Market All-Russian. Formation kwimakethe kazwelonke

Ngenkulungwane ye-17 kwicandelo linengeniso kwaye zindala ke namanye amazwe. Ngenxa yakhe, kuMbindi Mpuma unikezele iimpahla kakhulu ezinqabileyo: nezacholo, amakha, iziqholo, isilika, kunye njalo njalo. Umnqweno ukuba konke oko, kwaye ekuvuseleleni ukusekwa olunye kwemveliso yawo. Oku umfutho kuphuhliso kurhwebo lwasekhaya eYurophu kuqala.

isingeniso

Kuyo yonke le abanemvume kwabakho ukunyuka kancinane umthamo yorhwebo lwangaphandle. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-15, ngenxa yokuba kukho iqela lendawo olufunyanisiweyo, kwabakho jump obonakalayo. Lo msebenzi yaseYurophu iye lwehlabathi, kwaye ixesha medieval wangena kakuhle kwixesha zokuqokelelwa kobutyebi ngendlela eyayingekaphuhli eyinkunzi. Ebudeni 16-18 iinkulungwane th yaba ekomelezeni intsebenziswano kwezoqoqosho phakathi eziliqela kwiindawo kwaye ukuyilwa ezimarikeni yesizwe. Noko ke, ziphawuleka ukuyilwa ithi yesizwe enye neNgonyama epheleleyo. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho lonke kula mazwe ijoliswe ukuyilwa imarike wesizwe, uphuhliso lorhwebo basekhaya amazwe. ukubaluleka Enkulu nayo yanikwa ekomelezeni ushishino, ezolimo, izixhobo zonxibelelwano.

Qala maphepha imarike kazwelonke

Ngu th 18 ekhulwini entsimini yorhwebo jikelele unxulumanisa ngcembe eRashiya waqalisa ukuzibandakanya kwimimandla ezintsha. Umzekelo, embindini weli lizwe kunye Ekhohlo-Bank Ukraine iimveliso baqalisa ukufika ezinye iimveliso zoshishino (nitrate, wompu, iglasi). Kwangaxeshanye, eRussia ngeqonga ukuthengiswa kweemveliso of amagcisa zasekuhlaleni kunye neefektri. iintlanzi baqala ukuza bevela kwimimandla Don, inyama, isonka. Buyela kwi-Central kunye iVolga kwizithili kwakukho iimpahla, izihlangu, amalaphu aqhelekileyo. Kazakhstan weza iinkomo, kutshintshiselwano apho intsimi asebumelwaneni zinikwa isonka kunye nezinye iimveliso mveliso.

enobulungisa

nempembelelo enkulu phezu ukuyilwa yemarike bonke-Russian enikiweyo fair. Enkulu kunazo zonke yaye yaba ezinkulu kuzwelonke Makarevskaya. Ezi mveliso kwaziswa ezivela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zelizwe; Vologda, nangasentshona, ukanti nangasempuma-ntshona ESmolensk, St. Petersburg, Riga, eMoscow Yaroslavl, Kazan kunye Astrakhan. Phakathi kakhulu ethandwa kufuneka ngokuba amatye anqabileyo, intsimbi, uboya, iinkozo, isikhumba, ilaphu kunye neemveliso zezilwanyana ezahlukeneyo (inyama, nenqatha), ityuwa kunye nentlanzi. Yintoni yathengwa kwi mboniso, iindleko ke lizwe liphela: intlanzi kunye oboya - e Moscow, isonka kunye nesepha - eSt Petersburg, iimveliso yesinyithi - Astrakhan. Kuba kwekhulu gweba abantu ngokulungileyo anda kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ngo-1720, lo nyaka kwaba 280 amawaka zezithili, yaye engama-21 kamva - .. Ingaba sele 489.000.

Sikunye Makary, ndizuze ukubaluleka yesizwe kunye nezinye imiboniso: Emnye, Orenburg, Annunciation kunye iNgelosi. Irbit, umzekelo, waba imizi Russian amathandathu amaphondo 17, yamiselwa intsebenziswano iPersi Central Asia. Svenskaya Fair iye yanxulunyaniswa izixeko 37 no-21 kwiphondo th. Sikunye Moscow, zonke ezi bakurholela zazibaluleke kakhulu ekuziseni kunye zombini zemarike zemimandla kunye bezithili neengingqi emarikeni lonke-Russian.

