Ngubani na owakha iiphiramidi? Iimfihlelo Civilizations Ancient

Phantse naliphi na ilungu loluntu mihla ubuncinane kanye ebomini bakho esazibuza ngubani okanye uncedo sele wakha ezikhumbuzo zembali enkulu, yintoni izixhobo, izixhobo kunye noomatshini esetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokwakha of izinyanya zethu kwaye nokuba iimpendulo iimfihlelo iiphiramidi bamandulo?

Okokuqala, into yokuqala sinikela aqhelane kwezinye loo mzuzu kwimbali, kwakunye izimvo zabantu ezahlukeneyo.

Yintoni iphiramidi?

Ngokwemiqathango wezakhiwo yephiramidi inzululwazi - isakhiwo emacala, ngokuqhelekileyo obune ntathu. Abantu bamandulo olu hlobo lwesakhiwo baba emangcwabeni (mausoleums), iitempile okanye ezikhumbuzo nje.

Imbali Pyramids liqalisa babala malunga nenkulungwane BC-3. Kuyinto lamanani kwaye xanisa mbali abaninzi. Kunzima ukuba uyakholelwa ukuba abantu aphambili yabasebenzi ngexesha xa inzala inxenye yabo sisaxakekile ekuzingeleni, nokuhlanganiselwa, nto leyo ehambisana kwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso.

izazinzulu Modern ziye zachongwa inani lamanqaku esisiseko abasuka iiphiramidi yamandulo.

Egypt

Yinto akukho mfihlakalo ukuba 'ilizwe iiphiramidi "- lesibini igama eYiputa. Isikweko efanayo sifaneleka kakuhle. Kwaba apha ukuba iphiramidi ngqa ehlabathini kwakhiwa. Bona kwi Giza Plateau, ngomhla ummandla emadlakeni yamandulo.

Ukuze amaxesha zethu siye sasinda kuphela iiphiramidi ezimbalwa eYiputa yamandulo. Le iphiramidi of Cheops, Chephren kunye Mycerinus. Ngokutsho izazinzulu, phambi kwabo, kukho okungakumbi.

Oomasinyusane Great kuthathwa ukuba yeyona ibalulekileyo, kuba - iphiramidi emide. Ngokusemthethweni, ithathwa njengenye ebalulekileyo yehlabathi. ukuphakama kwayo laliziimitha 147, nto leyo ifana ukuphakama kwezindlu-ezilishumi amahlanu. Icala isiseko, nayo, abe ubude malunga 230 eemitha. ukwakhiwa Area of ezikwere zeekhilomitha 50.

Ubungakanani Pyramid Great elalifudula usindwa uNapoleon omkhulu. Ngokutsho amazwi akhe, iibloko amatye, esebenzisa apho iiphiramidi zaseYiputa kwakhiwa, bekuya kuba kwanele ukulujikeleza ngokupheleleyo eludongeni France ezintathu imitha.

iphiramidi Khafre kaThixo wakhiweyo ingcwaba unyana wakhe Cheops. ubukhulu layo lingaphantsi kancinane kunalowo yangaphambili.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukwakhiwa zakhiwo yomngcwabo, xa Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iiphiramidi, kuquka Great SPHINX odumileyo. Ngokutsho legend omnye, lo SPHINX kaThixo wondela sibhekiswe ukuya kwiNtaba Kailash, apho embindini, ngokwesithethe yamandulo, tsolo ulwazi oluyimfihlo.

Menkaure iphiramidi kucingwa ukuba i "abaselula" amancinane. ukuphakama kwayo ngu 62 eemitha ubude macala lilingana ubude nebala lebhola ekhatywayo. Kukho ukuqashisela ukuba phambi kokuba iphiramidi yaba kancinci ngakumbi, kuba ekuqaleni isakhiwo yambathiswa lining eyenziwe lenyengane elibomvu, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba ezilahlekileyo ngenxa kuphangwa Mamelukes. Ngexesha ukwakhiwa iiphiramidi yamandulo Egypt uFaro Menkura wayalela ukusetyenziswa iibhloko ilitye, ubukhulu inkulu kakhulu iiphiramidi ka KHUFU kunye Khafre. Kwakhona ukuba abasebenzi ukusingatha ilitye ayikho ngenyameko. Into yokuba lo kumkani wayefuna ukugqiba ingcwaba phambi kokufa kwakhe, kwaye ngandlela zonke bazama ukukhawulezisa inkqubo yokwakha. Noko ke, ngaphambi kokuba iphele Menkur kwaye akwazi ukuphila.

