I-Sea Northern Route. Ports oLwandle Northern Route. Development yexabiso kunye nophuhliso noLwandle Northern Route

Russia iindawo ezibalulekileyo zaselwandle kwi Arctic. Ngezi babeziindleko ilele iNorthern Sea Route (NSR) - le umendo ekhethekileyo iinqanawa kunye ngembali umdla amathemba enkulu kakhulu.

Indlela ulwandle odumileyo esihamba ngokusebenzisa i North

I-Route Sea Northern ithathwa le ecanda ephambili ebalulekileyo nokuthunyelwa Russian kwindawo Arctic. Lowo uhamba kweelwandle angena Arctic Ocean. Le umendo idibanisa namazibuko ibekwe iindawo zaseYurophu Far Eastern of Russia. Ukuqala iNorthern Sea Route - kwiSango Kara. Iphela omkhulu e Providence Bay. Ubude lilonke kuLwandle Northern Route - umyalelo ka 5600 km, okokuqala konke wemka moreplavatelnaya hambo Swedish eyayikhokelwa Nordenskiöld kwiminyaka 1878-79.

I-Sea Northern Route aza kusetyenziswa oomatiloshe yiSoviet kwi sharing-1940-80. Ngowe-70 yale emendweni saqala ukuhamba icebreakers. Emva kokuwa yiSoviet Union apho kwaqala ukuvela enkundleni angaphandle rhoqo. Le kunawo iNorthern Sea Route e Igarka, Dikson, Tiksi, Dudinka kunye Pevek Providence. Yokukhangela kulawulwa liSebe of Maritime lezoThutho ye-Russian Federation (eSoviet Union wenza Glavsevmorput, yaye ke ngoko iSebe Morflot).

The main ichweba

I-Sea Northern Route iqala kuLwandle Barents. Ke uyaqhubeka kwezinye amanzi kweelwandle - Kara, Laptev and East Siberian kunye Chukchi. Kwimeko nganye kwezi imizimba zamanzi indawo kumazibuko ezingundoqo kuLwandle Northern Route. Okokuqala nje Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, ukuya ngasempumalanga - Dixon, kummandla we Yenisei Gulf iimpahla ndacanda Dudinka kunye Igarka, kokungena kuLwandle Laptev - e Noordwijk, ngoko Tiksi (ogudle of the Lena), Ambarchik (umlomo Kolyma), kunye Pevek kunye kwizibuko Providence.

Ezi izinto ngeziseko eenqanawa, apho ingabekwa emlonyeni imilambo emikhulu kusebenza njengendawo transit ngokuba iinqanawa impahla indawo. I-Sea Northern Route - uhola wendlela ecaleni apho ithuthelwa amaplanga, oomatshini, amalahle, izixhobo zokwakha, ukutya, uboya. Kumazibuko kuLwandle Northern Route ziqhelana afumane icebreakers enkulu.

Iingxaki zophuhliso SME

Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba Ukuphuculwa kwezibonelelo Arctic Russian kuya kufuna utyalo-mali kunye nabantu kakhulu. Kuya kuba yimfuneko ukuphucula umsebenzi hydrography kunye meteorology, ukuseka inkqubo yokucupha eriyeli intshukumo ngumkhenkce, ukudala-arhente zikarhulumente noxanduva lokulawula esingqongileyo. Kuyimfuneko ukwandisa izibonelelo MoE, ukuphucula izibonelelo port.

Ukongeza, abahlalutyi bathi, kukho imiba emininzi ingasonjululwanga malunga isiseko olumisiweyo ngokomthetho elawula intshukumo iinqanawa ecaleni NSR. Ngeendlela ezininzi, lo mba uzakugqiba umgca nomtsalane kubatyali-mali bamanye amazwe - hayi kuphela kwicandelo cargo yokuthumela, njengoko hlobo, kodwa inxalenye ezikufutshane. Ezifana, umzekelo, i-Arctic ukhenketho. Baninzi abafuna ukwenza uhambo ukuya North Pole, kunye neenkampani ukusuka Russia babe ababoneleli inkulu ehlabathini lweenkonzo hambo.

