Ngubani na ithawula? Edume "uyise qhinga"

Ithawula Barca iqhagamshelana nakwizibetho zabo indima winner kunye isiphukuphuku hlobo. Igama le ubuntu enkulu engqongwe amavo eziliqela ezilufuniso. Ngubani na ithawula? Lo yinkokeli ebalaseleyo xesha lakhe. Wangena imbali yehlabathi imbangi esizimiseleyo eRoma oligorha, apho waba neminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu ukuya alwe imfazwe ngempumelelo, lo gama kude Carthage.

Ngayo wabhala ababhali yamaRoma abaninzi mbali emele utshaba. Kwaye wamnika ngenxa yakhe wayeyinkokeli yasemkhosini, ubugcisa ogama wekarati badla ngokusekelwe ubuqhawe lobuqu. Yayingubani ithawula kwimbali: ophumeleleyo okanye isiphukuphuku?

Yena unyana Hamilcar Barca, wehla evela intsapho yamandulo Punic zokurhweba-Barkidy yeengcungcu, owasinikayo imbali abezopolitiko abaninzi abadumileyo kunye nenyama. Intonga wathabatha imvelaphi yayo ukusuka kwesinye Hewana ze umseki Carthage - the Queen Dido kaHomer. impembelelo ekhethekileyo waba Barkidy eSpeyin.

Ithawula Barca (BC 247-183gg ...) - ilungu edume sodidi Barkidov. Ukuba eyamazibulo entsatsheni, lona, ngokwesiko lamandulo, Carthaginians, njengedini uthixo uBhahali. Kodwa Hamilcar Barca ithatha nyana umntwana ka umkhonzi, yaye ithawula watshintshelwa eIberia kamva iminyaka kuphela wabuyela Carthage. Aqeqeshwa njengotshaba nesele utshaba elide yexesha - eRoma - wada wenza isibhambathiso phambi kwesibingelelo ebomini ukuba alwe nayo imbangi enamandla.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba uyise nonyana ayidlalileyo kumzabalazo phakathi Carthage neRoma indima enkulu. Kuye ube uhlobo yincopho yendalo lonke uphuhliso sangaphambili lweMeditera Koloni.

Ithawula, wathabatha inxaxheba kumaphulo yasemkhosini eSpeyin, okhokelwa uyise, eko- zezizwe Iberia. Ngowe-221 BC yena wavakalisa injengele yomkhosi Carthaginian. Kuhlaselwa 219, kwi-Sagunto, okunene wamqumbisa yeSibini Punic War. Ngo-218 BC. e. wokututa zakhe ezweni Italy zamngxwelerha ukoyiswa eziliqela, kuquka kakhulu kubo - e-Cannes. Kodwa ke amaRoma, bambamba inyathelo, wahamba lohlaselo eSpeyin Afrika. Carthage Kwanyanzeleka ukuba ucele uncedo ku ithawula. Wabiza Afrika, yena woyiswa kwi Zama, nto leyo yakhokelela ekuphelisweni uxolo neRoma.

Ngokoqobo akukho lwazi ngqo xa nokuba lingakanani ithawula kwiminyaka emva kokusayina isivumelwano. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba utsaleleke enkundleni, etyhola oko kwemveliso isabelo emkhosini ukuba akaxakekanga eRoma. Noko ke, emehlweni abantu ithawula, nangona boyisiwe, waqhubeka ithathwe iqhawe lesizwe. Njengoko isohlwayo ukuba "ulwaphulo-mthetho" Akubanga ngenxa elinamandla Barkidov. Ngaphandle Carthage kwakufuneka wayeyinkokeli yasemkhosini, uyakwazi ukugcina umkhosi mercenaries. Waye waqeshwa njengoko igosa eliphezulu Carthage - Suffet. Xa ekuqhubeni iinguqu zabo nxamnye oligarchs ikwazile ukuhlawula i-indemnity eRoma.

Ngesi senzo ke wazenzela iintshaba ezininzi. Amangalelwe ngayo ziimvakalelo anti-Roman, xa emanani ne uAntiochus III - uKumkani waseSiriya - ngenjongo yokuba uqalise imfazwe kunye neRoma. Wamadoda wabongoza ithawula ukuphendula, kodwa ibingaziswa phambi kokuba iBhunga Abadala. Ukubonelela kuba meko, umphathi kuthiwa nohambo owenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo kwi kaSeleucus ngamandla baseTire.