eMesopotamiya

Kubonakala, ukususela aram, ukuba iYiputa iza akunjalo kude, iimeko ukwakhiwa kunye nezinto phantse efanayo, yiyo indlela ukuya ngokwakha ukuba ingakumbi ukuba kuye. Kodwa apho ke.

iiphiramidi eMesopotamiya iindawo ezizodwa zonqulo - ziggurats (eliguqulelwa waseBhabhiloni "entabeni top"). Sangaphandle isakhiwo sabo sifana iiphiramidi umYiputa, kodwa, ngokungafaniyo kubo, amanqanaba enqaba eziqhagamshelene izinyuko ecaleni ngohlangothi eludongeni, ke, abakhokeli ezizodwa kwiziphambuka (ups ngobunono), nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni etempileni.

Enye inkalo wesakhiwo enqaba - umgca eyaphukileyo iindonga, kwakheka encediswa uqikelelo.

Kwimeko apho kufuneka ubukho kwi ukwakhiwa kwimingxuma window, ziyadalwa, ngokuqhelekileyo phezu kodonga. Zazimele a noqhoqhoqho elimxinwa.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba abantu kweMilambo ziggurats engasetyenziswa njengento nezakhiwo yokungcwaba ngezizathu ukuba abazange babone naluphi uxhulumaniso phakathi ekulondolozweni umzimba oswelekileyo, kunye nokufunyanwa ehlabathini ukuze ungonakali, njengoko yenza kumaYiputa amandulo.

Sudan

Ngelo xesha, ookumkani iPeople ke okwam, isithethe samandulo saseYiputa, ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa iiphiramidi njengeziza yokungcwaba abalawuli beli lizwe.

Ubukhulu becala, amasiko waseYiputa Ancient kunye Sudan zaye eduze. Ngenxa yoko, zininzi izinto esifana ngazo yaye bokwakha.

E Sudan yamandulo, kwakukho ezi ntlobo zilandelayo iiphiramidi: izakhiwo odidi (ngokwesiseko izakhiwo zaseYiputa) kunye mastaba-ezimile iphiramidi thumbanails. Ngokwahlukileyo koko,, izakhiwo Sudanese baseYiputa kufuneka kwithambeka ayanyuka.

Iiphiramidi idumileyo ke iziza zakudala lesixeko Meroe. Kwisiqingatha sesibini BC ngenkulungwane yesithandathu, ikomkhulu apha, apho kamva yaba liziko inkcubeko kunye neyenkolo kurhulumente wasuswa.

izazinzulu Modern e Meroe ngokwababalwayo iiphiramidi elinesibini eziliqela, alondolozwa ukuze imihla yethu. Ngo-2011, ezi zakhiwo zakudala zachazwa ilitye lesikhumbuzo Heritage World.

Nigeria

Apha, ngokwesiko le iiphiramidi kwakhiwa imbeko uthixo Ala. abantu bamandulo babekholelwa ukuba adibane isithixo kungenzeka kwezi zakhiwo. Ayekholelwa ukuba encotsheni iphiramidi nje lo ndawo yakhe.

kuvulo ngokusesikweni ekwakhiweni zonqulo data kwenzeka kuphela kwi-30 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Emva koko, a zakudala odumileyo Jones wathabatha iifoto embalwa iiphiramidi ukulungiselela iirekhodi zakho (kodwa yapapashwa kwiminyaka asibhozo kuphela kamva).

Ngokutsho kwakhe, ubume Nigeria zakhiwa kakhulu ngaphambi iiphiramidi baseYiputa yamandulo, kwaye ukuba impucuko wengingqi emdala kakhulu ngaphezu kwabanye abaninzi. Ngelishwa, iiphiramidi iphila ngendlela kunokuba imeko baleka-phantsi.