Inzala evela kwamanye amazwe

Ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali, uphuhliso iNorthern Sea Route kuba lilungelo leZiko eliQinisekisa nozimiseleyo of Russia nje kuphela, kodwa kwamanye amazwe amaninzi. Okokuqala, amandla enkulu i-Asia-Pacific - China ne India. Ukubonisa umdla kunye uthi ezincinane kodwa nempembelelo - ezifana Singapore. Amanye amagosa Russian ziye zacebisa ukuba kufuneka imigaqo esemthethweni elawula intshukumo kwezithuthi iinqanawa iinkampani yokuthumela lasemzini.

Le meko, iingcali zithi, ukuze nzima indawo eUnited States musa ukucinga ukuba isitshixo iNorthern Sea Route ezi kuphela ngegunya Russian. Ngaphezu koko, ngokutsho ummiselo yomthetho umendo nokuba eRashiya akukho ukuvumelana. Kodwa kukho namagqwetha abakholelwa ukuba Russia unelungelo lokuba ukulawula sicatshulwa iinqanawa ngaselwandle Northern Route ngezithethe eZizwe eziManyeneyo Convention on the Law of the Sea, eyasekwa ngo-1982.

On ulawulo SMP

Iqumrhu Urhulumente eziziintloko sijonge ukulawula ukuqhutywa kwi SMP - obuyiyo iNorthern Sea Route, i-ofisi esembindini ibekwe eMoscow. Ngokutsho ngokwemimiselo yomthetho Russian, nokuhambisa amanzi mbhobho oluqhutywa le nkqubo ivuma. abanikazi imikhumbi kufuneka isicelo kwangaphambili ukuba usebenzise amanzi NSR. Ulawulo oLwandle Northern Route ingqalelo uze wenze isigqibo sokunikela okanye ke asikhabe. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, inkqubo isicelo kakhulu yala maxesha: maxwebhu kuthunyelwa ngekhompyutha, kwaye, kananjalo, e IsiNgesi, kananjalo kube lula kakhulu ukuba abalobi angaphandle. NSR Administration uhlola isicelo kwiintsuku ezili-10 zokusebenza neendawo impendulo yakho (isigqibo malunga nokuba okanye hayi na imvume) kwi-website esemthethweni.

ilungelo navigation

Russian Northern Sea Route - emendweni, apho kukho imigaqo yokukhangela buchazwa imithetho Russian Federation. ingxelo A iimfuno ezininzi endalweni. Umzekelo, ukuba inqanawa kufuneka ibe phezu asakhasayo nasele eqingqa aze agqithe kumgca West (East), koko kanye ngemini umphathi wenqanawa kufuneka uthumele ukuba Administration of the Sea Northern Route ngolwazi olungundoqo malunga inqanawa yakhe.

Phakathi kwabo - uququzelelo geographical enqanaweni, ixesha izicwangciso sachithwa amanzi SMP, ikhondo ngqo, isantya, kunye neenkcukacha malunga ubukho womkhenkce kwindlela wenqanawa. Umphathi wenqanawa uya ngoko nangoko azise Ulawulo lwe NSR phezu imithombo bakufumanisayo ungcoliseko. Abo iintlobo empahla ayikwazi ukususa enamandla oxineneyo ngumkhenkce, kufuneka inxibelelanise izenzo zabo, ndawonye nesinqanawa icebreaker kwaye abe nonxibelelwano rhoqo kunye nolawulo SMP ukuba ulandele imiyalelo intshukumo ngakumbi xa kuyimfuneko.

NSR

Ezinye oomatiloshe bakhetha ukuba usebenzise amagama afana iNorthern Sea Route, ngokubuyisela kuyo igama elithi "indawo". Isikali SME, ngaloo ndlela ngokwandisa ngaphakathi Ububanzi wolwandle iikhilomitha ezili-12 kunye nezowuni kwezoqoqosho kokuhamba iinqanawa ziikhilomitha 200 ubude. Area SMP - ukususela kwiSango Kara ukuya wethu Strait.

