Economy nesiphakamiso - a ... Supply kunye nemfuneko kuqoqosho

Economics - isayensi ufunda ubudlelwane yorhwebo-mali eluntwini. Ngenxa yakhe, singakwazi kuthenga ezi mpahla ukuze kuthi, sebenzisa iinkonzo ukwenza inzuzo kwaye wenze utyalomali kwizibonelelo. "Yiminenga" Basic ibamba kuyo yonke le ndlela nezintsonkothileyo, ubonelelo kunye nemfuno. Yoqoqosho kugxininiswa acazululwe ulwalamano lwabo kwaye ubungakanani olinganise ezikhoyo.

Yintoni isiphakamiso?

Impendulo akukho nzima ukufumana, umntu nje ukuba bakhangele iincwadi ezikhethekileyo. Baveza ukuba uqoqosho inika - inkqubo obonelela unikezelo koosomashishini kwempahla zazo emarikeni. Inani labo kuxhomekeka ubuchule kunye nokuzimisela loshishino ukuba benze umsebenzi wabo, kunye nokufumaneka eyabasebenzisi engqondweni ukuba athenge le okanye loo nto. Yaye ixabiso zokubonelelwa ngeempahla sichazwa ngokungqongqo kwimithetho rhwebo, ubukho sikhuphisana, inqanaba GDP kwilizwe elithile, imimiselo yesizwe esebenzayo, kwakunye nezinye izinto.

Kwexabiso kwimveliso kunye ubugcisa ababandakanyekayo likwaxhomekeke sipho. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kuqoqosho, ngokuba amacandelo amabini akhankanywe isenza ekukwazini ngusomashishini emsebenzini. Kuyimfuneko ukuba usomashishini nje kuphela, kodwa ungathanda ukuvelisa iimpahla. Ngoko ke, kufuneka ube umnqweno, oko kukuthi imvume yokuthengisa ngexabiso elithile kwaye kungenzeka - ukuba imithombo eyimfuneko kunye nemali ukuqala imveliso.

Kwaneliswe isidingo

kakhulu zinxulumene. Ukuba isindululo - iseti kwempahla kuqoqosho, obizwa ngokuba kwimarike mali kwaye zanikwa abathengi Wazijaca phezulu, imfuno - abafuna bona abathengi ukuba bathenge le nto. Umlinganiselo macandelo mabini iphembelela ngamandla utshintsho ngokulinganayo imveliso, ukuhanjiswa yabasebenzi phakathi amacandelo eyinkunzi kunye nokusasazwa kwalo. Xa ibango lidlula unikezelo, kokunyuka kwamaxabiso kweempahla kunye neenkonzo, amashishini ukufumana izahlulo elungileyo. ke ukuba ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabantu, ukwandisa imveliso: ngenxa imfuno uzalisekisiwe.

Ukuba, ke, alawulwa isinikezelo, abanini ubunzima ilahleko, abantu awunamdla nokufunyanwa kweempahla, ukhuphiswano kulo mzekelo, ezinkulu, amaxabiso eziwa ngokukhawuleza. Ngaphandle koku, isindululo usoloko yenza imfuno. Ulwalamano lwabo manyano - ukuqinisekisa ukuba uqoqosho kakuhle, umgangatho eqhelekileyo abahlala kweli lizwe. Kukokona imfuno, kungona ixabiso. Kodwa oosomashishini awunamdla phezulu kakhulu iindleko: kulula ukuba ayigcine kwinqanaba eqhelekileyo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ukwandisa imveliso kwaye sele ngenxa kule inzuzo enkulu.

Theory of linikeza Economics

Waba abo zoqoqosho abafunda ngokukhutheleyo imfuno kunye nonikezelo kuqoqosho. Abameli theory zezi Arthur Laffer, uMartin Feldstein, Dzhordzh Gilder. Igama elithi "economics unikezelo-icala 'efanayo kakhulu yaqaliswa ukusetyenziswa yaseMelika uHerbert Stein. Ngokwala izazinzulu, ukuphucula imveliso kwi karhulumente, kufuneka ukuba ahlawule ingqalelo kubonelelo zizonke, lo gama ngoyaba imfuneko. Emva ekuvuseleleni ukukhula yokugqibela akusosiqinisekiso iziphumo ixesha elide elungileyo.