Mexico

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, eli lizwe kwakuhlala abantu kuye mbali mihla bathi neentsomi etyebileyo kunye nelifa lemveli lenkcubeko --Aztec.

Nangona achumayo impucuko lisukela emva XIV-XVI iinkulungwane, iiphiramidi Aztec zakhiwa elide ngaphambili. Umzekelo, yayingeyiyo nePiramidi iLanga, emi kwindawo yesithathu ehlabathini ubukhulu, asixhenxe kuphela leemitha ngaphantsi kwingcwaba Cheops, ngokutsho kuqikelelo mbali, yakhelwe ijikeleze BC 150.

Ngemfumba Teotihuacan, yena, uthathwa umgudu omkhulu ukuqaphela utopia engunaphakade basikelelwe.

Kuba eminyaka isixhenxe, iiphiramidi Aztec ezinye inkwenkwezi ekukhokeleni wadanduluka zonke wayezimisele incasa iphupha amanene ogama kokukhanya. Kukholelwa ukuba isixeko Teotihuacan waye phithi umyalelo kunye rhoqo. Noko ke, uthando nemvisiswano akuthethi kuphazamisana eyayinethombo legazi ngabantu yabe ubuqaba kunye lonya. Nganye Aztec engafunwa mercilessly wabulala kwaye bebingelela koothixo.

Iphiramidi, apho kanye le mibingelelo ethile ezifanayo kunye ziggurats eMesopotamiya nabo aba "wangenela" fomu, naye kuyo ezithambekileyo (nguye kuphela ekhokelela uyilo phezulu kakhulu).

Ngelishwa, asingabo bonke iiphiramidi ye-Aztec akwazi ukuphila kunjalo namhlanje. Inkoliso yabo ezatshatyalaliswa ngexesha ayehlasela kummandla eMexico bamathanga yaseYurophu, ithatha indawo kwinkulungwane XVI.

China

Ngokuqinisekileyo, abanye abafundi kubona kwesi sihloko, ndiye ndothuka. Ngapha koko, phantse musa ukuthetha okanye ukubhala malunga iiphiramidi Chinese.

Zonke izazinzulu kukho malunga nekhulu ezinjalo izityalo. Baya bakhonza amangcwaba yokungcwabela abalawuli amakhosi abaziwayo Chinese. Imilo zepiramidi yaba uhlobo thumbanails (kwakunye isikali waseSudan). Ngenxa iimpawu izilwanyana basekuhlaleni, amanye ezinkulu zokwakha wathabatha uhlobo yentaba yene.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba ngokwaneleyo imvelaphi iiphiramidi. Inyaniso yokuba kule mithombo elibhaliweyo, asusela BC kwinkulungwane yesihlanu, ukwakhiwa iye obizwa ngokuba "yamandulo". Ingaba iiphiramidi uvele ekuqaleni kakhulu ngexesha lokubhala? Kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba abantu ngenkankulu uyayazi loo nto kakade. Ufundo kwezakhiwo, njengoko ndakwenzayo eYiputa, phantse akunakwenzeka: zombiwe kwi kwimimandla apho afumaneka khona, ngokufuthi akuvumelekanga ngabasemagunyeni ekuhlaleni.

North America

Ngenkulungwane XI, xa eYurophu uphelayo imfazwe kwelinye icala ikhweyitha, kwi Mississippi Valley, ngoxolo ukuphuhlisa nempumelelo Indian impucuko. Bakhawuleza bazakhela izindlu, ukuphuhlisa iziseko.

Kwakhona, amaNdiya wamandulo umkhwa ukwakha udonga ezizodwa, indawo kwamashumi malunga abambalwa namasimi ekhatywayo. Apha benza phantse yonke into: ibhiyozelwa iiholide, imicimbi yonqulo, bexhamla, njl Lidla abantu baba zokungqinga, iindonga zokungqinga njengoko (iindawo zokungcwaba) ... Omnye xi inkulu yi Cahokia - iqela eliquka iikiriva 109. Kwathiwa ibhengeze lesikhumbuzo Heritage World.

Ngubani yaye kutheni nangoku bakha?