I-Northern Sea Route, ngokwenani abalobi - a oluntsonkothileyo iindlela ngenqanawe eziliqela. ubude babo ngqo akwenzeki njalo kwaye kuxhomekeke ikakhulu utshintsho yamaxesha Ebubanzini kunye nendawo Arctic umkhenkce. I-Sea Northern Route - yeyona amazibuko ngaphezu kwama-70 eziphambili kunye amanqaku. Kukho ezininzi imimandla Russian (Chukotka, Yakutia unxweme kunye iingingqi ezikufuphi) apho NSR - osemendweni kuphela kokuxhuma nabo bonke lizwe.

icebreakers Nuclear on SMP

Ngenxa iimpawu geographical kwaye zemozulu na intshukumo kweenqanawa kuLwandle Northern Route akunakwenzeka ngaphandle inxaxheba kwizithuthi icebreaker. Ngoku hamba nge NSR 6 icebreakers zenyukliya-anikwe amandla. Le zithuthi iqinisekisa intsebenziswano ezinzileyo yonke indlela ulwandle asombulule iingxaki ezinxulumene ukuphucula ufikelelo kwimimandla ye-Far North of Russia kunye Arctic kwithala. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali, i Russian icebreaker fleet - usisiqinisekiso ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Ngenxa yoko, esi sikhephe icebreaking phezu 8,000 kweekhilomitha - ukusuka Murmansk, Vladivostok kunye nesiphelo. Eneneni, ezimbini iinkampani ezinkulu benza wokuthumela kwi NSR, ebhaliswe kwezi zixeko zibini. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali, lo icebreaker fleet Russian kufuneka zandiswe. Oku kuza kuphucula uzinzo kwezoqoqosho kuhola wendlela ukudala amathuba emisebenzi emitsha kwimimandla SME, ukuphucula imeko kunye imfuduko yabantu ukuya North.

nekamva eliqaqambileyo loqoqosho

Ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali, SME kufuneka kuba ngumqolo ukuba ubandezele Suez Canal kunye nezinye izinto lwezibonelelo inkulu ehlabathini elwandle. Ngokutsho kwezinye abahlalutyi, ubuninzi umthamo asakhasayo nasele eqingqa - malunga nezigidi ezingama-50 iitoni imithwalo ngonyaka ngamnye. Babebhala ngokwabo bakholelwa ukuba SMP ngunyaka wonke ngakumbi zithandwa kakhulu - ingakumbi kwimvelaphi yomsebenzi lokukhula kwiinkampani ze-oyile negesi kummandla ka Yamal kunye Arctic.

Indima ebalulekileyo ukusetyenziswa ngokuyimpumelelo kwazo koohola kukholelwa babebhala kufuneka benze bangasese. Dynamics into inethemba: ngo-2010, i-SMP iye isitya esikhulu-4 kuphela, emva koko ngo-2011 - 34, kwaye ngo-2012 - sele 46. Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba kukho isizathu sokuba silindele ukukhula ngakumbi kumsebenzi yeenkampani nokuhambisa amanzi NSR - zombini Russian angaphandle.

indima edlalwa ngurhulumente

Ngokutsho kwezinye abahlalutyi, phambi kokuba ekuqaleni kowama-2000, iRashiya iye ihlawulwe impembelelo encinci kakhulu kuphuhliso Arctic lilonke iNorthern Sea Route ngokukodwa. Noko ke, kwiminyaka yakutshanje urhulumente uye wenyukela kakhulu kwezi ndawo. Yaqala ukubonakala imithetho emitsha kuphakamisa imiba efanelekileyo ukuya kuphuhliso iingingqi ezikufuphi ukuya SMP. Ezi ntsingiselo, iingcali zithi, ubukhulu becala ngenxa indima enkulu kwimbali eRussia Arctic, inkanuko karhulumente ukuba abe nempembelelo yalo yangaphambili kule ngingqi. Ngo-2008, uMongameli utyikitye uxwebhu ebalulekileyo - "ezisisiNyanzeliso-nkqubo karhulumente Russian kwi Arctic ukuya ku-2020". iindawo Northern Russian ngayo ichongwe njengenye loovimba ezilicebo lizwe. Eminye imithombo SMP yi into yonxibelelwano zothutho kazwelonke. Kukho omnye umthombo yomthetho - "qhinga yophuhliso lwentlalo noqoqosho eSiberia", yamkelwa ngo-2010. Uphawula ukuba ukusetyenziswa ngobuchule kobutyebi SME - ngumba ophambili kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nempumelelo kummandla yaseSiberia.

