Le mfazwe e Angola: minyaka, ikhondo iziganeko kunye neziphumo ukungquzulana

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-20 yabalasela utshintsho ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso kumazwe aseAfrika. Sithetha ekuhlaziyeni elwela inkululeko yesizwe nxamnye nkqubo lobukoloniyali kwamazwe aseYurophu. Zonke ezi ntsingiselo ziya kuboniswa kwi iziganeko ezenzeka ngowe-1961 e-Angola.

Angola kwimephu of Africa: indawo

Angola - yenye ithi Afrika wadala emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ukuze uhambe imeko, nto leyo eye kule meko lonke kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-20 ukuqonda, simele siqale uphi na Angola kwimaphu kwaye yintoni na le mimandla emdeni. lizwe Modern elise Southern Africa.

Oku erhangqwe ngasezantsi ngu Namibia, leyo kude kube sekupheleni 1980, iye subordinated ngokupheleleyo kwiRiphabliki yoMzantsi Afrika (ngumbandela obaluleke kakhulu!), In ngasempumalanga - kunye eZambia. Ngasentla kunye kumntla-mpuma lowo umda karhulumente kunye Democratic Republic of the Congo. Umda wasentshona - i Atlantic Ocean. Ukwazi Zeziphi uthi ngakwimida Angola, kuya kuba lula ukuba uqonde iindlela nokungena waya kummandla amabutho angaphandle.

Izizathu kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe

Imfazwe e Angola akazange aqale ngokuzenzekelayo. Kuluntu Angola ukususela ngowe-1950 ukuya 1960 oko kwasekwa amaqela ezintathu ezahlukeneyo ingqalelo umsebenzi kumzabalazo ukuzimela karhulumente. Ingxaki kukuba abakwazi ukumanyanisa ngenxa ukungavumelani eceleni.

Yintoni na eli qela? Iqela lokuqala - i MPLA (imela yaBantu Movement for Liberation of Angola) - karhulumente kwephupha lophuhliso kwixesha elizayo isuke abangabaxhasi bakaMarx. Mhlawumbi Agostinho neto (inkokeli) kwaye kubonakala kukarhulumente waseUSSR efanelekileyo, kuba izimvo nje kwezoqoqosho Karla Marksa eyahluke kancinane koko unikwe i-Union Marxism. Kodwa MPLA ukuba yayikhokelwe inkxaso kwihlabathi ukuba amazwe awodwa eSoviet.

Iqela lesibini - i FNLA (National Front ukuba Liberation of Angola), ekucingwa lawo umdla. inkokeli FNLA lenzelwa Roberto wakuthanda uphuhliso ozimeleyo, abolekwe zobulumko Chinese. Hi ndlela leyi, imisebenzi FNLA wathwala engatsho ukuba uninzi Angola, ngenxa yokuba ukunyuka kumandla ka Roberto esengozini ngokuwa lizwe. Kutheni? Abanjwe Roberto wayesisalamane uMongameli Zaire kwaye wathembisa xa loyiso, ukunika ukuba yinxalenye yommandla Angola.

Iqela lesithathu - UNITA (National Front ukuba Total Independence of Angola) - iphawulwa orientation pro-Western. Ngalinye kula maqela aba inkxaso ethile apha ekuhlaleni kunye nesiseko ezahlukeneyo kwezentlalo. Ukuxolela kwaye idibanise ezi maqela akazange azame, kuba zahluke kakhulu ukusuka iqela ngalinye limele umendo kumzabalazo ochasene bezithanga, kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - ukuphuhliswa ngakumbi eli lizwe. Kuyinto le ephikisanayo kunye kwakhokelela kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe ngo-1975.

Isifo yemfazwe

Imfazwe e Angola waqalisa ngoSeptemba 25, 1975. Kungekho nto ekuqaleni kweli nqaku, sathetha ukuba indawo okuyo eli lizwe kunye nabamelwane ekhankanywe. Ngale mini, ukususela Zaire wangena abantu abaxhasa FNLA. Le meko mandundu emva kaOktobha 14, 1975, xa Angola wangena amajoni oMzantsi Afrika (ukusuka kummandla olawulwa eMzantsi Afrika, Namibia). Ezi imikhosi zisekele iqela pro-Western UNITA. -Logic ndawo kwezopolitiko eMzantsi Afrika kule ungquzulwano Angola icacile: kwi kobunkokheli eMzantsi Afrika ebesoloko oluninzi isiPhuthukezi. MPLA ekuqaleni naye inkxaso evela ngaphandle. Sithetha kumkhosi zeSWAPO, leyo waluthethelela ukuzimela of Namibia ukusuka eMzantsi Afrika.

Ngoko ke, siyabona ukuba ekupheleni kuka-1975 kweli lizwe lethu ingqalelo amandla kumazwe aliqela, eyayijonge enye. Kodwa ke imfazwe yamakhaya eAngola kunokubonwa nenye intsingiselo - njengoko ungquzulwano yasemkhosini phakathi kwamazwe eziliqela.

Le mfazwe e Angola: "Operation Savannah"

Ntoni amajoni aseMzantsi Afrika ngoko nangoko emva ewela umda ne Angola? Injalo loo nto - ukuba ngenkuthalo ekukhuthazeni. Ezi amadabi zibe imbali "Savannah" ukusebenza. amajoni oMzantsi Afrika bohlulwa ngamaqela ekulweni eziliqela. impumelelo "Savannah" Umsebenzi kaThixo kuqinisekiswa baza umbane amanyathelo nozilo kwamaZulu kunye nezinye iindawo. Kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa, bahlula yonke kumzantsi-ntshona e-Angola. Group "Foksbat" limile kummandla engundoqo.

