Imfundiso Allen Dulles, umlawuli CIA (1945)

NgoJuni 2015, amajelo Russian ukuba basasaza iindaba ukuba isigqibo seNkundla loMasipala isixeko kwiNgingqi Sverdlovsk Asbestos okubhaliweyo yoxwebhu, eyaziwa ngokuba "yimfundiso Allen Dulles" kwafunyanwa izinto eziyingozi. Ngako oko, le ukuvalwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo isicelo kuwo nawuphi na umyalelo. Yintoni na le xwebhu, nokufihla ayingozi eluntwini, yaye ngubani na uMnu Dulles, zibandakanyeke indalo yayo? Zama ukuqonda.

Ethengwa, wadala yi oziphethe entsha

Allen Dulles, imbali yayo iye ifumaneke kuluntu ngokubanzi kuphela emva kokuba kugqitywe umsebenzi wabo, intloko enye edumileyo ehlabathini ingqondo, ekuthiwa CIA, kwafika kwintsapho yakhe amalungu eminyaka ahlala izikhundla eziphezulu kwinkonzo ozakuzo American.

Wazalwa Aprili 7, 1893 e Watertown, eNew York. A iinkcukacha ukwazi, kodwa xa ndandineminyaka esibhozo ubudala, emva kokuphulaphula kwiingxoxo abadala kwezopolitiko, Allen lowu ephepheni ngayo izimvo, kunye irekhodi yakhe, epapashwe ekwimo phamflethi, waba ethengwa. Kubo, yena kakhulu ngokucacileyo wathabatha icala kwabo babevakalelwa kukuba 'akhubeke ".

Scout kwi owazenza ngonozakuzaku

Emva kokuphumelela ngowe-1914 Prinstaunsky University Dulles wayehamba kakhulu, ukutyelela India, China kunye East Far. Buyela kwi-US, ukuba Kuyabonakala ngaphandle ukukhuselwa intsapho yangena inkonzo noonozakuzaku wachitha iminyaka elandelayo, ebamba izikhundla ezahlukeneyo e Vienna, eBerlin kunye eConstantinople. Njengoko ummeli we-United States Allen inxaxheba ezingxoxweni enxulumene ekupheleni leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Noko ke, akuba eyenzile kokungeniswa yakhe ukuze benze imisebenzi intelligence kunokuba ozakuzo.

Ngaxeshanye kunye neNkonzo Civil Allen Dulles waphumelela George Washington University besithembe ixesha wayelilungu umthetho ngokuqinileyo, kodwa, kuyabonakala ukuba, ngaphandle uziva ikhwelo lo msebenzi, kungekudala wamshiya. Ukuqhubeka owona msebenzi wayo, ngexesha banesifo, yena inxaxheba eziliqela kwiinkomfa ezinkulu ngamazwe.

Intloko ye US ingqondo

Ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, Dulles kwabalelwa kubasebenzi Ofisi ntsha weeNkonzo zeQhinga, yaye kwiminyaka emibini sele wakhonza intloko iziko lakhe ezobuntlola e Bern. Kodwa ngokwenene kukutshintsha ngayo umsebenzi wakhe ukusekwa emva kwemfazwe, i-US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), ukubheka ngqo nguMongameli ilungiselelwe ukusebenza ngoko nangoko imisebenzi yayo, kwaye ukwenza imisebenzi oyimfihlo. Kwaba lelo xesha ke, ngokutsho kubaphandi abaninzi, i "yimfundiso Allen Dulles" notorious wayezelwe. Ngowe-1945, ngoko ke umhla wokuzalwa kwakhe.

kweminyaka esibhozo wachitha emantloko US nobukrelekrele, waye kwincopho umsebenzi wakhe, nto leyo yaphazamiseka ngo-1961 emva kokuba behluleke ukuba ahlasele imikhosi exhobileyo American eCuba. Nangona into yokuba, ngokutsho iingcali, iphutha engundoqo walala ukusilela kwenu kukusebenza ngqo kuMongameli US, Dulles sachithwa.

Umbhali uxwebhu ongekho

Emva eminye iminyaka esibhozo emva kokushiya inkonzo karhulumente, intloko owayesakuba CIA waba yimbangi iincwadi eziliqela-nkqubo amazwe, kwakunye inxaxheba kwiinkqubo ezininzi TV nonomathotholo. Kucingwa ukuba kuzo yavakala notorious imfundiso yomkhosi ka Allen Dulles. Nakuba kunjalo, abaphandi bathi, uxwebhu onjalo kunye ngakwisiginitsha yakhe akakho.

A loviwo olubanzi imfundiso kubalelwa kuye, enxulumene amathuba kulwa yiSoviet Union, kucacile ukuba imemorandam elungiswe ngo-Agasti 1948, i-US National Security Council. Ukuba udla ngokubizwa ngokuba yimfundiso Allen Dulles - CIA mlawuli.