Ithiyori inika Uqoqosho uvelisa ingcinga ephambili; kuyimfuneko ukuba ukukhuthaza kakhulu izizathu ezichaphazela kwimveliso ngobuninzi yempahla. abameli bayo ukukubiza isithembiso owayebalasele inkulu ukukhula nendyebo koqoqosho. izigqibo zawo zisekelwe kwimithetho zemakethi zeengcali French Jean-Baptiste Say. Ngokutsho amazwi akhe, eyona nto iphambili ukuveliswa kwempahla kunye namandla okuthenga usoloko kuvela ngexesha zokukhupha emarikeni. Abachasi thiyori inika - abaxhasi hypothesis Keynesian - phezu koko, bafuna indumiso nokucebisa ukuba nangakumbi.

Eyona eziphambili ze iziphakamiso

Supply nemfuno kuqoqosho isoloko kukhokelwa umnqweno kunye namandla ngokulula kumthengi. Bangakwazi iyakulinganiselwa zombini emxinwa kunye isikali ebanzi. Ngokuxhomekeke koku, kukho iindidi ezimbini sithembiso:

• Ngamnye. Le mveliso othile umthengisi, inkampani, okanye umbutho.
• Iyonke. Ithetha ukuhlanganiswa yonke impahla elithile kwicandelo lezoqoqosho, ekhutshwa zonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, oosomashishini abathatha inxaxheba kumsebenzi core.

Kungaphikiswa ukuba ezi zimbini kusoloko kuxhomekeke mthetho, nto leyo ziqulunqwe zoqoqosho. I ekuthiwa umthetho yonikezelo uthi: ngokwandisa ixabiso impahla sagxininisa sipho yayo. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe malunga izibonelelo, ukuba ukusetyenziswa yazo lifikelele incopho eliphezulu, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso aziyi lonyuse unikezelo, kwaye nalo nemveliso. Ngoosomashishini kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo enkulu nokuthengwa kwezinto kunye nolwabiwo yazo efanelekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kakhulu nenoqoqosho.

izinto ngexabiso

Kwimizimveliso okanye imibutho azikwazanga ngokukhululekileyo kwaye umthamo omkhulu ukuvelisa iimpahla, kufuneka siqwalasele izinto eziliqela kisekiyo ngqo kubachaphazela imveliso. Okokuqala, kuyinto kakhulu into iindleko. I aphezulu oko kukuthi, i-mbalwa kufuneka uthengise. Ipesenti encinane yabantu uyakwazi ukuhlawulela imali kuthengwe lodibaniso ngeenxa zonke, isindululo kufuneka ukuba zibe nkulu ngokokude. Ngelo xesha ukwehlisa iindleko impahla likuvumela ukuba yithenge phantse wonke umntu. Ngoko ke, kule meko imveliso kufuneka zandiswe.

Okwesibini, iindleko kwezibonelelo kwaye athathe ingqalelo economics zobonelelo-icala. Oku kuthetha ukuba, ukuba ibiza ngaphezu ukunyuka kwamaxabiso yorhwebo ngakumbi - ngokulandelelana, umthamo intengiso eziyimfuneko ukwehlisa. Ngaphandle koku, le ziza kusoloko kuhlala bhetyebhetye. Xa ingeniso ezikhulayo ngokukhawuleza, umgangatho abahlala kweli ukunyuka lizwe, nokuba ixabiso eliphezulu imveliso ngokwayo okanye material yenziwa apho, imveliso lungandiswa. Kunye noosomashishini abanamava ukukwenza oko ngokuthe ngcembe, ugxininise angafuna labemi.

