Revolution asisigxina: inkcazelo, iingcamango ezingundoqo ababhali kunye nabaxhasi. Leon noTrotsky

Yintoni Revolution Sihleli? Owabhala ngawo? Ngale mibuzo neminye siza kuphendula kweli nqaku. Bakholelwa ukuba eli gama kuqaliswa Leo noTrotsky. Kodwa ulwimi Russian, kwafika eli binzana Bulelani G. V. Plehanovu, owabhala malunga "revolution esisigxina" eka nkandziyiso 12 "yomhla Social-Democrat" (June 1910). Le ndoda waliseka intshukumo Social-Democratic eRashiya. Kwingxelo yakhe, wasebenzisa igama elithi Karla Marksa (iminyaka 1918-1883) - bafe Revolution e Permanenz (revolution singaphazanyiswa) ukuba babenyuke naye.

ukubonakala

Amazwi athi "revolution esisigxina" Njani? Ekuqaleni noTrotsky ngo-1905 wabhala ngaye "okuqhubeka revolution 'yaye' revolution oluqhubekayo" ( "I Isiqalo" phephandaba, Novemba 8). Ibinzana elithi "revolution esisigxina", waqala ukusebenzisa emva ngoFebruwari 1917, xa kule ncwadana, 'Yintoni elandelayo? "Ipapashwe isilogeni of" lika esisigxina nxamnye ekusikweni isigxina! ". Ngowe-1932 wapapasha incwadi yakhe malunga nale meko, kwaye igama elithi omtsha waqalisa ukunxibelelana kuphela igama noTrotsky.

Njengoko, ukubhuqa, eli binzana lithetha inkqubo elide yokuvuselelwa, utshintsho njalo njalo.

theory

Yintoni na le ngcamango revolution esisigxina? Le mfundiso yenkqubo lokusekwa mvukeli kumazwe ngokwaneleyo neuropathy. It yaphakanyiswa kuqala Engels kunye Marx, kamva yabaxwa Lvom Trotskim, uVladimir Lenin, Ernest Mendel kunye nezinye ideology abangabaxhasi bakaMarx (kubandakanywa ezo ababhali Trotskyist ezifana Dzhozef Hansen, Michael Levy, Livio Majtán).

ulwimi

Njengoko revolution osisigxina kutolikwa wabaseki Marxism? kanye umfanekiso kwalo mmangaliso kuchazwa Fridrihom Engelsom kunye Karlom Marksom kwasekuqaleni-1840 kwi "Manifesto wamaKomanisi" kunye "Umyalezo we-Central Committee Communist League." Abenzi bemeko- Marxism wayekholelwa ukuba ukuphunyezwa kwe revolution yolawulo lwentando yesininzi-yoohlohlesakhe, abasebenzi zange ayeke kwi impumelelo iinjongo ezilula.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba oohlohlesakhe ifuna ngokukhawuleza agqibe le mvukelo. Kwaye ke isigaba linyanzelekile ukuba le yinkqubo eqhubeka okoko nje kwiiklasi njengabangenanto akayi uzakususwa ibhodi de abasebenzi zange aphumelele amandla karhulumente. Friedrich Engels and uKarl Marx baphikelela ukuvisisana intshukumo olululo abalimi kunye revolution yesigaba.

indawo Lenin kaThixo

Xa igama elithi "revolution esisigxina" kunye nomdla uLenin. ULenin ixoxe ukuba imeko kwi Russian revolution yongxowankulu-lwentando uyakwazi ukuphuhlisa ibe imvukelo bobusoshiyali. Le ezincinane kunokwenzeka ngenxa yeemeko ezithile kweli lizwe yongxowankulu - ukufumaneka umahluko uhlobo ezimbini zombini phakathi lokusekwa yokuphuhlisa ubungxowankulu yaye serfdom iintsalela, yaye ngaphakathi kwinkqubo ngokwayo.