1945, nto leyo eyaphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kuye kwaba, enyanisweni, i sisiqinisekiso umba we-United States kunye nobudlelwane eSoviet Union kwixesha elizayo. Yaba ngeli thuba namahlakani izolo babemele ukuthatha izigqibo ezibalulekileyo kummandla nkqubo angaphandle. Kule meko, kwenye yeentlanganiso Congress waza wenza ingxelo, wenziwa Allen Dulles, nangona, ngokutsho abaphandi, lowo akabanga ngokunxulumene nokuba yena buqu okanye kwintlangano yakhe.

Inqaku 20/1 le Memorandum

Ngokutsho okubhaliweyo kuxwebhu, declassified namhlanje waza waba neMemorandam 20/1, imingeni ejongene norhulumente US, bohlulwa ngamaqela amabini. Eyokuqala luluhlu amanyathelo afunekayo xa kuthe imfazwe eSoviet Union kunye uloyiso phezu kwabo. Ukuba nokwenzeka self-kumisiwe azithathelwa ngqalelo. Iqela lesibini ukuqwalasela le ngxaki, nto leyo kwafuneka isigqibo xa kuthe ikhondo kweziganeko akuthethi kukhokelela ekubeni abonane yasemkhosini.

zihambe ngaphandle njengamanyathelo ayo

Olu khetho ekuthiwa zoxolo, ke, ibonelela inani amanyathelo ezithile ejolise ekunciphiseni amandla yomkhosi kunye nempembelelo ngezizwe eMoscow. Ukuqwalasela eSoviet Union njengento esisisongelo kumajelo eendaba ehlabathini, imemorandam ibeka indlela ifuthe kurhulumente wakhe, ukuba enze utshintsho nangezenzo-nkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe.

Siphawula ekudluliseleni ukuba izenzo zabo kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele, ezifana lombutho ukubhukuqwa Prime Minister Mossadegh of Iran (1953), uMongameli Arbenz of Guatemala (1954), kwakunye nezinye iinkokeli nochuku ezopolitiko phesheya waziva kwizabelo kakhulu ufanelekile. Nditsho ngokuhlaselwa ayiphumelelanga yaseCuba akuzange kubangele ukuba ukuzisola.

indlela Amandla amanyathelo

Njengokuba uphuhliso isakhiwo sebali wamajoni, neMemorandam 20/1, ngokufuthi amelwe njenge "Imfundiso Dulles" ayenzelwanga ukuba singene kwilizwe lonke, ngenxa nobukhulu ezimangalisayo nommandla wayo. Kwakhona, kukho nakwenzeka ukufakwa ngenkani phakathi kwabemi balo yedemokhrasi kwifomu apho ukuba yamkelwe kwi West.

Isizathu iboniswe kukungabikho izithethe eziyimfuneko zembali. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imbono aphesheya abakhange ingqalelo into ephambili - nakwenzeka ngokupheleleyo ukuba ukunyanzelisa nantoni ngenkani ezingqondweni zabantu bethu. Ukhankanye ukuba imbali Russia, bakwazi ukwenza oku lula.

inkohliso zembali

Ke kaloku yasekelwa uxwebhu othi "Mfundiso of Allen Dulles," umbhalo apho, ngokutsho isigqibo seNkundla City Asbest ngokufanelekileyo ekhonjwe kwinani izinto eziyingozi. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba mbhali lo msebenzi, nto leyo gqi Cold Imfazwe ejoliswe kwiziko ukubola efihlakeleyo yokuziphatha abemi belizwe lethu senziwa intloko owayesakuba CIA, abaphandi mihla le ebangela abanye amathandabuzo.

Okokuqala, umbhalo IsiNgesi yoxwebhu, ubuncinane kwi kwinguqulelo apho yayisaziwa, zange ngokusesikweni zange zimelwe, nabo bonke abaxhasi ubunyani bayo zibhekisela kuphela inguqulo Russian. Okwesibini, isifundo enenkcukacha Mfundiso Dulles izicatshulwa ngamnye ngokumangalisayo ifuze imigca ezaziwayo-kakuhle yonke imisebenzi AS Ivanov, "Call ongunaPhakade", le nguqulelo yapapashwa ngowe-1981.

Ngesenzo sokunyiba ekhutshwe ingcamango yezopolitiko

Ngokukodwa, abaphandi abaninzi waqhuba ukufana phakathi equlethe imfundiso yasemva kwemfazwe Allen Dulles, kwaye okubhaliweyo efakwe Anatoliem Ivanovym emlonyeni umlinganiswa elibi inoveli yakhe "Call ongunaPhakade" - yangaphambili White Guard, waba inkonzo amaJamani. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, kukho iminxeba ukungeniswa abantu Soviet ngokuthi nokubola kwayo yokuziphatha, kunye luthelekiso izicatshulwa ubonisa epheleleyo bangoobani esemantiki.

