenzi kwisigaba umbungu, nezinye izihlandlo yophuhliso lwabasebenzi, kwakunye nengxaki yokuvelisa zingachumi ngokwaneleyo.

Izigaba zophuhliso emalunga nenzululwazi histology

Njengoko yaziwa, indawo zokufunda ngesakhiwo izicwili kuthiwa "histology". Yintoni na, izazinzulu ziye iqalile ukufumana ngaphambi kwexesha lethu.

Ngoko, xa kwimbali kuphuhliso lweli candelo angohlulwa ngezigaba ezithathu eziphambili - domikroskopichesky (17 ngenkulungwane th), obungabonakaliyo (de kwinkulungwane yama-20) kunye mihla (ukuza kuthi ga ngoku). Cinga ngalinye kula manyathelo kakhulu ngokukodwa.

period Domikroskopichesky

Kweli nqanaba, histology kwimo yalo yantlandlolo abathe abaphengululi ezifana Aristotle, Vesalius, Galen kunye nabanye abaninzi. Nangona into sifundo Yinyama bahlukaniswa zabantu okanye isilwanyana nendlela zamalungiselelo. Esi sigaba yaqala kwi BC ngenkulungwane 5, kwaqhubeka de 1665.

period ezincane

Okulandelayo, abancinane kakhulu, ixesha lwaqala 1665. Ukuthandana kungenxa fyabo omkhulu neemicroscope ngu Robert Hooke eNgilani. Le Isazinzulu wasebenzisa ngemicroscope ukufunda izinto ezahlukeneyo, kuquka begazi. Ezi ziphumo ziye zipapashwe kwi "ngodaba", apho kwabe kuqala wasebenzisa igama elithi "iseli".

Izazinzulu ezibalaseleyo eli xesha, owayendifundisa ancedisana amalungu, baba Marcello Malpighi, Antoni Van Levenguk kunye Neemiya Gryu.

Ubume bale iiseli baqhubeka ukufunda abaphengululi ezifana Jan Evangelista Purkinje, uRobert Brown, Matthias Schleiden kunye Theodor Schwann (ifoto yakhe ibekwe ngezantsi). Last ekugqibeleni kwakhiwa theory iseli, nto leyo ezifanelekileyo ukuya ku namhlanje.

Uyaqhubeka uphuhliso walo isayensi histology. Yintoni na, ngeli nqanaba yesifundo URudolf Virhov, Kamillo Goldzhi, Theodor Boveri, Keith Roberts Porter, Christian Rene De Duve. Kwakhona oku kufuneka ukuba benze umsebenzi kunye nezinye izazinzulu, ezifana Ivan Dorofeevich Chistyakov noPetros Ivanovich peremezhku.

I yangoku Inqanaba kuphuhliso histology

Yinkalo yokugqibela isayensi ufunda kwinyama lomzimba, eqala ngo-1950. Ixesha izakhelo zichazwa njalo kuba kwakunjalo ngoko ukuba isifundo of electron eziphilayo microscope yayisetyenziswa kuqala, kwakunye nakungena iindlela ezintsha zophando, kubandakanywa ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa computer, histochemistry kunye gistoradiografii.

Yintoni tissue

Qhubeka ngqo eyona njongo yesifundo Sciences ezifana histology. Amalaphu - ke evolutionarily kwavela inkqubo iiseli nezakhiwo non-cellular ukuba Bulelani simanyene ubume ezifanayo ezineefitsha eqhelekileyo. Ngamanye amazwi, eli laphu - le yenye kubahlali omzimba lowo umanyene eziseleni nezakhi zabo, kwaye sisiseko sokwakha ngamalungu angaphakathi kunye nabangaphandle.

Eli laphu ayikho ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle iiseli. Ukubunjwa ungaquka kwinyama ziqendwana zilandelayo: Imicu izihlunu syncytia (enye Amanqanaba okuphuhlisa indlela iiseli lwegciwane madoda), iiplatelets, erythrocytes, epidermal izikali horny (structure postkletochnye), kwakunye collagen, into intercellular elastic reticular.