Kulo meko, oohlohlesakhe kunye sabasebenzi, ikhokelwa liqela labavukeli, kuba amandla phambili lwe revolution. Nabalimi belizwe xa bebonke, ofuna ukunceda le mvukelo ukuphumeza iinjongo zayo, ikakhulu kutshabalalisa yokuhlala, i sizana abasebenzi.

point uLenin awujonga ngayo yinto engaqhelekanga. Wayekholelwa ukuba umongo tyumpeka le revolution yongxowankulu-lwentando kungena imikhosi yali na ukuguqulwa ubume sabasebenzi ngeenxa ekupheleni revolution yolawulo lwentando yesininzi-yoohlohlesakhe. Waqiqa ngelithi ukuba imvukelo yesigaba yedemokhrasi-yamaphephandaba kwenzeka ubuhlobo zonke abalimi, welani ngokukhawuleza wenguqu epheleleyo yobusoshiyali abasebenzi kufuneka kuphela amahlwempu, eziqalelo abacinezelwa amahlwempu ezilalini kunye nezinye. ubuzwilakhe Democratic-olululo abasebenzi kunye nabalimi ebotshiwe ukuthabatha hlobo yali ngolawulo ngokozwi lakhe labasebenzi.

Ingcamango yotshintsho yoohlohlesakhe-wentando imvukelo Socialist wadalwa 1905 nguLenin kwi imisebenzi "ubuzwilakhe wedemokhrasi olululo abasebenzi kunye nabalimi", "kushenxa Ababini idemokhrasi zentlalo, njengasengcaphukisweni lwentando yesininzi 'kunye nabanye. ULenin ethathwa revolution yeSocialism kunye yoohlohlesakhe-wentando iinxalenye ezimbini chain mnye. Ngaphezu koko, le mvukelo ezimbini wabaphatha kwabo ikhondo elinye.

Ithemba imvukelo ehlabathini

Imfundiso revolution isigxina - imfundiso umdla kakhulu. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ukuyilwa Lenin ekuthethwa intshukumo labavukeli kwimeko injalo yobuzwe yotshintsho olululo. Wabona ukwakhiwa ngokupheleleyo socialism ngawo ikhondo anti-impiriyali ehlabathini lonke.

Ngamnye imisebenzi yakhe Vladimir Ulyanov ngenisa Oktobha Revolution kwimeko olululo jikelele. Nangona, njengoko noTrotsky wabhala Mininzi imisebenzi malunga Soviet Republic njengamazwe ekwakugquba nqaba.

Democrats Social khangela

Ingcamango revolution esisigxina, Mensheviks nabo baba nomdla Democrats zentlalo Russian kunye Western. Ngenxa yabo wawubonisa ingcamango yokuba abasebenzi ikhomishini yemvukelo yali olichasayo zonke iiklasi non-yesigaba, kuquka ukuchaswa ukuba zaba balimi.

Ngenxa yesi sizathu sokuba ngokoyisa yemvukelo yobusoshiyali, ubukhulu becala eRashiya, emva inzaliseko revolution yongxowankulu-wentando yesininzi kufuneka athathe ixesha elide de uninzi lwabantu angabuyi ibe esigaba kunye nabasebenzi musa ukuba uninzi sikarhulumente. Ukuba abasebenzi akwanelanga, nayiphi na imvukelo esisigxina nakanjani.

umbono noTrotsky kaThixo

Xa ithuba umbono yaso nethemba lemvukelo esisigxina, noTrotsky wacacisa, abeyilungisele ngo-1905, kukho ingcaciso entsha kuyo. Enye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo imbono mbuso ingcamango zophuhliso zidityanisiwe. Marxists phambi 1905 zahlalutywa ukuphunyezwa yemvukelo yali kumazwe oluphambili wongxowankulu.

Ngokuhambelana ne Trotskii, ngendlela kumazwe ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi eziphambili ezifana eRashiya, nto leyo eye kutshanje kuvelile ngokupheleleyo uphuhliso inkqubo yabasebenzi kwemizi-mveliso, kwaba kuyenzeka ukuba wenze revolution ngenxa yembali Socialist namandla ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba esenza iimfuno lwentando yesininzi-yoohlohlesakhe.

Kwiincwadi zakhe, Leon noTrotsky wabhala ukuba ukungafaneleki zopolitiko oohlohlesakhe ixhomekeke ngqo ngendlela kubudlelwane abalimi kunye sabasebenzi. Wathi le mvukelo kade Russian ingxaki nje kuphela maxesha, kodwa ke ingxaki le yokuma koluntu lwesizwe.

