Emazantsi olwandle yehlabathi uphando ngubani? Abaphandi elwandle

Abaphandi abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo lubonise ukuba eziphilayo kuhlala ubunzima amanzi iphela iilwandle (MO). beza Izazinzulu kwesi sigqibo nokuba kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, kunye nezixhobo enzulu-ulwandle mihla liyakuqinisekisa ukuba khona iintlanzi, oononkala, yenamvuna, iintshulube kubunzulu kutsho kuma-11,000 m. Makhe sibone indlela emazantsi iilwandle bafunda nzulu French Jacques Piccard, umnikelo wenziwa yi-IsiNgesi kunye Abafoti Russian.

Amanzi on Earth - into ingqalelo abantu

kwiminyaka 400-500 eyadlulayo, abahambi abaninzi abazange kusengaphambili ukuba ubukhulu oyinyaniso nobunzulu kwezilwandle. Vula iingqondo amavo ezininzi Atlantis, yalahleka ezinzulwini zolwandle, iintsomi malunga ilizwe emangalisayo El Dorado, apho imithombo yamanzi banikwa ulutsha obungunaphakade. BaseYurophu wemka ngomkhombe waya ezikude, apho luninzi yayiyeyegolide, iimpahla kunye nobulawu bebesoloko kuyingozi ngenxa yobukho zizixhobo zamatye kunye ukufuna enkulu endleleni ngeenqanawa. Kodwa akazange ayeke ukwenza ezifunyaniswe enkulu geographical, ukuba mephu uninzi kweelwandle zokupaka, ukufumana isicatshulwa phakathi nemisinga kunye siqithi.

Ngubani walukhenketha kolwandle ihlabathi ngamakhoboka kunye ngamaXesha Aphakathi? Omkhulu bafunda iindlela mphandle ehamba ezifumanekayo kubo, iimephu kunye iimbumba. Izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba komhlaba amanzi iplanethi yethu kathathu indawo mhlaba (361 no 149 million km ^2, ngokulandelelanayo). Oceans kuwo onke amaxesha embali waba negalelo kuphuhliso borhwebo, ukuloba kunye abahambahambayo. Indima wezoKhuselo ekumiseni imozulu kunye nemozulu kumhlaba, ukubonelela abantu ngokutya.

Limbo Oceanology (Oceanography)

Ezantsi elwandle eziphicothwe UFerdinand Magellan ngexesha hambo lwakhe emhlabeni wonke; Sahlawula ingqalelo umlinganiselo ubunzulu Hristofor Kolumb kunye Amerigo Vespucci. Kodwa ke ukuba izazinzulu, kunye nabarhwebi kunye noomatiloshe. In XIX-XX iinkulungwane sandise ngendima yesayensi isifundo olwandle. Ngenxa impumelelo abaphandi avuliweyo yamanzi ekhuselekileyo wadala iimaphu nemisinga lumtyuba kunye lobushushu, zasemanzini naphantsi-ice mphandle.

Ngelo xesha linye uphuhliso yokuthumela kuye kwaba nefuthe elibaluleke kakhulu umbutho kunye nokusebenza matutu zenzululwazi. Le nto yenzeka kunye eYafo ngokuyidadisa iinqanawa Russian ukuba yawujikeleza uhambo ehlabathini, weza elunxwemeni Antarctica. Uphononongo yayiququzelelwe unxweme kunye nobunzulu kweelwandle esemantla Far Eastern.

Ngubani walukhenketha emazantsi olwandle

uhambo negalelo kwimpumelelo zokwanda kolwazi malunga kwiSebe lezoKhuselo. Ngokuthe ngcembe kwabakho omnye abe iinzululwazi eendawo - eliJongene. Phakathi Abaseki bayo - Boris Varenius Dutch kunye Russian kaYuri Shokalsky. A igalelo elibalulekileyo kule nkqubo yenziwa omkhulu Russian kunye emkhosini. Ezantsi elwandle eziphicothwe enye yokuqala Italian L. Marsilio.

Ekuqaleni izazinzulu Russian kwinkulungwane XIX E. Lenz and E. Parrot wasungula kubunzulu gauge. Phakathi kwinkulungwane efanayo American JM. Brook udale iqashiso esahlula umthwalo ukuqokelela iisampulu zomhlaba. Le mpumelelo baye ngempumelelo babesebenzisa nxaxheba kwiphulo lolwandlekazi kwi inqanawa yaseBritani "Challenger". Ukusebenza phantsi kwephiko British Royal Society, izazinzulu kule minyaka 1872-1876 ingqokelela osisityebi yezityalo zaselwandle kunye nezilwanyana, esilinganiselweyo ubunzulu Atlantic, Indian kunye Pacific Oceans. Phakathi abaphengululi abadumileyo yexesha obuyimfuneko bokwenza yesazi Russian S. O. Makarova, owayendifundisa Black and Mediterranean ziilwandle.