Ukuvela ingcamango "inyama"

Le mbono "ilaphu" eyasetyenziswa sisazinzulu yaseBritani uNehemiya Iyanda. Ngubani ukufunda ancedisana zezityalo, izazinzulu ziye waphawula ukufana kwezakhiwo apho ifayibha-textile ilaphu. Ngoko (1671) inyama kwaye yachazwa nomqondo onjalo.

Marie François Ksave Bisha, anatomist French umsebenzi wakhe nokuba abazinzileyo ngakumbi ngokuqinileyo ingqikelelo emzimbeni. Iintlobo kunye neenkqubo emzimbeni nabo bafunda Alekseem Alekseevichem Zavarzinym (ithiyori lemiqolo parallel), Nikolaem Grigorevichem Hlopinym (ithiyori lophuhliso eziphambukileyo) kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Nantsi ke kudidi lokuqala izicwili kwifomu apho sisazi namhlanje, yaphakanyiswa kuqala microscopists German Frantsem Leydigom kunye Kelikerom. Ngokutsho oluhlobo, iintlobo zeethishu abandakanya amaqela ezine ezinkulu: epithelial (umda), nokuhlangana (inkxaso-trophic), izihlunu (olufinyeziweyo) kunye luvo (abawonwabeleyo).

iimviwo Histological imithi

Namhlanje, histology njengoko isayensi lifunda ancedisana kuluncedo kakhulu lokufunyaniswa karhulumente ngamalungu angaphakathi kunye nokuqeshwa unyango olungaphezulu.

Xa umntu ene kukho urhano lobukho ithumba emzimbeni, omnye uviwo yokuqala histological umiswa. Oku, enyanisweni, izifundo esiqwini isampula isigulane, elifunyenwe biopsy, okuhlatywa, curettage, nge kuhlinzwa (biopsy excisional) okanye ezinye iindlela.

Ngenxa ngenzululwazi uviwo histological ukuba ufunda isakhiwo izicwili, inceda ukuba unikeze unyango kakhulu efanelekileyo. Kwifoto ngasentla ungabona isampulu inwebu tracheal zidyojwe hematoxylin kunye eosin.

Loo Uhlalutyo lwenziwa xa kukho imfuneko:

• ukuqinisekisa, okanye ukuphikisa uxilongo kunikelwa ngaphambili;
• aseke ukuxilongwa xa kukho kwimicimbi;
• ukufumanisa ubukho somhlaza isaqala;
• abagcina Dynamics lutshintsho kwezifo amabi, ngenjongo ekuthinteleni kubo;
• ukuphumeza uxilongo zahlula iinkqubo kwiindawo;
• ukuqinisekisa ubukho umhlaza inqanaba lalo lokukhula;
• nokuhlolwa utshintsho oluqhubekayo emzimbeni kunye unyango sele emiselweyo.

Iisampulu zomzimba zaye ifundwa iinkcukacha ngendlela microscopically emveli okanye olukhawulezileyo. Indlela yemveli elide, isetyenziswa kakhulu ngakumbi rhoqo. Kusebenzisa iparafini.

Kodwa indlela okukhawulezileyo kwenza kube lula ukufumana iziphumo zovavanyo phakathi kweyure. Le ndlela iyasetyenziswa xa kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo ukwenza isigqibo malunga ukususwa okanye ukugcinwa emzimbeni wakhe.

Iziphumo zohlalutyo histological idla ngokuba ichanekile kakhulu kuba zinika ithuba lokuba bafunde ngokweenkcukacha iiseli izicwili ubukho esi sifo, ubungakanani umonakalo umzimba kunye nonyango wayo.

Ngenxa yoko, isayensi lifunda esikule, unika ithuba kuphela ukuhlola phantsi microscope isakhiwo umzimba, amalungu, ancedisana iiseli esiphilayo, kodwa kusiza uxilongo kunye nokunyangwa kwezifo kunye neenkqubo zophendlo lwezifo emzimbeni.