I-Middle Ages: iimpawu kunye neempawu

I-Middle Ages kunye ne-Renaissance zixesha eliqaqambileyo kwimbali yoluntu. Ziyakhunjulwa ngeziganeko ezahlukeneyo kunye noshintsho. Emva koko, makhe siqwalasele ngokungakumbi iinkcukacha zeMinyaka Ephakathi.

Ulwazi jikelele

I-Middle Ages ixesha elide. Kwisakhelo sayo, ukuvela kunye nophuhliso olulandelayo lwempucuko yaseYurophu, utshintsho lwayo - utshintsho kwiNew Age. I-Middle Ages ivela ekuwa kwe-Western yaseRoma (476), nangona kunjalo, ngokweengcali zanamhlanje, kuya kuba mnandi ukwandisa umngcele ukuya ekuqaleni kwe-6-ekupheleni kwekhulu le-8, emva kokuba iLombards ifike eItali. I-Middle Ages iphelile phakathi kwekhulu le-17. Kuyinto yesiko ukuqwalasela ukuguqulwa kwamabhongeo eNgilani ukuphela kwexesha . Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba inkulungwane yokugqibela yayingekho kwixesha eliphakathi. Abaphandi banomdla wokuhlukanisa ixesha eliphakathi kwe-16 ukuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17. Eli xesha "elizimeleyo" lexesha limela ixesha lama- Middle Ages. Nangona kunjalo, le nto, ukuba i-periodization yangaphambili imiselwe kakhulu.

Iimpawu zeMinyaka ephakathi

Ngeli xesha, ukubunjwa kwempucuko yaseYurophu. Ngeli xesha, uchungechunge lwezinto zenzululwazi kunye nolwazi lwendawo luqala, iimpawu zokuqala zedemokhrasi yanamhlanje - iparliamentarism - ivela. Abaphandi basekhaya, benqabile ukutolika ixesha elide njengenkathi ye "obscurantism" kunye "nobudala bomnyama," bafuna ukugqamisa iziganeko kunye neziganeko ezenze iYurophu ibe yimpucuko entsha, ngokubhekiselele kunokwenzeka. Zibeka imisebenzi emininzi. Enye yazo ingcaciso yezinto ezisisiseko zezoqoqosho nezentlalo kule mpucuko. Ukongeza, abaphandi bazama ukumela ngokupheleleyo ihlabathi lamaKristu eMinyaka Ephakathi.

Isakhiwo sikawonkewonke

Eli lixesha apho imveliso yefowudali kunye nenxalenye yegranti yayinamandla. Ngokukodwa, oku kuyimpawu yexesha lokuqala. Uluntu lumelelwe kwiifom ezizodwa:

• Ifa. Nantsi inkosi, ngomsebenzi wabantu abaxhomekeke kuyo, inelisekile kakhulu kwiimfuno zayo eziphathekayo.
• KwiNdwendwe. Ukusuka kwindawo leyo, kwahluke kwixesha eli xesha kwakukho abantu ababhaliweyo ababazi ukubhala iincwadi kunye nabani na ixesha.
• Inkundla yasebukhosini. Wahamba esuka kwenye indawo waya kwelinye waza wahlela ulawulo kunye nobomi emva komzekelo we-estate estate.

Isakhiwo sikaRhulumente

Yayenziwe ngamanyathelo amabini. Iyokuqala ibonakaliswe ngokubambisana kwamaziko asekuhlaleni aseRoma kunye noluntu lwaseJamani, kunye nezakhiwo zezopolitiko ngendlela "yobukhosi bombutho". Kwinqanaba lesibini, uluntu kunye noluntu luyinkqubo ekhethekileyo. Kwixesha lokuqulunqwa kwentlalo kunye nokuqiniswa kwempembelelo ye-aristocracy phakathi kwabanini-mhlaba-abantu kunye ne-seigneurs-ubudlelwane bokuthotyelwa kunye nokulawula. Ixesha lama-Middle Ages laphawulwa ngokubakho kwe-caste-isakhiwo seshishini, okubangelwa yimfuno yamacandelo eentlalo ezahlukeneyo. Inendima ebalulekileyo ibalulekileyo kwiziko likarhulumente. Wayekhusela abantu ngokukhulula inkululeko kunye nokusongela kwangaphandle. Ngaloo nto, urhulumente wayengomnye wabashushu abaphambili kubantu, kuba imele imele izithakazelo ngokukodwa kwizigaba zokulawula.