Kulo mba abantu besonwaya iintloko zabo kule minyaka idlulileyo emininzi. Kungenakwenzeka ukuba umntu uya kukwazi sikhumbule ukuba ulwakhiwo iiphiramidi kwinqanaba apho wenza abantu bamandulo, nanamhlanje kuba kakhulu yinkqubo engelula, anikwe iindlela zale mihla kunye technologies. , Umzekelo, amaYiputa amrholela njani iibhloko amatye anobunzima 7-10 ukuya kubude ngendlu ezilishumi, nendlela bakwazi ukumelana nabo ngokugqibeleleyo (ngamanye amaxesha phakathi iibloko neskreplonnymi akakwazi Ukusenga blade)?

Okwangoku, kukho iingcamango eziliqela kunye nantoni na awayefike sele ezizezona zincomeka.

I. Ubukho nje pratsivilizatsii kakhulu

Sonke Ndandikade ndicinga ukuba abantu namhlanje - nokunikwa bakhanyiselwa kakhulu, nto leyo maxa wambi nto ngokwayo kwisifundo Mother Nature, yaye amawaka amaninzi eminyaka eyadlulayo, abantu baba savages, ehleli nje ukuba banelise iimfuno zabo kwakudala. Noko ke, bambalwa abantu bacinga ukuba xa umhlaba sele ikhona impucuko enjalo, kunye kumgangatho ophezulu sezobuntlola kunye nobugcisa. Mhlawumbi wayesazi izinto ezininzi namhlanje ukuba kwakhona vula?

Ngokutsho kuguqulelo omnye, le mpucuko isenokuba Atlanteans, ngubani nokuba wakha iiphiramidi besebenzisa ingafikeleleki kwezinye ubugcisa okanye ukunceda ukwenza oko.

Ngokutsho komnye, abantu bamandulo bakwazi ukufumana yaye ngokukhawuleza ukulungelelanisa ubuchwepheshe ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe pre-ezikhoyo kodwa shwaka impucuko phambili.

Enye inguqulo ukuba abantu bamandulo (ngokufanayo no-amaYiputa) ngokwabo zikwinqanaba noko enkulu yophuhliso ngokwengqondo ngokwemiqathango zobugcisa.

Konke oku kukhombisa kuphela iqiniso --ngqangi yamandulo nokuyiphatha abafowunelwa kunye nayiphi supercivilization.

II. ukuphazamiseka yalapha

Le ngcamango ngemvelaphi iiphiramidi yeyona eqhelekileyo kakhulu kwaye kuxoxwe ngazo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, kumaziko ahlukeneyo abantu wanceda ekwakheni abameli impucuko komhlaba.

Okokuqala, makhe Masiqonde kutheni ngequbuliso loo kwizidalwa ezivela ngaphandle (ukuba ngokwenene ukuthatha indawo) ukunceda ngokwaneleyo ngelo xesha abantu behlabathi ukwakha iiphiramidi?

Ngokutsho kuguqulelo mnye, ukwakhiwa bakhonza njengamalungu lempucuko komhlaba njengomthombo amandla Akukwazi eluntwini, okanye njengomthetheli ukwenzela unxibelelwano phakathi iiplanethi (kwaye apha kubalelwa nonxantathu imilo wasemzini nokwakhiwa bokwakha uphela).

Kukho enye imfundiso. Ihlala isibakala sokuba abantu bamandulo, esiza wadibana njengabaphambukeli ukuba bathabathe nabo oothixo.

Yenza Buzani kubawo, ubugcisa babo, "iinqwelo zomlilo" yaba inani elikhulu lamathuba kunamadoda kunye nokusetyenziswa, ekusombululeni abameli impucuko zaphambili uncedo kulo mba, njengoko nokwakhiwa iiphiramidi.

Izazinzulu-ufologists abaninzi abanomdla umbuzo owakha iiphiramidi, unomdla ubudlelwane phakathi indawo iiphiramidi kunye nemephu nesibhakabhaka esimnyama. Ngenxa yazo, oku ikhonkco ngqo, ngenxa yokuba, umzekelo, kwisakhiwo edume Giza eYiputa, apho sele uthethe namhlanje, ekwafanekisa iinkwenkwezi amathathu inkulu ibekwe lekroza zamaKroza. Mhlawumbi intliziyo kulo mtshato yinto yokuba lo constellation kwaba endalo yokomfuziselo kwamaYiputa; limele nguthixo uOsiris - omnye izithixo ezibalulekileyo Egypt Ancient.