Imilinganiselo kulwandle banceda ukwenza ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XX imephu ubunzulu phantse ngokupheleleyo. Malunga neminyaka eli-100 eyadlulayo, ukuba indawo amaqashiso intambo zeza amaza isandi kunye nezixhobo - sounders. Le fowuni ikhala isignali ephilileyo, kubonakala ukusuka ezantsi kwaye ziyaqokelelwa. Ukwazi ixesha kunye isantya isandi emanzini efunyanwa yokubala umgama ekufuneka kwahlulwa kubini. Oku kuya kuba ubunzulu ndawo womlinganiselo.

Ukuvulwa ezantsi MO

sounders echo ulivulile abaphandi amathuba iilwandle. Le eminyaka yokugqibela yenkulungwane XIX kunye neminyaka emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II babeba benomdla kwi biology lezoKhuselo. Izazinzulu ziye eqokelelweyo ubungqina bobukho ubomi nje kuphela kumphezulu ngomaleko ngamanzi, kodwa kubunzulu. Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XX ihlabathi liphela yabhabha phezu imifanekiso apho abantu babone ngamazantsi olwandle. eziphilayo Photo chibi ubanjwe ingqalelo abantu abaqhelekileyo. Emva izidalwa eziphilayo ebumnyameni zizonke kubushushu omalunga 2-3 ° C, yaye kufuneka elivuthayo amalungu zombane.

Izazinzulu ziye uyifake nakummango yee-ocean eyandisiweyo, misinga, ezinye iintaba. Kwaba lula ukuba ukuhlola ithala kunye ithambeka, kodwa oovulindlela oyinyaniso bamazwe ubunzulu. Emva kwinkulungwane XIX kade, hambo "Challenger" wafumana aza alicanda indawo zinzulu kwi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezoKhuselo kummandla we -Mariana Islands kwi ntshona Pacific Ocean. Ezi Chutes okuye kwabangelwa ingozi kumaqonga ezinamandla kwilizwekazi kunye zizixwexwe yolwandle. Kumazwekazi misinga nzulu olwandle ukuhlangabezana iintaba abaselula.

Into yokufunda - emazantsi olwandle

Wafunda Mariana Trench Swiss yesazi Zhak Pikar, ndawonye US ummi Don Walsh. Kuba ukuntywiliselwa abaphandi kusetyenziswa isithuthi olunzulu-ulwandle "Trieste". Kwathi isiganeko esibalulekileyo January 23, 1960. Ngaphambi koko, ukuntywila zovavanyo yaba umlawuli odumileyo French kunye semvelo uJacques Iv Kusto, ngubani kamva iyaqhutywa bhanya malunga ubomi emgangathweni wolwandle.

Zhak Pikar and Don Walsh, ndawonye "Trieste," waziphosa "enzonzobileni Challenger" kwi kumzantsi-ntshona we-Mariana Trench. Ubunzulu nantsi 10 911-11 030 m ngaphantsi kwenqanaba MO. Ubude bathyscaphe selesondele ekuhleni ukuba iiyure ezi-5, abaphandi ze kumkhombe zinzulu ehlabathini abaye bahlala emazantsi imizuzu engama-20, nogunyaziso amandla itshokolethi waza waqalisa ugwencele, eyathatha iiyure ezingaphezu kwama-3.

Uphononongo lubonise ukuba iyantlukwano izilwanyana ezinzulu-ulwandle icompetition nokuqhama izilwanyana lezixhobo yimvula. eziphilayo zaselwandle benthic ziqhelana nendawo yabo, lo gama ezantsi iintili ezimnyama nengqele.

Eyona ndlela zophando mihla MO

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XX kwaphawula ekuqaleni kwesigaba lwezizwe isifundo kwezilwandle. kwenqanawe yophando lokudada umbutho, ukugrumba enzulu-ulwandle iisampulu zomhlaba. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela, izazinzulu ziye ingqalelo engakumbi impefumlelwano MO kunye nemisinga, ifuthe kwimozulu.

Ukususela ngoko, njengoko ezantsi elwandle eziphicothwe Zhak Pikar, kwathabatha ixesha elide. uphando sazaselwandle iqhubeka, ukuba uyakwazi ukubona MO mlilo olunye, kwimimandla amadlala kunye ziintshukumo zenyikima. Ngenxa yokuba kwenzeke ingozi yokuba amacwecwe yolwandle kwaye yelizwekazi, mlilo kwenzeka intlekele yendalo sibulele amakhulu amawaka abantu antywiliselwa ezinzulwini lwamanzi siqithi, kukho amaza amakhulu - itsunami. Ilifa amandla atshabalalisayo zizaqhwithi efunyanwe phezu iilwandle bawe kunxweme. Inani labemi zokufunda isilumkiso kwangethuba ezi iingozi - enye yeengxaki eliJongene mihla.

oovimba onomtsalane kwemithombo yendalo MO avumele abantu ukuba bathembele ubukho ungakhathaliyo kangangamakhulu eminyaka. Amanzi ezilwandle kudala furrowing okuloba kuphela, impahla, umkhweli kunye nempahla zomkhosi. Exploration kunye nophando neenqanawa, izinto zemveliso amaqonga intsimbi, ngaphandle apho kunzima ukuthelekelela elwandle olungathethekiyo.