I sibini

Emva kokuphela kwexesha lama-Middle Ages, kukho ukukhawuleza okuphawulekayo kwintlalo yoluntu. Lo msebenzi wenziwa ngenxa yokuphuhliswa kobudlelwane bemali kunye nokutshintshwa kwemveliso yexabiso. Ukubaluleka kwesi sixeko kuyaqhubeka nokunyuka, okokuqala ngangoko kusekhombeni lwezopolitiko kunye nokulawula ukuya kwi-seigniorage - ifa, kunye neengcamango-kwi-monasteri. Emva koko, ukuphuhliswa komgaqo-nkqubo wezopolitiko kwixesha elitsha linxulumene nophuhliso lwayo. Le nkqubo iya kubonwa njengesiphumo sokudalwa kwamanxweme asezidolophini, ukukhusela inkululeko kumzabalazo wenkosi. Kwakukho ngaloo nto ukuba izinto zokuqala zomgaqo-ntliziyo zengqesho zentando yesininzi zaqala ukuma. Nangona kunjalo, iimbali-mlando zikholelwa ukuba akunakuyinyani ngokwenene ukufuna imvelaphi yezameko zomthetho zanamhlanje zodwa kwimizi yasezidolophini. Kubaluleke kakhulu kubameli bezinye iiklasi. Ngokomzekelo, ukwakheka kweengcamango malunga nesithunzi somntu siqu kwenzeke kwiinkalo zengqondo yeklasi kwaye kwasekuqaleni kwendalo. Kule nto sinokugqiba ukuba inkululeko yentando yesininzi iqhutywe kwinkululeko yamaqela aphezulu.

Indima yecawa

Ifilosofi yenkolo yama-Middle Ages ibaluleke kakhulu. Icawa nokholo zizalise ngokupheleleyo ubomi bomntu - ukususela ekuzalweni kuya ekufeni. Inkolo ibanga ukulawulwa koluntu, yenza imisebenzi emininzi, kamva idluliselwa kwilizwe. Ibandla lalo xesha lihlelwe ngokulandelelana kweengxowa-mali ezizimeleyo. Ekhanda kwakukho upapa - umPristi oPhezulu waseRoma. Wayephethe igosa lakhe eMpumalanga yeItali. Kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu, abapapa baxhomekeke kubhishophu kunye no-archbishopu. Bonke babenamakhosi amaninzi amakhulu kunye neenqununu. Kwakungowona uphambili kuluntu lwama-feudal. Ngaphantsi kweempembelelo zonqulo kukho izinto ezahlukeneyo zoluntu: isayensi, imfundo, inkcubeko yama-Middle Ages. Kwizandla zecawa yayinamandla amakhulu. Abadala kunye nookumkani, ababefuna uncedo lwakhe kunye nenkxaso yakhe, bamnika izipho, amalungelo, bafuna ukuthenga uncedo kunye nendawo. Kwaye kunye nefilosofi yenkolo ye-Middle Ages yayinempembelelo yokuthoba abantu. Icawa yazama ukulungelelanisa iingxabano zentlalo, icela inceba kubantu abahluphekileyo kunye nabacinezelweyo, ukusabalalisa amahlwempu kunye nokunciphisa ukungabi namthetho.

Impembelelo yenkolo ekuphuhliseni impucuko

Ibandla lalilawula ukuveliswa kweencwadi kunye nemfundo. Ngenxa yempembelelo yobuKristu ngekhulu le-9, isimo sengqondo esitsha kunye nokuqonda komtshato kunye neentsapho sele zenzeke kuluntu. Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka eyi-Middle Ages, iintsebenziswano phakathi kwezihlobo ezisondeleyo zaziqhelekileyo, kwaye imitshato emininzi yayivamile. Kwakukho le nto ibandla elalwa ngayo. Ingxaki yomtshato, eyayiyinye yemisakramente yobuKristu, isiba ngumxholo oyintloko wenani elikhulu leencwadi ze-theological. Enye yeenjongo eziphambili zecawa kweso sihlandlo senziwa yelenjini ye-conjugal - uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lobomi bentsapho obukhoyo kulolu suku.