Ngoko ke, siye sele wafumanisa ukuba noTrotsky - lweli ngobhalo revolution ngokusisigxina. ngokukhawuleza kakhulu waqala ukuba emva kokuba Oktobha 1917 qhankqalazo. NoTrotsky yaliwe wawugqiba umlinganiswa yali yemvukelo, ezichaza oko kuphela kwisigaba sokuqala kwindlela imvukelo yali kwi Ntshona ehlabathini lonke. Wathi ukuba esetyenziswa ukuwina Soviet Russia kuphela xa imvukelo yobusoshiyali lube sisigxina, leyo yayize kumazwe eziphambili Yurophu, apho sabasebenzi ukuphumelela yaseNtshona kuya kunceda umsebenzi Russian ezinza ekulweni eziphikisanayo iiklasi bakhe, yaye oko kuya kuba lula ukwakha ubukomanisi boqobo kwi lomhlaba wonke. Wabona le mvukelo isiphumo ngenxa yokuba inani elincinane sabasebenzi Russian kwaye ngokubakho eRashiya nobunzima kakhulu yoohlohlesakhe ngu abalimi ngokwemvelo okuziinkozo.

Indima kubahlali basemaphandleni

Amaxesha amaninzi imfundiso revolution abasisigxina noTrotsky wagxeka ngenxa yokuba umbhali kuthiwa oyithatha indima zaba balimi. Enyanisweni, waba gqitha kwiincwadi zakhe uthi ukuba abasebenzi baza kuba nako ukwenza le mvukelo yali, kungekhona ngenkxaso abalimi. NoTrotsky bathi, ukuba ube yinxalenye encinane kuphela kuluntu Russian, abasebenzi kukhokelela uvukelo ekukhululweni abalimi ngoko ukuze afumane imvume amafama njengenxalenye revolution, ukuxhasa apho uya uthembele.

Ngelo xesha linye sabasebenzi ngenxa izilangazelelo zobuqu kunye nokuphucula iimeko zabo bafuna ukwenza utshintsho olululo ezinjalo, nto leyo eya kuzalisekisa kungekuphela nje umsebenzi omnye revolution yongxowankulu, kodwa kwakhona ukuba ukhokelele ekubeni kusekwe kwamandla okusebenza.

Kwangaxeshanye, noTrotsky sithi ukuba abasebenzi iya kunyanzeleka ukuba enze longquzulwano yeklasi ezilalini, ukuze loo nto ibe kophulwa ukuba uluntu umdla, efumaneka ngokuqinisekileyo kumafama onke, kodwa kuluhlu elimxinwa kakhulu. Abasebenzi kufuneka kwixesha lokuqala wobukumkani bakhe, ukuba bafune inkxaso longquzulwano ezisemaphandleni emaphandleni zizityebi, isigaba kwezolimo - hlebopasheskoy oongxowankulu.

Ekugwetyweni nethiyori USSR

Ngoko ke, sele ukwazi ukuba umbhali kwengcamango revolution esisigxina eRashiya - noTrotsky. ESoviet Union, imfundiso yakhe ugwetyiwe kwiintlangano plenary ye-Central Control Commission of the RCP (B) IKomiti Central kunye nokusonjululwa yokuthetha noTrotsky kaThixo, ethe yamkelwa 1925, ngoJanuwari 17 ngokunjalo kwi "encwandini kwi wemisebenzi Russian Communist Party (iiBolsheviks) kunye Comintern", esamkelwa 14 session th le RCP (b) "xa fronderskom awodwa kwi CPSU (b)." izisombululo efanayo baye bamkelwa kuwo onke amaqela semi-esemthethweni wamaKomanisi, ukuba lilungu Comintern.

Nkqubo yalo mbutho China i sizathu ngqo ukuba ingxelo ehlelwe ngayo imfundiso noTrotsky ngayo revolution esisigxina nokugxeka ukutyhilwa kaStalin i "amanqanaba mbuso." Kungenxa kweli lizwe, i-Chinese Communist Party ngokwemiyalelo eMoscow izame ukwenza umfelandawonye Abantu oohlohlesakhe - kuqala kunye nenkokheli iKuomintang (yintloko Chan Kayshi), kodwa emva kokuba Shanghai kubulawa-1927, nto leyo kwenzeka ngenxa nokungabi ndawo kwayo, - Van Tszinveyem ( "Ekhohlo KMT").

amathuba USSR

Njengoko revolution esisigxina zingabuchaphazela uphuhliso USSR? Inkcazo yale nkqubo kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni abantu abaninzi bacinga. Abaxhasi yemvukelo esisigxina yayigqalwa kwakhiwe Socialism i "abantu macala 'Russian olunye, kukho ukunxaxha iimbono ezingundoqo womanyano sabasebenzi.

