Yiyiphi imithetho Crusaders esekwe kumazwe yanqoba? Zomnqamlezo kunye neziphumo zazo

Zomnqamlezo zazenziwe zabemi Western Yurophu kwi-11-15 kwiinkulungwane we AD, yaye injongo yabo ukuguquka izizwe zobuhedeni kubuKristu okanye ukukhulula iitempile zamaKristu ukususela idyokhwe amaRoma.

Qala le intshukumo ayehla

Ngo March 1095 wegqitha iBhunga Umlazi, emva koko uPopu Urban wabiza phezu abamhlophe ukuya eMpuma. Izizathu zoku intshukumo kokuqwalasela ukunqongophala kokutya ngenxa yabantu Europe kunye nemfuneko ukuthatha iindawo zamaKristu ezingcwele phakathi kweentlanga. Ngoko ke waqalisa ukwenza Order of the Omnqamlezo, kuba kwakufuneka aye komjikelo kuzo iintlanga, yaye wakhuthaza abantu abaqhelekileyo ukuze bajoyine.

Movies iminyaka 1095-1290 enzelwa ukufaka eYerusalem, wagcinwa ingcwaba oyiNgcwele. Ngaloo mihla, amaKristu balwa Turks, kunye abahedeni kwi aseBalti kunye naseMpuma nokuxubana, abathi uhlobo olwahlukileyo ubuKristu. Pope Urban II wenza ideologue azinikele kwephulo nxamnye Turks, nabo bonke abo bavumelana ukuba balwe ngecala, wathembisa lokubhangisa ngokupheleleyo imo amatyala abo kwaye umhlala kwiintsapho zabo, ababesele eYurophu. Abantu phantsi yakhe ngakwibhanile baba baninzi, yaye ngenxa yoko ke ayehlasela Crusaders eMpuma zenzeka.

Imiphumo kwiphulo lokuqala

Ekubeni ingcamango uPopu Urban kwabelwana kartel kunye nezidwangube nje kuphela abantu abaqhelekileyo, waza ke waya eMpuma, enempi enkulu. Ngenxa yoko, iYerusalem yoyiswa ngo-1099 yayingunyaka ongumsunguli ubukumkani eYerusalem.

Siyithandile nxaxheba yenkolo luphembelela kwakhona amabali ukuba Turks woyisa iYerusalem, kakubi abahambi yobuKristu kakhulu ababandezeli bawo.

Waba ngukumkani yokuqala waseYerusalem Baldwin, umzalwana inkokeli yenkolo, Godfrey of Bouillon. Wongezelela emasimini akhe Beirut naseSidon. Baldwin ubukhulu becala unoxanduva Omnqamlezo oko kwasekwa yemiyalelo kumazwe oyiswe. Ngoko ke, apha ezahlukeneyo abavela ohlala banikwe imvume nezorhwebo kumazibuko ezivulekileyo. Ucwangco wakhangela amaqhawe ngubani kule ebukumkanini wavula odolo zazo.

Okunye ayehla States

Ubukumkani eYerusalem akazange urhulumente kuphela wadala zenkolo. Kweli xesha ayesekelwe County of Edessa, Antiyokwe seLizwe, Tripoli County. Kwakukho Order of Knights of St John of the Crusaders.

SeLizwe Antiyokwe yemizi unxweme iMeditera, yaye wayephethe abemi amadoda amathathu amawaka. Kunjalo wahlala khona Omnqamlezo, owayevela eItali eNormandy.

Okwilizwe Edessa yabonakala 1098, yaye wabonakala phezu ezweni elakhiweyo kuqala Armenia. Le County indawo enkulu, kodwa zange bakwazi ukufikelela kwi izidumbu emanzini. Abahlali kwakukho malunga-10 000 abantu. County waba intsimi buzimeleyo. I ayehla ithi, imephu leyo ukusuka abalawuli Muslim, kwakukho mfutshane elide.

Kwikota yokuqala yenkulungwane yeshumi yabalasela kukuba ubunini Crusaders landa. Xa amajoni 1100 kaKristu, wasithimba isixeko Tripoli kunye eKesareya, Acre kwiminyaka emibini kamva wathathwa. Emva ukuba wadalwa Tripoli County. Kwisahluko kwabonisa Bertrand, Count of Toulouse. Yiyiphi imithetho Crusaders esekwe kumazwe wayoyisa, oko kugwetywa ngayo izixeko ezininzi yatshiswa, yaye abahlali abaninzi babulawa.

