Ngokuhlaziya - yintoni na le nto? Ngokuhlaziya of petroleum, iimveliso zepetroliyam, alkanes. nokuqhekeka thermal

Kuyinto ezisitheleyo ipetroli uveliswa ioli. Noko ke, inkoliso abaqhubi beemoto musa uzibuze njani le nkqubo yotshintsho yeoli ibe kukudla izithuthi zabo abazithandayo. Ibizwa genge, ngoncedo kwiindawo ezicokisayo ezi ipetroli nje kuphela, kodwa ezinye oluyimfuneko petrochemicals ebomini mihla. Imbali umdla ngemvelaphi yale ndlela lwe nokusulungekiswa oyile. Umsunguli ngenkqubo ufakelo uthathwa ukuba sisazinzulu Russian kunye nezityalo ngokwalo kule nkqubo ilula kakhulu kwaye kwacaca kakhulu nkqu abawazi chemistry yabantu.

Yini eyonakele

Kutheni ngokuba cracker? Eli gama livela kwi nokuqhekeka IsiNgesi, ebonisa cleavage. Enyanisweni, le nkqubo lokulungisa nepetroliyam kwakunye amaqhezu alo. Oveliswa ukuze afumane izinto ezinjalo, leyo ube nelitye ezincinane eziphilayo. Le nkxalabo yokuqaba amafutha, ioli motor kunye nezinye ezifanayo. Ukongeza, ngenxa yale nkqubo eveliswe iimveliso, nemfuneko yokuba iikhemikhali kunye petrochemical mveliso.

alkanes ngokuhlaziya iquka iinkqubo eziliqela, kuquka agents amafu kunye polymerization. Isiphumo yezi nkqubo i ukuyilwa coke petroleum iba, kwaye amaqhezu lubila kwiqondo eliphezulu kakhulu kwaye kuthiwa ng abaseleyo. Iqondo le nto ashushu ngaphezu kwama-350. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, ngaphandle kwezi nkqubo, kukho ezinye - cyclization, isomerization, kuyondelelaniswe.

Ukusungulwa kwe Shukhov

Ngokuhlaziya neoli, imbali yawo iqala ngo-1891. Emva koko ke injineli VG Shukhov kunye nomlingane wakhe Gavrilov SP ceba isityalo industrial ngenxa yeentanda rhoqo thermal. Le ufakelo lokuqala hlobo yayo ehlabathini. Nabasunguli, ngokungqinelana nemithetho yoBukhosi baseRashiya abenzi oko emzimbeni ogunyazisiweyo lizwe. Kakade ke, lo nemodeli zovavanyo. Kamva, emva phantse kwenkulungwane yesine, izisombululo zobugcisa Shukhov aba sisiseko cracker industrial eUnited States. Kwaye eSoviet Union yaba ufakelo lokuqala onjalo isikali mveliso baqalisa ukuvelisa yokukhululwa "nokuqhekeka yiSoviet" ngo-1934. Esi sityalo ise Baku.

Indlela IsiNgesi kwemithi Barton

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala yamashumi amabini, ishishini petrochemical wenze igalelo elingathethekiyo eliNgesi Barton, khangela iindlela kunye nezisombululo ukulungiselela ukuveliswa zepetroli ukusuka oli ekrwada. Bengafumananga ngendlela egqibeleleyo ngokupheleleyo, oko kukuthi, basabela genge, ngenxa apho imveliso lelona nani liphezulu amaqhezu ipetroli ezilula. Ngaphambi koku, le yemichiza IsiNgesi ukwenza iimveliso oyile ingonakali, kuquka oil amafutha wayeza ndikhuphe separafini. Ekusombululeni ingxaki ukuvelisa amaqhezu ipetroli, Barton amalungelo awodwa abenzi indlela yakhe zokuvelisa ipetroli.

Ngowe-1916, indlela Barton wasetyenziswa kwimeko mveliso, yaye kwiminyaka nje emine kamva emva ngaphezulu kwe asibhozo, anamanci yiyunithi sele isaphononongwa kwi mveliso.

Ubushushu ukuxhomekeka yaziwa kakuhle ukubilisa into ekwenziwa xi kuyo. Oko kukuthi, ukuba uxinzelelo ethile ulwelo iphezulu kakhulu, ngoko, oko, iya kuba phezulu kwaye lobushushu ebila. Kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo into, oko sele kuqalisa lubila kwiqondo eliphantsi. Yiyo le lwazi kusetyenziswa yemichiza Barton, ekufezekiseni kakhulu lobushushu lifanelekileyo kwenzeka ngokuhlaziya indlela. Le lobushushu yakhona ukusuka degrees 425 ukuya 475. Kakade ke, olunjalo lobushushu impembelelo ophezulu oyile liya emoyeni, yaye umsebenzi ezinzima izinto anomoya. Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi iphambili yemichiza IsiNgesi waba uthintelo ebila kunye komphunga ioli. Waqalisa ukuchitha ukunyuka koxinzelelo yonke inkqubo.