Imiba ephambili non-ixabiso

Ezi kuqala iquka ubugcisa bemveliso kwaye zonke izibonelelo efanayo. Ngapha koko, le miba mibini yiyo eyenza izigqibo kuqoqosho. Ngokomzekelo, ubuchwepheshe. Ubungakanani yophuhliso lwayo zisoloko kuphakamisa izinga nempembelelo yezixhobo - oko kukuthi, ngenkcitho omnye eziphathekayo ukufumana iimveliso ngaphezulu. Umzekelo, isiphumo nokuqaliswa esebenzayo lomgca yemveliso kuba ukukhululwa ephezulu imveliso efunekayo ekubaleni umsebenzi ngamnye. Kubonakala ukuba ukwanda kwinqanaba kweteknoloji luyakhula kwaye inani kweempahla. Esi siphakamiso kwandisa. Noko ke, le imbangela babungena kwezo zinto ezenziwe ngesandla.

Ngokubhekiselele kwizixhobo, intsilelo yabo uveza ubukhulu. Economy ekunika ikunika. izinto ezinqabileyo Aninakumkhonza njengesiseko inani eninzi yamaxhoba. Usomashishini uthenga ezi zinto ngexabiso eliphezulu: ngenxa yoko kwandisa iindleko imveliso ngokwayo. Kulo mzekelo, kufuneka ibe phezulu sesiphakamiso, kungenjalo ke utyalo eziphathekayo kwimveliso angarholi off ngenxa yokuthengisa eliphantsi.

Ixabiso iirhafu kunye nabenzi

Kananjalo kuchaphazela ngamandla isindululo kuqoqosho emarikeni. Kucacile ukuba irhafu ixhomekeke kubungakanani ingeniso usomashishini osakhasayo. Ukongezelela, ukuze kubuyekezelwe ilahleko ukuphanga, usomashishini banyanzelwa ukuba ukuphakamisa ixabiso leempahla - le into libaluleke kakhulu kwabo iimveliso siwiswa irhafu eninzi. Umzekelo, utywala necuba - ukuze ukwehlisa intsebenziso yabo ugcine impilo yabantu, okanye zangaphantsi ezinoboya - ukuthintela kwanokupheliswa izilwanyana ezinqabileyo.

Economy nesiphakamiso - kukwayinto entle kujoliswe nenani labavelsii. I aphezulu oko, unikezelo kokukhona uya kukhula. Kule meko, kufuneka uthathe ingqalelo izibonelelo kunye noovimba: baya ukwehla ngokukhawuleza. Oosomashishini baqala ukusebenzisa izinto ezibiza kakhulu njengoko cheap ngokukhawuleza bathenga yi okhuphisana. Okanye ukuba uyingenise evela kwamanye amazwe, nto leyo iza kwandisa iindleko. Iimveliso ezinjalo ziya kuba anisizakali ukuthengisa ngexabiso enye, ngoko ke isindululo akayi kunyuka.

Ezinye izinto non-ixabiso

Esi siphakamiso utshintsho ngokuxhomekeke kokulindelekileyo yabemi malunga amaxabiso elizayo, iimathiriyeli kunokwenzeka ekrwada, irhafu. Umzekelo, abalimi ukuze bayeke okwethutyana ukuthengisa iitapile, silindele ixabiso layo kungekudala uza kuvuka kakhulu. Isiphumo reverse: abenzi ziya kwakha amandla, okubonisa ukwanda kumanani. Lo mba kunzima ukubala, ngoko ke kunqabile kuqwalaselwa kwi kuqoqosho.

Ezibalulekileyo kunye neendleko nezinye iimpahla kunye supply imali. Xa ezoqoqosho, oku kuthetha ukuba abarhwebi rhoqo ukhangela kwiindawo inzuzo kutyalo-mali. Ngenxa yokwanda amaxabiso kwimveliso ethile, kuba ubenomtsalane kutyalomali - kukho ukungena kwemali eyinkunzi. Kubonakala, i-non-ixabiso into kwakhona ebaluleke kakhulu: ukuba ukunyuka ixabiso, kukho kuphuma imali kwisigaba imveliso, unikezelo impahla ethile liyehla kakhulu. Konke oku kuyimfuneko ukuba luthathele ingqalelo ukuba uqoqosho ke nenala kweli lizwe, yaye imfuno kunye nonikezelo kakuhle ezihlobeneyo.