Ngo-186 BC. e. uyakwazi ukuba bafudukele Prus, ukumkani nakwelaseBhitini, apho kamva lwafuna ukukhululwa Barki. Mhlawumbi vysluzhivayas abaseRoma, wanika ithawula. Kuba engafuni ukuba siyeke ezandleni lotshaba, umphathi wathabatha ityhefu, elalihlala kwicala ekhuselekileyo umsesane kwaye wayesoloko naye.

Inkulu ingxoxo: nokuba Barca iqhawe lesizwe, ngoko kukho merit olukhulu kumzabalazo wakhe neRoma, yintoni na indawo yayo kwimbali ngubani ithawula? Kuqala ukuba yingqondi yasemkhosini. Phakathi strategists abadumileyo yamandulo: Aleksandra Makedonskogo, Yuliya Tsezarya, Scipio kunye nabanye - wathatha indawo yabo ithawula. I-ngqwayi, ngubani ogama mbali zomkhosi Theodore Ayrault Dodge "uyise qhinga". Nkqu iintshaba zakhe efungelweyo waboleka izinto ezininzi zobugcisa yakhe bokulwa. mbali Modern, kunye amaRoma imbeko yakhe uhlela, amaqhinga, ubukrelekrele, ukuthembeka kunye nesibindi zobuqu.

Bambalwa abantu musa ukuphendula umbuzo wokuba ngubani na ithawula. Le ndoda, ogama lakhe liye ebekwe benoloyiko elingu zamaRoma. ibinzana kwaqashwa «ithawula ante portas», ethetha «ithawula esangweni" yaba yindlela ethandwayo eRoma. Oko kukuthi, kuya kuvakala ngexesha yemvukelo uSpartacus njengoko isimntwiso yokoyika kunye nengozi yokuthatha umzi.

Ithawula - inkokheli omkhulu wamajoni, ngubani ekwabelwana ubunzima kunye neengozi imfazwe kunye namajoni akhe. Akazange wayalela abantu ukuba benze izinto ayikwazanga kwenziwa buqu. Oku kuphela iphumelele igunya elikhulu phakathi umkhosi Carthaginian, yaye phakathi kwamasoldati yotshaba.

Yeyona zephephandaba inkulu yexesha lakhe, wenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lobugcisa yehlabathi imfazwe. ngamandla ayo ukuchaza ngokuchanekileyo imeko emkhosini-yezopolitiko, ngocoselelo lihlela wokuhlola, yokunyamekela ngasemva yomkhosi, ubonelelo iinqwelwana, olunzulu ukufunda yeqonga zokusebenza, ukuqinisekisa iindinyana elide imikhosi yakhe, bedumisa mbali mihla.

Isiseko yomkhosi yakhe imikhosi emhlabeni, yaye uqhubela amahashe Afrika - ekuxabeleni amandla engundoqo. Ukusebenzisa ngengingqi, ukumangala, ulwazi iluncedo kule Amaqhinga umdlali yakhe, zigcwalisa isibindi, kunye ngenxeba tsotsololo edabini - iimpawu eziyintloko Amaqhinga ithawula, eyona awasiwisayo Idabi Cannae. Umzekelo ingqongwe yimikhosi utshaba enkulu kwi nelisemihlubulweni ezimbini epheleleyo nokutshatyalaliswa ukakayi ubuchule imfazwe yaba yingqondi wamajoni, nto leyo kakhulu ngexesha iintshaba zakhe nesele.

Ubuhlungu ijikazi wamngena ubomi babantu mkhulu kwimbali. Kamva, uCicero iya uthethe ilizwi ukuba abemi ithawula wamgxothela ngaye, kwaye kufuneka utshaba uzukisiwe inkumbulo lwethu kunye nemibhalo. Kwaye, eneneni, ayimangalisi into yokuba oku kwimibhalo zamaRoma kwaye uye walilondoloza memory of ithawula Barka zenzalo.