Uphuhliso loqoqosho

Ngokomphandi abaninzi, inkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe iye yadibana nokusabalaliswa kweemfundiso zobuKristu. Isiphumo salolu luguquko kwisimo sengqondo sabantu ngokubhekiselele kwimvelo. Ngokukodwa, sithetha ngokukhishwa kwamathambo kunye nokuvalwa, okuye kwaphazamisa uphuhliso lwezolimo. Uhlobo luye lwayeka ukuba ngumthombo wokwesaba kunye nento yokunqula. Imeko yezoqoqosho, ukuphuculwa kwezobugcisa kunye neendlela ezenziwayo ziye zafaka isandla ekunyuseni okukhulu kwimiqathango yokuphila, eye yasinda kwixesha elide leminyaka. I-Middle Ages, ngaloo ndlela, yaba yinto efunekayo kwaye iqheleke kakhulu ekubunzeni impucuko yobuKristu.

Ukudala imbono entsha

Kwintlalo, umntu umntu uye waxabisa ngakumbi kunase-Antiquity. Oku kwakubangelwa kukuba i-medieval civilization, ehlanganiswe nomoya wobuKrestu, ayizange ifune ukuhlukanisa umntu kwimo engqongileyo ngenxa yeengcamango zokujonga ngokupheleleyo umhlaba. Kule nto, bekungekho nto ukuthetha ngayo, ekuthiwa, ukuthintela ukubunjwa kwezinto ezithile zecawa lokunyelisa phezu komntu owayehlala kuMinyaka Ephakathi. Kwiindawo zaseNtshona Yurophu, inkolo, njengomthetho, yenza umsebenzi oqinileyo kunye nozinzo, obonelela imeko efanelekileyo yokuphuhliswa komntu ngamnye. Akunakwenzeka ukucinga umkhwenkwe wokomoya womntu welo xesha ngaphandle kwecawa. Kwakuyinto yolwazi ngeemeko ezizungezile kunye noThixo, ephefumlelwe iinjongo zecawa, ezazalela isiqhelo esithile, esinebalabala kunye nesichukumisayo seMinyaka ephakathi. Icawa yakha izikolo kunye neeyunivesithi, yakhuthazwa ukushicilelwa kwincwadi kunye neengxabano ezahlukahlukeneyo zezeological.

Ekugqibeleni

Isakhiwo sonke sabantu baseMiddle Ages ngokuqhelekileyo sibizwa ngokuba yi-feudalism (ngegama elithi "feud" - i-vassal). Kwaye nangona kunjalo ukuba eli gama alinikezeli inkcazo epheleleyo yesakhiwo sentlalo ngexesha. Iinkalo eziphambili zelo xesha kufuneka zibhekiswe kulo:

• Ukugxininisa kwimizi yesininzi esiphezulu sabemi;
• Ubuninzi bokufama;
• Isikhundla esiphambili sabanini-mhlaba abakhulu emphakathini;
• Ukwahlula phakathi kookumkani kunye nabaphathi bamandla;
• Ukulawula kobuKristu;
• Isikhundla esingavumelekanga sabasimi belizwe abaxhomekeke kubomi babo;
• Ukungabi nxanxanxu lobuncwane nokubuthelela kuluntu.

Into ebalulekileyo kwiindawo zenkcubeko yaseYurophu yayingumKristu. Kwakukho ngeli xesha laba yinto yeenkolo zehlabathi. Icawa yamaKristu yayisekelwe kwimpucuko yamandulo, kungekhona nje ukukhanyela ixabiso elidala, kodwa kwakhona liyibuyisela kwakhona. Inkolo, ubutyebi bayo kunye nolawulo oluphezulu, ukubeka phakathi kunye nehlabathi jikelele, ukuziphatha, umthetho kunye nokuziphatha - konke oku kwakha ingcamango enye yama-feudalism. Kwakukho ubuKrestu obuye bachaza ngokuthe umahluko phakathi koluntu lwangeYurophu nakwezinye izakhiwo zoluntu kwezinye iimaphemeli ngelo xesha.