Ukufakwa for ngokuhlaziya

Barton izixhobo yayiquka izinto ezininzi, wayephakathi apho kwibhoyila, nto leyo isebenza phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu. Yena ezenziwe ngentsimbi kakhulu shinyi, imi phezu eziko, ukuze, ke, yafakwa netyhubhu umsi. Yena wayebonisa ukuya ubuninzi bamanzi-kupholile. Emva koko, yonke conduit ngqo isikhongozeli elungiselelwe ukuqokelela ulwelo. Emazantsi itanki kwaku tube branched, ityhubhu ngalinye waba isivingco elawulayo.

Njani na nokuqhekeka

Inkqubo ngokuhlaziya imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Kwibhoyila igcwele na imveliso petroleum, njenge-oyile amafutha. Ngokuthe ngcembe, i oyile afudunyezwe eziko. Xa amaqondo obushushu yafikelela izidanga ikhulu elinamanci mathathu, umxholo kwibhoyila lususiwe (ngumphunga) amanzi afumaneka kulo. Ehambahamba ityhubhu kwaye zisebenze kakuhle, la manzi angena itanki ukuqokelelwa, kwaye ukusukela kwakhona kumbhobho uya phantsi. Ngelo xesha linye inkqubo waqhubeka kwibhoyila, unyamalale apho oil amafutha kwamanye amacandelo - lomoya kunye nezinye iigesi. Bayithabatha ke indlela efanayo naleyo amanzi, othi olusezimbizeni.

Ukubatshabalalisa amanzi kunye nemveliso oyile negesi wayelungele nokuqhekeka elandelayo. Eziko namandla bunyibilike, yaye iqondo lobushushu kwibhoyila ngokucotha inyuke de ifikelele degrees 345. Ngeli xesha, i komphunga hydrocarbon okulula. Ehambahamba ityhubhu ukuya njengesipholisi, baze apho bahlala kwiphondo kwegesi, ngokungafaniyo umphunga wamanzi. Kanye kwisingxobo ekuqokeleleni, ezi hydrocarbon ukuba zilandelwe olusezimbizeni, njengoko ivelufa lokuphuma ivaliwe yaye ukubandulula emhadini. Ke wabuyela phakathi kombhobho umva etankini, uze uphinde yonke indlela, akukho ndlela yokuphuma.

Ngako oko, baba ngakumbi nangakumbi ngokuhamba kwexesha. Umphumo waba xi ezikhula kule nkqubo. Xa oku xi kwafikelela umoya ezintlanu, hydrocarbon ukukhanya abakqazanga ngumphunga ukusuka kwibhoyila. Hydrocarbon, siyehla, a xi umfaniswano igcinwe kule conduit kwibhoyila kunye yokuqokelela kwisikhongozeli ifriji. Kwangaxeshanye oko yaqala ngenxa eliphezulu lobushushu kukwahlukana hydrocarbon enzima. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba ibe ipetroli, oko kukuthi, kwindawo hydrocarbon ukukhanya. lasungulwa kuyaqala zenzeke degrees malunga 250, i-hydrocarbon sisikhanyiso cleavage ngumphunga, lo condensate eqalisiweyo egumbini okupholisa, abayiqokeleleyo kwitanki yokuqokelela. Okulandelayo, ngenxa umbhobho yayanele laphalala kuphekelwe container apho uxinzelelo lancipha. Uxinzelelo negalelo ukususwa lweziqalelo sukube. Kunye neegesi isuswe ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwaye ipetroli wayigqiba Wagalela kwizikhongozeli ekunene okanye amanzi.

Le hydrocarbon ukukhanya ngakumbi ngumphunga, neoli zomelele yaye ukumelana lobushushu yaba. Ngoko ke, emva kokuguquka nengxenye umxholo kwibhoyila kwi ipetroli ukumisa umsebenzi ngakumbi. Ncediswa ngokukhethekileyo efakwe kwi ukufakelwa imitha ekugqibeni inani onesiphumo zepetroli. Mcetywa oven ungacimi seqela. Engazimisele kombhobho lebhokisi isiguquli, phezu koko, wavula, isibini bafudukela kweli isiguquli, apho uxinzelelo kwaba ngaphantsi. Ngaxeshanye kunye nale umbhobho kwakudibana ekhokelela ekuvelisweni zepetroli, ndaphule uqhagamshelwano yalo ufakelo. okunye zokulindela Ukupholisa kwibhoyila, ekufunxeni kuyo impahla. Kusebenziso lasemva ngoko nihlamba kwibhoyila ukusuka ingangcoliswanga coke kwaye kube lula ukuphumeza inkqubo entsha ng.