Ingqalelo China

Enye abadlali abaninzi esebenzayo amazwe malunga yeNavigeyishini kuyo amanzi SMP - China, intsebenziswano ne-Russia apho kwiminyaka yakutshanje elilubona lufanelekile ngakumbi. Ekuqaleni kowe-2013, ezinye iingcali ziye kuphawula mzekelo umdla, ezinxulumene nokuwela isitya kuLwandle Northern Route Yong Sheng. Kwathi kanti loo ndawo emkhombeni, wakhetha ukuya kwi-Russian Railway, iphumelele malunga neeveki ezimbini kuthelekiswa ukuba wahlamba ngokusebenzisa indlela zemveli ngenxa oomatiloshe Chinese kwi Indian Ocean ngokusebenzisa Suez Canal. Kakade ke, oku akusayi kuchaphazela ukwanda ngakumbi umdla iinkampani lokuthumela Chinese ukusebenzisa njenge ndlela enomtsalane. Intsebenziswano phakathi sikhokelo yeNavigeyishini kuyo amanzi SMP aza kuxoxwa phakathi China naseRussia kwinqanaba korhulumente.

UMongameli Russia kwi SMP

Umdla ngurhulumente nophuhliso kakhulu nangempumelelo kuLwandle Northern ngaseNtla aba ngumzekelo yobume kaMongameli. Vladimir Putin uyalele imizimba olawulayo ukuba angarhoxisa 2015 ingeniso koohola SMP iitoni ukuya ku-4 million. Ukuze le nkqubo ukuze ikhawuleziswe nokugunyaziswa iimpahla ezintsha ekwaziyo ukuya iimeko ice le, kwakunye ice-amaza - yenyukliya kunye diesel. UMongameli yaphawula ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba liphucule izibonelelo zonxibelelwano, inqanawa emanzini, ukugcinwa iinqanawa. Eyona njongo jikelele - ukuvula emendweni esinomtsalane kwiinkampani zabucala eRashiya kunye nolwalathiso aphesheya. On ngempumelelo kuya kuba uphuhliso SME, intloko karhulumente, kuxhomekeke kwindlela elizayo Russia uya kukwazi ukukhuthaza iimfuno zabo zikazwelonke Arctic.

Ixabiso le NSR iRashiya

Imiyalelo Vladimira yasePutina iyangqinelana ikhosi urhulumente jikelele xa kuthelekiswa nendlela kufuneka uphuhliso kuLwandle Northern Route. Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho kwimimandla eziliqela of Russia ixhomekeke ukwakhiwa kweziseko iya kuba SME indlela aphumelele ngayo - ingakumbi Arkhangelsk Region, eSiberia. Ngokutsho kwezinye abahlalutyi, ukubaluleka woLwandle Northern Route eRashiya kunzima ukuba zazi. Kuba ilizwe lethu, lo SMP - yinto umendo ngeke nje baselwandle, kodwa ke isixhobo eliza kusombulula lukhulu kummandla Arctic. Ngoko ke, ukuba ngokwezoqoqosho akuyi kuba iNorthern Sea Route njengoko iindleko njengoko kulindeleke abasemagunyeni, iingcali, urhulumente zelizwe kufuneka ukukholelwa kuya kuqhubeka ukutyala imali kwizibonelelo kwizibuko nokwakha icebreakers - ukuguqula, ukuba kuyimfuneko, neSMME e isiseko sobuchule yokhuselo lwesizwe.