Ukuhla ubukumkani baseYerusalem

Le abenzi bemilingo yale ndawo yenzeka ebukumkanini Balduina Edesskogo. Yena ingqalelo umntu, nemibono yobuKristu ngonqulo neliso elibukhali, yena umfazi - koroleva Melisenda - nonyana. Unyana wakhe Baldwin waba ulawulo wesithathu ubukumkani emva kokusweleka kukatata wakhe. Ngeli xesha, i ayehla ithi kwi yasempumalanga beza kunye waza waba undoqo wonqulo lwamaKristu. Okwesithathu waba yindlalifa Baldwin Baldwin wesine.

Ukususela ngo 1185 kwaqalisa ukwehla yobukumkani. abalawuli Changed eziliqela. Ngowe-1189 elundini kule ebukumkanini livela Salahaddin umlawuli nomkhosi wakhe Islamic. Baya kuthatha ekungqingweni kweYerusalem, nto leyo ofihla kakhulu ngamaKristu abaphalaphalayo. Emva kokuba kuthinjwe idolophu abemi balo basinda, kodwa kwakufuneka ahlawule intlawulelo. Musa ukuhlawula intlawulelo baba ngamakhoboka. Bendawo khumbula uyala esekwe Omnqamlezo kumazwe woyisa, ngoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba uye phantsi kolawulo Muslim Sultan.

Ngowe-1229, Korol Fridrih II ngexesha le dolophu emva ekuthinjweni amaKristu. Kodwa kungekudala amaSilamsi kwakhona ambamba, ngo-1285 i Knights yokugqibela kusinda eCyprus, eshiya ezishelifini iYerusalem Muslim. A indima enkulu kuthinjwe eYerusalem wadlala Mamluk Sultan zitha. Zokholo wayesilwa amaSilamsi yathatha iintsuku ezintathu.

Impi yabantwana

Enye kumaphepha amaninzi ngokubulawa kwale Yomnqamlezo yi Impi waBantwana, eyaqala ngo-1212. Kwenye iilali French wabonakala umalusi uStefan, benza isaziso ukuba kunokwenzeka kusithiwa nje ngoncedo abantwana ukuba akhulule Sepulchre oyiNgcwele, kwaye bakhuthaza abantwana ukuba aye eYerusalem. Ngenxa yoko, wakwazi ukuqokelela ukuya ku ezingamashumi amathathu amawaka abalandeli.

Isiphelo elandelayo nosizana zabo ukuyilwa abanye babulawa ziintlekele ezahlukeneyo, ezinye kwathengiswa ebukhobokeni. Abaninzi bafa endleleni. Kamva, le Pope ewakhulule isibhambathiso crusading, nokunqanda nokuphunyezwa kwayo de mdala zabo.

wenza njani Zomnqamlezo kuMbindi Mpuma

Impembelelo Zomnqamlezo kwimbali kunye noqoqosho kumazwe ahlukeneyo luyathandabuzeka. Kwelinye icala, ngenxa oku kwabakho ukunyuka izixeko Italian yorhwebo zikhule apho. Kwelinye icala, uqoqosho kunye nenkcubeko waseSiriya nasePalestina baba ukuhla. buxhomekeke kakhulu Omnqamlezo oko kwasekwa yemiyalelo kumazwe oyiswe.

ESiriya nasePalestina wabandezeleka ngenxa iyangena kwi Omnqamlezo, izixeko ezininzi zatshatyalaliswa yaye zitshiswe. Cities ezifana Edessa, neAshkelon Qaisar, ekugqibeleni baya zisabonakala. Ngowe-1227 ekugqibeleni satshatyalaliswa Tinnis, isixeko yesithathu inkulu ke laseYiputa. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane weshumi inxalenye eselunxwemeni ePalestina kwilizwe ephanzileyo, apho kungekho mntu ubenobuganga ukuhlala.

amaziko unokwakhela Uninzi eSiriya nasePalestina zatshatyalaliswa ngonaphakade bangaze wambuyisela, kunye nabantu wasuka apho waya eYiputa.