Amanqanaba yokucokisa ukufakwa Barton

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kungenzeka kokusasaza neoli, okt nokuqhekeka of alkanes, kudala wabonwa zizazinzulu. Noko ke, ayiyi kusetyenziswa neyanamhlanje eqhelekileyo, njengokuba kubhaliwe et impera kwimeko enjalo ezingafunekiyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le umphunga esibaselwe inxaxheba kwinkqubo. Ngoncedo lwe oil ukudla kodwa emoyeni.

Ngalo lonke ixesha sisekho wayo, ishishini oyile ukusulungekiswa uye kwizigaba eziliqela. Ngoko ke, ekubeni gqira ye XIX kwinkulungwane ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela, i oyile hlulwa ukuvelisa separafini kuphela. Waye ke into eziphathekayo, ngalo abantu bafumana ukusokola ebumnyameni. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ngexesha processing enjalo, livela amaqhezu petroleum elula, ingqalelo inkunkuma. Bawaphakela emhadini, wabatshabalalisa yi ukutshisa okanye ezinye iindlela.

Ifakela ngokuhlaziya Burton kunye nendlela bakhe bakhonza njengenyathelo engundoqo yonke kwicandelo oyile nokusulungekiswa. Yiyo le indlela yemichiza IsiNgesi kunokwenzeka ukuba umphumela ongcono imveliso zepetroli. Sesivuno imveliso refined petroleum kunye nezinye aromatics banda izihlandlo eziliqela.

Imfuno isicelo nokuqhekeka

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala mabini anamithathu, bekufika ipetroli ke, usenokuba uthi, imveliso kwenkunkuma nokusulungekiswa oyile. Vehicle isebenza kule amafutha, ngoxa babembalwa kakhulu, ngoko ke amafutha khange ifunwe. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha mazwe fleet ziye ikhule ngokuthe chu, ngokulandelelana, efunekayo nepetroli. Kuphela ukuba okokuqala kwiminyaka elishumi okanye ishumi elinesibini zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, imfuneko ipetroli banda izihlandlo 115!

Afunyenwe ulwelo elula zepetroli, kunye, ngakumbi ngqo, umthamo wayo olungahlangabezani umsebenzisi kunye nabavelisi ngokwabo. Kungoko ke kwaye kwagqitywa ekubeni ukusebenzisa nokuqhekeka. Oku kwanika ukwandisa izinga imveliso. Oku kwanika ukwandisa isixa nepetroli iimfuno States.

Kungekudala emva koko, kwafunyaniswa ukuba nokuqhekeka iimveliso zepetroliyam nako kwenziwa kuphela kwi-oyile amafutha okanye diesel. Ngenxa ekrwada ukuba lo mthombo yento ioli esemthethweni ekrwada. Kwakhona, abenzi neengcaphephe kulo mhlaba sele uqinisekile ukuba ipetroli wafumana inkqubo ng kwaba ekumgangatho obhetele. Ngokukodwa, xa kusetyenziswa iimoto esebenza ngakumbi rhoqo kwaye ixesha elide kunesiqhelo. Oku kungenxa yokuba ipetroli elifunyenwe ngokuhlaziya agcinwe abathile hydrocarbon, utshisa kwi neyanamhlanje oluqhelekileyo. Ezi izinto, ke, xa esetyenziswa kwinjini yokuvutha kwangaphakathi kufuneka lepropati phemba aqhumisele ngakumbi kakuhle, ngenxa yokuba i-injini ayikho udubulo amafutha.

nokuqhekeka encedisa ukuqalisa

Ngokuhlaziya - inkqubo lungohlulwa lube iintlobo ezimbini. Isetyenziswa ukujikelezisa amafutha, ezifana ipetroli. Kwezinye iimeko, oko kwenziwa unyango nobushushu olula iimveliso zepetroliyam - nokuqhekeka thermal. Kwezinye iimeko ke ukuphunyezwa kunokwenzeka yale nkqubo kuphela lobushushu eliphezulu kodwa kongezwe ehlanganisa. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba encedisa ukuqalisa imisebenzi.

Usebenzisa yokugqibela, indlela processing, abenzi ukufumana uqhagamshelwano lwetshiphu emsebenzi-octane ipetroli.