Imeko yezoqoqosho kumazwe asaphuhlayo

umlimi Russian, emva ngokupheleleyo ekukhotyokisweni yayo elisemthethweni lokuqala kunjalo linyanzelekile ukuba ahlawule kaRhulumente, kwakunye inkosi yakhe, iirenti (zendalo okanye cash). Ke ukuba, umzekelo, ukuthelekisa imeko yezoqoqosho eRashiya ePoland, abalimi Polish inkonzo ngohlobo serfdom ngakumbi nangakumbi. Ngoko, kuba kubo, ekugqibeleni iintsuku 5-6 ngeveki. Ngokuba umlimi Russian yena iintsuku ezi-3.

izibophelelo Intlawulo ngohlobo lemali kubonisa ubukho imarike. Kumgangatho yorhwebo umlimi kwakufuneka ukufikelela. Formation emarike kazwelonke yakhuthaza abaqeshisi ukuba ngumnikazi kwaye bathengise imveliso basezifama, kwakunye (kwaye kungekho ngaphantsi) kwaye urhulumente - ukuya kwimveliso kweerisithi kwemali karhulumente.

Development kuqoqosho eRashiya ukusuka kwisiqingatha-2 kwenkulungwane ye-16

Ngeli xesha baqala ukwenza zemarike ezinkulu zengingqi. Yi ongakwazanga 17 ekomelezeni ubudlelwane zoshishino lwaqhutywa kwi ngokomlinganiselo wesizwe. "Bonke-Russian Market" - The ngenxa yokwanda lwengqiqo entsha yentsebenziswano kwenzeka phakathi kwiindawo ngamnye. Nangona ukudityaniswa yayo ubukhulu becala kuthintele iindlela ezingapheliyo Russian.

Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-17, kukho ezinye ezifuneka ezenza kwimarike zonke-Russian kwavela. imfundo yakhe, ingakumbi, negalelo nzulu ngokwahlulwa lwentlalo ngemigudu kunye nemveliso ezikhethiweyo indawo, kwakunye nemeko kuyimfuneko lezopolitiko zavela ngenxa iinguqu, apho ijolise ekudaleni bengatshatanga.

Ummandla shopping engundoqo lizwe

Ukususela Kwisiqingatha 2 kwenkulungwane ye-16 kwasekwa yaye ziyaqiniswa ezinjalo kwiimarike ezingundoqo zengingqi ezifana kummandla iVolga (Vologda, Kazan, Yaroslavl - iimveliso nemfuyo), North (Vologda - imarike engundoqo ingqolowa, Irbit, Solvychegodsk - uboya), North-West ( Novgorod - ukuthengiswa benemfuyo nelinen neemveliso), Centre (Tikhvin, Tula - ukuthenga kunye nokuthengiswa kwemveliso metal). Kodwa main jikelele umgangatho yorhwebo ngelo xesha eMoscow. Kuyo, kwakukho malunga nekhulu elinamashumi amabini series ezizodwa, ngaba apho uthenga uboya ilaphu, isilika, noboya, namanqatha kunye nesonka, newayini, iimveliso zesinyithi, zombini basekhaya kunye nemveliso angaphandle.

Sempatho kaRhulumente

Bonke-Russian kwimarike, ezivele ngenxa yoko le nguqulelo negalelo ekunyukeni amanyathelo amashishini asakhulayo. Njengokuba kude njengoko ezingqondweni karhulumente, kwinqanaba izimvo kwakukho amalungelo omntu kunye nenkululeko. Ngokuthe ngcembe, imeko yezoqoqosho kweli xesha zokuqokelelwa kobutyebi ngendlela eyayingekaphuhli eyinkunzi kwakhokelela inkululeko lweshishini zombini kurhwebo kunye nakwamanye amashishini.

Entsimini imisebenzi yezolimo ngokuthe ngcembe indawo isigqibo urhulumente feudal ukutshintsha ukusetyenziswa komhlaba kunye nezolimo. Urhulumente ikhuthaza ukuyilwa ishishini yesizwe eziphembelele, yena, kuphuhliso imarike lonke. Ukongeza, urhulumente axhasa intshayelelo kwezolimo, ngokhona kucokisekileyo kunokuba kwakunjalo ngaphambili.

Kwicandelo likarhulumente yorhwebo langaphandle efuna ukuba bafumane amathanga kwaye baphumeze umgaqo-nkqubo ezizenzekelayo. Ngoko ke, yonke loo nto ngaphambili uphawu izixeko zorhwebo ngamnye, ngoku baba kwicala yepolitiki neyoqoqosho karhulumente xa iyonke.

isiphelo

Eyona iphambili kwixesha zokuqokelelwa kobutyebi ngendlela eyayingekaphuhli of capital uthathwa ngokuba ukuvela ubudlelwane yorhwebo-mali kunye rhwebo. Konke oku kuye ushiye uphawu ngokukhethekileyo zonke iinkalo kubomi bentlalo kwexesha. Noko ke, kwaba era ngandlel impikiswano, enyanisweni, kwakunye namanye amaxesha inguqu, xa kukho kwakunzima phakathi feudal ukulawula uqoqosho, uluntu, ezopolitiko, iimfuno zokomoya zabantu kunye neendlela ezintsha inkululeko yamaphephandaba, ngenxa ukwandiswa esikalini zorhwebo, isandla ekupheliseni yodwa sobummandla kunye imida lifa wobukhosi.