Kodwa kamsinya nje kukho omnye umbuzo kutheni amagama oothixo amaYiputa ezinxulumene kunye iinkwenkwezi? Ngokutsho iingcali efanayo, mhlawumbi ezinye unxibelelwano phakathi kwezi "oothixo" efanayo kunye nomkhosi wabo.

Njengoko bobunye ubungqina bokuba khona njengabaphambukeli on Earth kunokubangela ezahlukahlukeneyo imifanekiso, oluveza izangqa zasemzini, nezidalwa maxa wambi womntu. Abasemifanekisweni la manani, lo umntu wokwenene okanye ngaba nje yimveliso wemibono womzobi?

Kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye-ngqangi baseYiputa yamandulo athetha ezinye kwimfazwe oothixo ezinamandla. Yintoni okanye lowo abantu kubiza oothixo, yintoni na le mfazwe, nokuba ikhona enyanisweni okanye ngaba nje yintsomi enhle? Iimpendulo zale mibuzo kudala wayengcwatywe zisabonakala.

III. theory skeptical

Ngokutsho kuyo, abantu bamandulo bakwazi ukwakha iphiramidi zabo zehlabathi. Ngokutsho izazinzulu ababambe lo mbono, abantu baya kuba inkuthazo eyaneleyo ukuze kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezinjalo: iingqwalasela zonqulo, umnqweno umsebenzi ukufumana imali ukuba ubukho, ku navela ku kuma ngokubhekiselele izakhiwo ezizodwa.

Le mbali bamandulo uHerodotus yaba umphengululi lokuqala lesiGrike ngubani kwiincwadi zakhe wakwazi ukuchaza ngokweenkcukacha iiphiramidi edume Giza. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ukuze kwakhiwe izakhiwo olu hlobo ngexesha elifutshane (ngokutsho nenkcazelo, ithuba lokwakha yephiramidi omnye ngokuqhelekileyo iminyaka 15-20) kuyimfuneko ukuba usebenzise ubuncinane enye ikhulu lamawaka abasebenzi.

It alizithathi yabasebenzi free amakhoboka kunye namabanjwa emfazwe bafayo kulwakhiwo amawaka kwizifo, ulambile, unxaniwe, umsebenzi zingenakunyamezeleka, abanini ngumsindo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, neengcibi, abayili, abakhi wafumana imali ngento lwakwakhiwa iiphiramidi yamandulo.

Ukwakhiwa iiphiramidi nga kubanjwa kunye nabalimi eziqhelekileyo. Le nkqubo lungaluhlobo uhlobo lwenkonzo zabasebenzi, oko kukuthi, abantu efanayo ebizwa ukuba ukusebenza emva kwexesha elithile (mhlawumbi kube kanye ngonyaka ngamnye okanye emibini isithuba kwiiveki ezimbalwa). Ngoko ke, amaYiputa azinako ukuhlaziya ngokulula amandla ukusebenza.

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba phakathi abasebenzi abathatha inxaxheba kulwakhiwo iiphiramidi, ziqhuba uhlobo "ukhuphiswano", abaphumeleleyo leyo ugqibe umlinganiselo womsebenzi owenziwa njengeqela ngabanye, umgangatho wayo, njalo njalo. D. Abo akunakumiwa phandle phakathi kwabanye, wathola incentives ezahlukeneyo.

Njengokuba ubungqina theory kaHerodotus kunokubangela ingcwaba ezininzi abasebenzi kunye nabayili bezakhiwo bafumanisa zakudala ngexesha zamaqula, kwakunye zitrate kufutshane iphiramidi engagqitywanga, nto leyo mhlawumbi lisanyuka avulwe. Kuba amangcwaba ezifanayo kubonakala, yaye kunzima kangakanani umsebenzi wokwakha izakhiwo ixesha besebenza. Esi sigqibo kunokwenziwa ngokuhlolisisa iintsalela abantu bamandulo: imizila emininzi Ukophuka yaphiliswa zifumaneka emathanjeni abo.