Ukongeza, imfundiso Allen Dulles - mlawuli CIA, nto ibalasele ngamandla kukuba ucula namazwi iqhawe kwinoveli FM "Iidemon" Dostoyevsky kaThixo - Petra Verhovenskogo. Ukuze ubone oku, izimamva ezinokuthelekiswa ukuvula imveliso, kujoliswe amazwi akhe ukuba nokusekwa igunya phezu kwabantu, yena kunye nabanye abafana naye uza basenze sibe "kukukhohlakala, umhlwa yokuzingca".

Iindlela zokufumana umgomo onjalo Verhovensky ubona nokubekwa izihlwele ezibanzi nakukunxila, uburheletyo kunye nokulahla. Eyona nto iphambili - ke endaweni kwezikhokelo okwenyaniso yokuziphatha ecingelwayo kunye nezenzo ezijoliswe ukwahlulwa kwabantu ezingcanjini bakhe bokomoya lweenkobe.

Kwaye ekugqibeleni, ezi iinjongo isandi kwinoveli George Dold-Mikhailik "Ngelo Knights Black", owayebonakele ezishelfini of izithengisayo kwilizwe lethu ngo-1965. Kuyo omnye wabalinganiswa, kwaye echaza umendo ekhokelela ukubola yokuziphatha yoluntu, ukongeza namanye amanyathelo, igxininisa ngokufakelwa kwala unqulo lokwenyaniso, abayinqobo kubantu zokuzibandakanya lakhe amahlelo yileyo. Ngaphezu koko, xa kungekho ezinjalo ekucetyiswa ezabelwe zabo.

Xa Ukufuna i fakes Author

Konke oku, ukuze athi, "inkqubo yokusebenza", kusetyenziswa ezahlukeneyo, kuquka "imfundiso Dulles" phantsi ingqalelo. Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba umbhalo wayo, enyanisweni, imisebenzi yabanye, ukuhlanganiswa kwe aziwayo ngamnye esithathwe umbhali (okanye ababhali) of ezahlukeneyo zoncwadi Russian-lwimi. Kulo mba, lo mbhali-arhente uzowenza nobukrelekrele American iba ngaphantsi mhlawumbi.

Ngubani na, ke, lo umsunguli izincoko inkanuko, ebizwa ngokuba 'imfundiso Dulles "? Lo mbuzo ngeke kwenzeke ukufumana impendulo ecacileyo. Kodwa ezi njongo ukuba bazingelwa umbhali, kubalulekile kakhulu kucacile ukuba sijonga ekuqaleni ekupheleni koo, kwimeko apho uxwebhu savunywayo ngokubanzi.

ngxabano ukuhla ngenxa yohlengahlengiso

Kungekudala ngaphambi koko, kwi yee- kade, bagqiba ekuthiwa-IMfazwe - ixesha izidubedube zezopolitiko phakathi Mpuma kunye namazwe Western, eminqubeni, leyo likhokelwa eUnited States. Out of the elidlulileyo edume ludilike, kwaye ubudlelwane phakathi macala mabini kwacaca kuphela uyafudumala, kodwa kwakhona iintsingiselo belanga ukuhlangabezana yabadlali izolo ngayo.

Ngelishwa, amava lubonise ukuba nkqu kwisithuba ngezikhondo zamehlo uhlengahlengiso obhobhozayo ezazihamba ezi iinkqubo ezintle ezifanele bonke. ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, kuzo zombini nkampu wabonisa abamelene zayo ezicacileyo neyokusithela usebenzisa umzabalazo wabo zonke iindlela ezifumanekayo kubo.

inkohliso Intambo

Kuyenzeka ukuba abantu zijolise ukuba izimvo zoluntu malunga uluntu lwamazwe ico, urhulumente US, sele zenziwe yaye izakubekwa uhlobo lwezithuthi fake, owawuboniswa i "yimfundiso Allen Dulles" (CIA Director). Nangona isibakala sokuba umbhalo yayo uthotho ngamanye amazwi imisebenzi Russian-ulimi, awanyakazela ngayo negosa US bekungenakuba ngumqondiso, kunokwenzeka ukuba umbhali siseza kufunwe phesheya.

iingxoxo ezifana "Imfundiso Allen Dulles 'CIA kunye eceleni - iseti kakhulu efanelekileyo" amabali zamva "ukujija iingqondo zabantu iminyaka emininzi babephantsi kwempembelelo ubuxoki eSoviet, emele ihlabathi Koloni utshaba enokwenzeka. Against le ngcamango nemvukelo akwazi ukudlala kakuhle iqela lwangaphesheya iinkqubo ezintle eziye zenzeka ekupheleni koo ekuqaleni.

Olubalo akukhange kwenzeke kangangoko ekulindeleke bemeko- fakes, kunye Allen Dulles akazange abe luphawu ngeengozi ephuma kwihlabathi Koloni. Namhlanje, lo kuqheleke ubudlelwane phakathi eUnited States Russia nangoku bamele intsimi ebanzi umsebenzi oonozakuzaku omabini la mazwe, kodwa zizathu komyalelo ezahlukeneyo.