Yintoni yenethiwekhi ephambili inkcazelo eYiputa? Ukubhala kunye nolwazi namaYiputa

Ukuzalwa yokubhala yaseYiputa kukuba ekupheleni IV nkulungwane BC. Isiseko yayo ebekumele ukuba umfanekiso ngokubhala, apho into nganye okanye ingqiqo ayihambi ngendlela yomfanekiso. amacwecwe Clay, imisongo ngqangi, imibhalo iliwa - oku konke okuye primary yenethiwekhi ngolwazi eYiputa, kwaye ubukhulu encinane efikelele imihla yethu. Strange imizobo lula izazinzulu igama lakho iliyimfihlo, kwaye ngokwalo ukubhala yakhona kwinkqubo ebizwa. Le ncwadi "History of the World Ancient, Grade 5" kuphela ngokubanzi kuchaphazela kule esinomdla isihloko. On ukuvela, nokusasazwa yokubhala baseYiputa yamandulo kunye amalinge kamva ukuba uyivule uxoxwa kweli nqaku.

iimpawu zaphezulu

AmaYiputa ayekholelwa ukuba zonke ubhalo - esingcwele nokubhala wafundisa eYiputa One - uthixo ubulumko. Le leta ngokwalo ngokuba "mduentr" - "Ilizwi likaThixo". Umfanekiso umfanekiso welizwi - eyona nto leyo yenethiwekhi ephambili inkcazelo eYiputa. I eyayimela yokuqala, izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa iindonga emangcwabeni, iitempile, kunye iiobelisk phezu sarcophagi - zonke ezo esikhumbuzo yeyokukhulisa, ombiwe ilitye, ezithe ndihlile, ukuze mihla.

Ngeminyaka yoo-II amawaka BC. AmaYiputa ezisetyenziswayo xa kubhalwa malunga 700 ngabalinganiswa, nkqu iminyaka eliwaka inani lazo liye lanyuka ukuya amawaka. Uninzi abalinganiswa - nto nje umfanekiso yophawulo izifundo zabo. Ngamanye amaxesha komba kumisela yegama - kulo mzekelo, igama elinye yabhalwa kwileta abalinganiswa eziliqela. Egyptian zavela edidayo - indlela efanayo linokukwenziwa kubalinganiswa ezahlukeneyo. Ixabiso yegama sixelwe yi imizobo ezikhethekileyo - senjongosenzi. Ezo mpawu musa sebekhomba igama kunye nentsingiselo yalo esulungekisiweyo. Ngenxa yoko, umbhalo wamandulo wadlulisela ileta eya concepts abstract, iimvakalelo kunye nemifanekiso ukuba bekuya kuba nzima ukuveza ngenye indlela. Konke oko inaso ulwazi eYiputa, ityathanga igqunyiweyo emangalisayo, abalinganiswa angaqondakali.

Ukungabikho lwezikhamiso

Characters ukuba amalungu, ibonisa kuphela oonobumba kwindawo yegama. oonobumba zezikhamiso unobumba azikhange isicelo. Lo msebenzi osemqoka uphawu zombini iilwimi bamandulo mihla - umzekelo, ileta Arabic kwakhona awusebenzisi izikhamiso. Ngoko ke, noshicilelo ngqo (sound) lo gama nangoku yaziwa kuthi, kwaye amazwi afanayo umYiputa ukuze ifundwe iindidi ukukhuphela, kuxhomekeke umthombo esetyenzisiweyo.

Ukubhala kunye nolwazi ngamaYiputa ngokubanzi asetyenziswe Ixesha Kingdom Entsha. Ukuphuhliswa kwezorhwebo, ukomelezwa ngamandla karhulumente kwakhokelela ekubeni ukuvela uhlobo olutsha yokubhala, apho iimpawu ezahlukeneyo yaqala ukubhala kunye, zadityaniswa umlinganiswa othile. Ukuze ufunde ubhale iye yaba lula, kwaye iindidi ezintsha amanqaku izazinzulu ebizwa Demonica - unobumba yesizwe.

Indlela ukufundisa ukubhala

Izikolo laseYiputa wamandulo ngokuqhelekileyo ezintlafunweni. amagosa wabanika oonyana ezikolweni kwiminyaka emihlanu okanye emithandathu. Ababhali elizayo zaye zathathwa isonka indlu ijagi yewayini, waya yonke imihla bonke abafundi mihla ufunde indlela.

Okokuqala, umntwana afundiswa ukuba ukufunda nokubhala. Ibungu zizixhobo kubiza kakhulu, yaye akazange avumele abafundi. Abafundi bazama ukubhala phezu amacwecwe kupolishiwe lekalika yokubhalela kulo iseli kunye noluhlu. Ezi amacwecwe ezisetyenziselwa iinjongo ezifanayo njengoko eziphathwayo esikolweni mihla. Ngomhla umbuzo ka loko a ri yenethiwekhi ephambili ulwazi eYiputa, singakwazi ukunika le mpendulo: zonke "incwadi yamanqaku" ukuba yasinda kude kube namhlanje, bakhonza njengomthombo othembekileyo ulwazi malunga umgangatho uqeqesho kunye nemfundo kweli lizwe.