Trotskyists wathi xa kwixesha elizayo kufutshane emva Oktobha yesaqunge kwi West anincedi revolution yabasebenzi kwi-USSR aqala "ngokutsha le capitalism."

NoTrotsky wayesithi ukuba eSoviet Union kuvele-Oktobha revolution nje amandla ukusebenza. Re-privatisation indlela yemveliso yimeko kuyimfuneko ukwenzela uphuhliso yobusoshiyali. It wavula ithuba ukukhula ngokukhawuleza imikhosi nemveliso. Isixhobo ukusebenza kweli xesha ilizwe ibuye ibe isixhobo lobundlobongela ezenziwe ngokwemimiselo malunga zabokudidi oluphangelayo, nangaphezulu - ibe njengesixhobo ngabom kuqoqosho. Okazonivanie lilizwe ekwanti yaye umva ukusebenza nenguqu kukhal ibe ngokuphathelele-onamandla onke ilungelo lo ubhalo socialism kakhulu umngeni kwilizwe elinye.

NoTrotsky ibhengeze ukuba elalisakuba yiSoviet na, ke ngoko, ukuba ungquzulwano emanyumnyezi. Kodwa usekho ilizwe abasebenzi akasukanga '. Nguwo lo uluvo loluntu. Imeko yezopolitiko onesimilo multivariate; nokuba kukhal gxwa ilizwe emva capitalism, sinkqonkqoza phezu iindidi ezintsha impahla, okanye isigaba siyitshabalalise kukhal kwaye iza kuvula indlela kwiSocialism.

Evolution of yokufundisa

Njani uphuhliso ingcamango emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II? Le mfundiso waqhubeka ukuphuhlisa bempilo abaninzi ngasekhohlo abangabaxhasi bakaMarx amazwe mpuma Asia, Western Yurophu, kuMzantsi nakuMntla Melika, apho kwakukho Trotskyist ukubunjwa. Phakathi kwinkulungwane XX kwabakho ukunyuka eyayichasene nekoloniyalizim. Kweli nqanaba iFourth International walukhenketha nasekusungulweni iintshukumo sokulwela inguqu epheleleyo kwihlabathi asakhasayo, ingakumbi yeenguqu Cuba Algeria.

Ngomhla omnye ngeenkongolo iFourth International ngo-1963 ukuba lithathe isigqibo "Dynamics ye revolution ehlabathini namhlanje." ababhali awo Ernest Mandel (inkokeli unit Belgian) kunye Dzhozef Hansen (ilungu Party US ulawulo Socialist Workers ').

Isigqibo lathi imikhosi ezintathu okuvelelayo revolution yehlabathi - uvukelo ezopolitiko amandla abasebenzi likhubazeke ', imvukelo bobukoloniyali kunye kwimvukelo yesigaba kumazwe zongxowankulu - ukwakha imanyano dialectical. Nganye kwezi imikhosi kuchaphazela enye, yaye imbuyekezo ufumana negalelo enamandla kuphuhliso yayo elizayo okanye unyathela. Ulibaziseko ye esaqungeni yesigaba kwi amagunya yoohlohlesakhe, Kakade ke, kuthintele revolution lwekoloniyalizim ukuze liqalise indlela yali kangaka ngabom kwaye ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka phantsi koxinzelelo abasebenzi Triumph kumazwe aphuhlileyo okanye mvukelo noloyiso yotshintsho olululo. Oku kulibaziseka kwakhona ophazamisa uphuhliso kwimvukelo lwezopolitiko eSoviet Union, kuquka ngenxa yokuba abasebenzi eSoviet abazange babone phambi kwakhe umzekelo multivariate malunga nokudala socialism.