Kukholelwa ukuba olu hlobo yinkqubo ebaluleke kakhulu ukuba sinika ukusulungekiswa kakhulu kakhulu and qualitative. Zokuphosa ngokuhlaziya eyaziswa koshishino banesifo zenkulungwane lokugqibela, iye ukuba abavelisi bakwazi ukufumana eziluncedo ezithile yonke le nkqubo. Ezi ziquka bhetyebhetye, kalula alungelelaniswa kunye nezinye iinkqubo (deasphalting, hydrotreating, alkirovanie kunye t. D.). Yiyo le nsimbi ingabalelwa inani elikhulu nokusetyenziswa unit ngokuhlaziya ekujonganeni yonke umthamo nokusulungekiswa oyile.

izinto zokwenza imveliso

Okubonakalayo asetyenziswe nokuqhekeka ekujonganeni ye oyile negesi ezincamathelayo leyo maqhezu kokuba uluhlu abilayo ukusuka degrees 350 ukuya 500. Kule meko yokugqibela abilayo elibekwe ngokwahlukileyo kwaye kuxhomekeke kumxholo zesinyithi. Ukongeza, le salathisi ichaphazela feedstock coking. Akangekhe nezahlulo ngaphezulu ezintathu ekhulwini.

hydrotreating lokuqala ezifunekayo kwaye bukwavelise iqhezu leyo isuswe ngenxa iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo nesalfure. hydrotreating kunciphisa coking.

Abanye kakuhle yaziwa, kukho iinkqubo eziliqela eyenziwa ngabo, apho kukho nokuqhekeka amaqhezu onzima iinkampani kwimarike wokucokisa. Ezi ziquka coking ukuya kwisithandathu liye kuma kwisibhozo ekhulwini yeoli. Ukongeza, izinto zokwenza imveliso inokuba amasalela hydrocracking. Ezinqabileyo mhlawumbi, kunokuthiwa kucingwa exotic oli ekrwada virgin. Iyunithi efanayo (kwimizuzwana emininzi technology) ifumaneka kwi-Republic of Belarus kwi Mozyr wokucokisa.

Nje kube kutshanje, xa kusetyenziswa nokuqhekeka ekujonganeni of petroleum, ibhola kusetyenziswa kuvala amorphous. Yaba emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu nawethu amaso. Ke kaloku, ngenxa yale njongo ehlanganisa zisetyenziswa Siqubisana angekho ngaphezulu kwe-60-80 microns (zeolite microspheroidal kuvala). Ziqulethe ilungu zeolite zilahlwa kwi matrix aluminium silicate.

Indlela thermal

Njengesiqhelo, nokuqhekeka thermal isetyenziselwa ukusebenza petroleum, ukuba kuyimfuneko ukufumana kwi mveliso ekupheleni ezinobunzima ezincinane eziphilayo. Umzekelo, ezifana ingaquka hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo, petroleum coke, amafutha motor ukukhanya.

Kwicala le ndlela processing petroleum ixhomekeke ubunzima ezinto eziphilayo kunye nohlobo feedstock, kwakunye ngqo kwi iimeko apho ng ngokwawo. Oku kungqinwe ekhemisi ngokuhamba kwexesha. Omnye yemiqathango eziphambili eziphembelela isantya icala aya kulo nokuqhekeka thermal zithathwa lobushushu, uxinzelelo kunye nexesha processing. Last ifumana Isigaba ibonakale degrees ezimakhulu mathathu, amathathu anamashumi mahlanu. Xa echaza le nkqubo isebenzisa nxaki entshukumo le nokuqhekeka oda kuqala. Xa isiphumo genge, yaye ngakumbi ngqo, kwimveliso yayo composition kuchaphazela utshintsho xi. Isizathu kukuba utshintsho isantya iimpawu reactions zasesekondari, eziquka, njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, le polymerization kunye amafu leyo lukhatshwa ng. Reaction equation inkqubo thermal imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: S20N42 S10N20 + = C10 H22. Iphembelela siphumo yaye isiphumo nangoku umthamo wezenzi.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba nokuqhekeka yeoli, othi uqhutywe ezi ndlela, asinguye kuphela. Kwiindawo ezicokisayo Umsebenzi yemveliso sebenzisa kunye nezinye iintlobo ezininzi yenkqubo unyango. Ngoko ke, kwiimeko ezithile ebizwa ngokuba yi-oxidative nokuqhekeka, uqhutywe usebenzisa ioksijini. Isetyenziswa kwimveliso nokuqhekeka yombane. Ngale ndlela, abenzi iasithilini elungiswe ngokuwisa umbane methane.