Ngaphandle kokufunda nokubhala, abafundi bafunda ngokweenkcukacha ubugcisa, imbali, ukuma, ukuba abafundise imithetho yenzululwazi yomkhosi kunye nobugcisa.

Ekugqityweni kwale khosi umfundi waqola Sciences wakhupha ngqangi elinqabileyo. IYiputa wayengomnye abenzi eziphambili yeengcongolo kwihlabathi lamandulo, kunye namaxwebhu zoluntu ezibalulekileyo eli lizwe baye basinda kuloo misongo ezibuthathaka. Ngoko ke, le ntetho nezinto sheets ngalo mfana elixabisekileyo kwakuthetha ukuba angenele yakhe isithuba bakulungele ukuqwalasela igosa likarhulumente. Phantsi kwesandla ngobuchule yeengcongolo umbhali wayifulela ziintsika eyayimela, nobuhle itekisi hombisa kunye imibala eqaqambileyo.

zincwadi ukhohliwe

Kuye kwaba phantse namawaka amabini eminyaka ukususela ngexesha waseYiputa yamandulo. Ilizwe wafika phantsi kwesandla yamagorha uBukhosi baseRoma. UMlawuli Feodosy ngasekupheleni I AD uyawavala iitempile zokugqibela Osiris noAmon. AmaYiputa kudala isetyenziswa yi ulwimi Coptic, nto leyo kumafa yayo yahluke kakhulu ngolwimi kumanyange, njengoko isetyenziswe incwadi oonobumba zamaGrike. Yonke leyo yenethiwekhi ephambili ulwazi eYiputa, kwaba nje engaqhelekanga, yamandulo akukho rarities umdla. Kwiinkulungwane ezisixhenxe kobunganga yamaGrike namaRoma kwakwanele ukuba inkcubeko enkulu yaphela. zobulumko zamaGrike baba nomdla unqulo yaseYiputa bulumko, kodwa ngaphandle ulwazi ukubhala olu lwazi yajika akukacaci ezingekhoyo. wezakwalizwi christian Kliment Aleksandriysky kunjalo wafumana ixesha xa amaYiputa akwazi ukufunda abalinganiswa, wanikela inkcazelo emfutshane iimpawu zokubhala nokufunda ezinye iimpawu, kodwa andizange ndinikhathaze ukusixelela ukuba zeziphi iimpawu zezicelo zabo. Xa ngokwenzeka iimfihlelo yokubhala wenza imigudu yaseYiputa zo aphakathi kunye zobulumko Chinese. Kwaye kuphela ngenkulungwane XIX ngayo wakwazi phakamisa ikhuselo vu phezu imfihlelo eyayimela.

itshe Rosetta

Ngexesha uhambo Egyptian uNapoleon kaThixo, uCaptain Bouchard wafumana kufuphi Rosetta ilitye encinane iintsalela umbhalo ngeelwimi ezintathu yamandulo. beza Izazinzulu wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba yamaGrike, amaRoma kunye neetekisi zaseYiputa uthethe yombulelo ababingeleli, ekhutshwe yi uPtolemy Epiphanes, kwaye ezi iitekisi eyinxalenye enye umyalezo enye ngeelwimi ezahlukeneyo. Rosetta Stone usinike yokukhawulezisa intsingiselo echanekileyo yokubhala baseYiputa sisazinzulu isiFrentshi, ngeelwimi kunye isazi ogama uJean Francois Shompolon. umsebenzi wakhe obizwa "A mzobo emfutshane yenkqubo obhalwe kumaYiputa amandulo, okanye izifundo iziqalelo ileta," wanika zavelisa ubukho nenzululwazi Egyptology.

isiphelo

Ikalika zokubhalela abafundi, ngqangi ababhali karhulumente kunye imibhalo elityeni kunye emarmore emhlophe, apho ababingeleli ukuhomba iitempile zabo, baba isiseko isifundo waseYiputa yamandulo. Egyptology namhlanje - yinto isayensi, wanika iimpendulo kwimibuzo emininzi malunga uncwadi, inkcubeko, ezopolitiko kunye nobomi bemihla eYiputa yamandulo; inkqubela kwezenzululwazi zithiwe thaca kwi "History of the World Ancient, iBakala 5" manual. Abafundi besikolo samabanga namhlanje, kukho izifundo ezimbalwa banokufunda ezo iinkcukacha, apho emangalisiwe iingqondo eninzi elidlulileyo.