Bukharin

Igama elithi "revolution esisigxina" Bukharin nomdla. Kule ncwadana eyahlulelwe ukuba revolution Oktobha, ekuqaleni 1918, wabhala ukuba ukuwa wolawulo impiriyali balungiselela yonke imbali revolution zangaphambili. Waqiqa ngelithi ukwehla ngokoyisa zabokudidi oluphangelayo, ixhaswa emaphandleni amahlwempu, uloyiso, leyo lavulwa imimango kanye obungasikelwanga mda ehlabathini lonke, hayi isiqalo sexesha ephilayo. Sabasebenzi Russian wazenza kabukhali njengangaphambili, umsebenzi revolution ngamazwe. yonke oluntsonkothileyo ubudlelwane, buvela eYurophu, nto leyo ekupheleni kunqandwa. Ngenxa yoko, revolution esisigxina eRashiya similise revolution yaseYurophu sabasebenzi.

Wayekholelwa ukuba nomgqomo ngumgubo Europe aphoswe anegazi itotshi endala mvukelo Russian Socialist. Yena ayifile. Uyakuthanda. Ayanda. Kwaye yiyo kuya idibane yemvukelo enkulu nokuphumelela sabasebenzi yehlabathi.

Enyanisweni, Bukharin waba kude kwinkqubo yali kwilizwe geqe. Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba lo Njengomhlaziyi iphambili kweli phulo nxamnye Trotskyism, ishwankathelwe edabini nxamnye ingqikelelo revolution ngokusisigxina. Kodwa ngaphambili, xa daka imvukelo olululo akukhange ithuba lokwehlisa ngakumbi, Bukharin, kuvela akukho wafuna ukuvavanya mdibi amagama ezahlukeneyo ngaphezu kwalowo nxamnye nayo kwiminyaka embalwa kwafuneka ukuba babe ukulwa.

incwadana Bukharin kaThixo ezenziwe Party Central Committee, "Surf." Akukho mntu wawubiza ngabawexuki. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, bonke esababonayo kulo ibinzana ekuzibonakaliseni igosa ngokwembono Central Council zeqela. Brochure kule fomu iprintwe kwakhona amaxesha amaninzi kule minyaka izayo, yaye kunye nenye incwadana lunikezelwa kuvukela Februwari, phantsi kwesihloko jikelele "Ukususela ekuweni lobuzwilakhe ekuweni loohlohlesakhe", iguqulelwe French, isiJamani, IsiNgesi kunye nezinye iilwimi.

Kwiminyaka 1923-1924, abantu abaninzi baqalisa mpikiswano nxamnye Trotskyism. Ezi iimbambano ziye balalisa ngoko kuye kwakhiwa yi-Oktobha Revolution, avuza ukuya kumagumbi ukufunda, amathala eencwadi, amaphephandaba bamngcwabela nenkitha amaxwebhu anxulumene lama mkhulu kuphuhliso lwe revolution kwaye iqela. Namhlanje, la maxwebhu kufuneka yakhiwe ngeenyama zalo, ukukhumbula imihla yakudala.

umkhuba

Ngoko, uyazi, ukuba nethemba revolution yehlabathi kuhenda kakhulu. Ukuziqhelisa, imfundiso mdibi esisigxina ngabanini look yinqobo kuye. Ligxeka kwithiyori noTrotsky, Radek (yezopolitiko eSoviet) ungqinelana bakhe "maqhinga, elandela kuyo." Le Ukongeza ebaluleke kakhulu. ingxoxo Vula of 'Trotskyism' kulo mbuzo mfundiso namafa kuphela. Kodwa Radek akwanelanga. Nguye onilwelayo nxamnye yamaBolshevik umgca bokuphathisana China. Lowo udla ukuba angcolise ubungangamsha le khosi kwithiyori yemvukelo ngokusisigxina, yaye oko kufuneka ukungqina ukuba le mfundiso elidlulileyo owehla umgca okulwa engalunganga.

Radek abafundi zabo elahlekisayo. Mhlawumbi akazi imbali ye revolution, leyo akuzange kwenziwe siqu. Kodwa kubonakala ukuba akazange bento umbuzo kumaxwebhu.

Imbali akuthethi ukuya kumgca othe ngqo. Ngamanye amaxesha ingena eziphelweni ezahlukeneyo ufile.