Ngaphezu koko, iinxalenye isixhobo, apho kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwase le mihla ndifumaneke ye-crane. Akuthandeki ukuba ulwakhiwo iiphiramidi ngokukhawuleza kwaye kube lula nje ngokusebenzisa le nqubo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kukho nezinye izixhobo ezininzi.

Baphikisi ukuba iimbono ezithile ubuchule ukwakhiwa iiphiramidi.

Ukuqala inkqubo yokuba lalizixubusha kunye isigaba sokuqala sale hlobo izityalo - wokwenziwa iibhloko zokwakha. Ku angqiniweyo ngokwezenzululwazi ukuba abo bakha iiphiramidi, njengoko izinto ezingundoqo ezisetyenzisiweyo lekalika "ethambileyo", kwakunye inyengane eqinileyo, quartzite kunye abangelwe. Noko ke, izimvo kuwo baqala ngayo ekwakhiweni eliqela ezahlulwe.

Ngokutsho kuguqulelo omnye, lo yokutsala block lwaqhutywa emihadini ezizodwa, ezithi zibekwe kufutshane neendawo apho iphiramidi yakhiwe. Engxakini mbono kukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezi eqingqiweyo kuya ingxubakaxaka kuphela inkqubo yokwakha, kunye neeyunithi zothutho enze inkqubo usebenze.

Enye ingcamango ithi: castings block ziveliswa on-site ukusuka lubuyisela lekalika. abalandeli bayo bakholelwa ukuba abo bakha iiphiramidi, bakwazi ukwenza nemixube eziphathekayo ye sihlahla ezahlukeneyo. Nakuba kunjalo, kukho iqela le thiyori ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo yamandulo. Bathi ababona ngayo, ukuba wayebhekisela kwinto yokuba kwezinye iindawo, apho iiphiramidi zakhiwa ngamanani amakhulu, nje ezingenazibonelelo ukudala Umatshini isisombululo eziphathekayo.

Ethetha yeengcinga phambili iibhloko, kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye apha ukuba yahlulwe izimvo iingcali '.

Avamise kakhulu kule nkalo luguqulelo oluphambi units kumzobo. Njengokuba ubungqina mbono, enye mbali aziintloko imizobo baseYiputa yamandulo, apho amadoda alikhulu elinamanci mahlanu kuboniswe etsala ukuba ilitye lesikhumbuzo Dzhehutihotepa II. Kulo mzekelo, abasebenzi basebenzisa ezikhethekileyo isileyi-ize. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba komzila zabo, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi umzobo oseludongeni, wagalela amanzi, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba ziye kusetyenziselwa ukuzinciphisa ukukhuhlana kunye nokuququzelela inkqubo. Le hypothesis unelungelo ukukhanyela inyaniso yokuba inkqubo lixesha kakhulu elide kakhulu kwaye akunakwenzeka kwabo owakha iiphiramidi, bekuya kuba nako ukuyenza loo nto ngokukhawuleza.

Enye ingcamango phantsi kwengxoxo - ukusetyenziswa abantu bamandulo yeendidi ezahlukeneyo iindlela. Zizixhobo idumileyo yezinto ezi-ekuthiwa 'of ezalwa "mechanism, ubuchwepheshe ivili square (ukusetyenziswa imizila), kwiziphambuka lwangaphakathi, njalo njalo. On. Kodwa, ngokoluvo abaninzi, ezi bugcisa abazange kodwa ezazikho ngelo xesha.

UPawulos

Ngokusekelwe kule nkcazelo ingasentla, oko kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba umbuzo owakha iiphiramidi yintoni injongo zazo eziphambili wahlala abachaphazelekayo onke amaxesha. Kungenzeka ukuba uluntu luya kuze kunifumana. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, onke ingena zisabonakala: ngqangi, esekelwe, imizobo. Kwaye le mithombo zembali le mihla kunye kangako.

Ezicacileyo kukuba iimfihlelo iiphiramidi sishiye indoda akanankathalo.