Yintoni kwabantu, imbali yayo kunye nomxholo yokufunda

Lalo naliphi na inzululwazi - kwabantu, yaye oku kungekho ngaphandle - iqala inkcazo weqhosha mgaqo uphambili, imithetho, iindidi kunye neendlela zokufundisa. Ukususela igama ngokwawo - "lwentlalo" (uluntu, uluntu) kunye 'iilogo "(inzululwazi, ulwazi) - njani ukuba isosioloji - inzululwazi kuluntu. Kodwa njani ukuba bazahlule ngayo kwezinye ezentlalo, umzekelo, inzululwazi kwezopolitiko, ngezengqondo ezentlalo, kunye nabanye? Yintoni, enyanisweni, yokuhlalisana? Kwinkcazelo yale yesayensi inikwe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ku Vebsterovskom magama: "Sociology - inzululwazi imbali yophuhliso, imithetho yombutho kunye nobomi adibeneyo iingxaki zabantu njenge iiyunithi yoluntu, ezimele amaqela athile ezentlalo kunye noluntu."

Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba siphendule lo mbuzo, yintoni na kwabantu, ukuqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba yintoni na iqela loluntu kunye noluntu? Ngaba naliphi na iqela labantu kukuba? abantu iqela elithile eluntwini, kuphela ngenxa yokuba yonxulumano kweli qela ngenxa ubuhlobo ngokwembali izinzile. Asingawo onke, lwemeko, ezifana wabadluli inqanawa okanye kubaphulaphuli bhanya, oko kukuthi ezinzileyo. iqela Social, ngoko ungatsalela umnxeba ngokubambiseneyo usapho, zemfundo okanye abasebenzi. Kodwa uyakwazi kubizwa ngokuba uluntu kunye nabantu ngqo bakube akaqhelananga - amaqela ubudala, iyaxela kwezentlalo kunye neeklasi, amaqela eentlanga, uluntu zonqulo, ekugqibeleni, urhulumente nesizwe.

Inkcazo yintoni kwabantu, ngokunxulumene kula uluntu kunye namaqela ingachazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: inzululwazi ukufunda imithetho ukuyilwa kula maqela, ukusebenza kwawo ekwakheni inkqubo karhulumente kwaye ubudlelwane phakathi kwabo. Lo ngumxholo yokuhlalisana. Kakade ke, uAristotle wabiza umntu "zoon politikon" - oko kukuthi, "isilwanyana lwentlalo", kodwa yokuhlalisana njengoko inzululwazi usemncane ngokufanelekileyo. Wazalwa kuphela kwinkulungwane XIX. Yaye ekubeni kuyo "basonta off" kwezinye iindawo, waba inzululwazi ekuhlaleni ezimeleyo.

Owokuqala wazisa ukusetyenziswa lwenzululwazi elithi "yokuhlalisana" waba Ogyust akhawunti ngo-1842 Kwincwadi yakhe "Ikhosi Positive Philosophy," echaza, oko kukuthi kwabantu, yaye wachaza le nenzululwazi. Ukuba lweli mgaqo "uzinzo kunye nenkqubela", Comte wabhukuqa kuluntu concepts emzimbeni eseleyo kunye yolingano zonke izinto noshowo yoluntu. Ngenxa yoko, kwabantu, ngokutsho Comte, kubakho ulwazi nasemphakathini uhlobo oluthile umzimba noshowo apho "molecule" ngalinye kufundwa ngokwembono okulungileyo kuluntu, kunye isosioloji ngokwayo kunokubonwa statics zentlalo kunye nokutshintsha kweemeko. Wacela ukuba bahlole iinkqubo zentlalo elandela umzekelo nenzululwazi yezobugqi. Ngoko ke, indlela Comte nayo ngokuba physics lwentlalo.

igalelo elikhulu ngokwenkcazelo yembali na kwabantu, Marx wenza. Emva kokuhlalutya ixesha usebenzo uluntu "ezoshishino", Marx waba brilliant kodwa ekuphikiseni imfundiso kwingxelo zentlalo-qoqosho. I 'ibhanti ukudluliselwa' ephambili kwinkqubo ihamba uluntu, wabiza eziphathekayo kunye nobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho. Ngokwemfanelo Marx yinto yokuba sichaza kuluntu isakhiwo dynamically asakhasayo, nto leyo imveliso lophuhliso zembali.

Izazinzulu maks Veber kunye Emil Dyurkgeym liphuhlise ingcamango zabo lwezenhlalo yenza isiseko kumxholo yokuhlalisana. Enjani mibala ezidibanisa ezahlukeneyo ubuchule kunye nenqanaba nophuhliso lwabantu abakula maqela ezifanayo lwentlalo - babuza umbuzo. Weber - ukuba baphumeze iinjongo zabo ngamnye ngenxa yemizamo ezihlangeneyo lonke iqela labantu. Durkheim uphendula lo mbuzo ngokwahlukileyo: enze ngendlela ethile, umntu wenza i "baphenjelelwa", oko kukuthi imithetho nemimiselo yamkelwa kuluntu, uluntu, ilizwe apho umntu bobabo.