Army wathabatha izinto ezinjalo: idolophu Liumbalu, Kakulia, Katenge, Benguela Airport, iinkampu eziliqela zoqeqesho MPLA. Komjikelo noloyiso wemikhosi kwaqhubeka de Novemba 13, xa ahlala isixeko Novo Redondo. "Foksbat" Le band iphumelele umlo onzima kakhulu kwebhulorho №14.

I "X-Ray" wathabatha okuphambili ngapha umkhosi waseCuba kufuphi nesixeko Ksanlongo, Luso, wathimba ibhulorho Salazar futhi anqande kusengaphambili eCuba ukuya Kariango.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba USSR ngokulwa

Emva kokuhlalutya ingxelo zembali, siyaqonda ukuba abantu Union phantse babengazi ukuba yintoni na imfazwe e-Angola. ESoviet Union akazange kupapashwa inxaxheba yayo inxaxheba kwiziganeko.

Emva kokuba kuqaliswe ngamatutu Zaire kunye noMzantsi Afrika, inkokeli MPLA wacela uncedo wamajoni eSoviet Union kunye Cuba. Iinkokheli amazwe yali kweminquba nako ukwala ukunceda umkhosi kunye yipati babethi ideology yobusoshiyali. ungquzulwano Military olu hlobo ukuze othile kuluncedo eSoviet Union, kuba ubunkokheli beqela akazange ashiye ingcamango zokuthumela revolution.

uncedo International ku Angola buye elikhulu. Ngokusesikweni, nomkhosi inxaxheba kule mpi ukususela 1975 ukuya 1979, kodwa ngokwenene kweli dabi, amajoni ethu bathabatha inxaxheba ekuweni USSR. data ezisesikweni kunye lokwenyani ilahleko kule mpi ezahlukeneyo. Xa amaxwebhu Ministry of Defence kuchazwe ngokucacileyo ukuba sethu impi leyo ilahlekileyo abantu 11 ngethuba imfazwe e-Angola. iingcali Military bakholelwa eli nani lisezantsi kakhulu kwaye bayathanda nabantu uluvo malunga-yinqaba 100.

I zokulwa ngoNovemba noDisemba 1975

Imfazwe e Angola kwinqanaba yawo yokuqala anegazi kakhulu. Makhe sihlolisise iziganeko eziphambili kweli nqanaba. Ngoko ke, emazweni ambalwa kufuneka amabutho zabo. Oku koko sele sikwazi. Kwenzeka ntoni emva koko? uncedo Military evela eSoviet Union kunye Cuba ngohlobo leengcali, izixhobo, iinqanawa Soviet Navy eyomelezile kakhulu umkhosi MPLA.

Impumelelo yokuqala enkulu yomkhosi kwenzeka yalwa Kifangondo. Abachasi aba umkhosi Zaire kunye FNLA. inzuzo Strategic ekuqaleni imfazwe emkhosini MPLA kuba Zairians isixhobo yaba lixesha kakhulu, kwaye umkhosi yali ifumene uncedo evela USSR, neendlela ezintsha izixhobo zomkhosi. Novemba 11 FNLA umkhosi ezilahlekileyo emfazweni kwaye ubukhulu becala wanikezela izikhundla zabo, phantse ukuyeka umzabalazo amandla e-Angola.

Khefu evela umkhosi MPLA yayingekho, kuba ngelo lixa beza eMzantsi Afrika Army ( "Savannah" operation). imikhosi yayo baye bafudukela waya kummandla lizwe malunga 3000-3100 km. Andizange ukuzola imfazwe e-Angola! Itanki imfazwe phakathi kwemikhosi MPLA kunye UNITA, eyayibanjelwe November 17, 1975 kufutshane nedolophu Ganguly. Oku kuhlangana iphumelele imikhosi yali. Ukusebenza ngempumelelo "Savannah" kule ekupheleni. Emva kwezi ziganeko, umkhosi MPLA waqhubeka ehlasela, kodwa utshaba akazange anikezele, yaye kwakukho imilo abasisigxina.

Le meko ngaphambili ngo-1976

ungquzulwano siqhubeke elilandelayo, 1976, unyaka. Umzekelo, ukuba ngoJanuwari 6 imikhosi MPLA wathimba isiseko FNLA emntla. eneneni Elinye iqela Socialist lamoyisa. Kakade ke, ukuze ukuphelisa imfazwe, nakucinga mnye, ngoko Angola walinda iminyaka emininzi kwiintlekele. Ngenxa yoko, imikhosi FNLA ngendlela ngokwahluka ngokupheleleyo bayishiya kummandla Angola ngeeveki nama-2. Ekhohlo ngaphandle kweminquba onqatyisiweyo, abazange bakwazi ukuqhubeka iphulo esebenzayo.

Akukho ulawulo umsebenzi ngaphantsi kakhulu MPLA kwafuneka ukuba isigqibo, ngokuba Angola engashiyi inxalenye rhoqo yomkhosi Zaire noMzantsi Afrika. Hi ndlela leyi, isikhundla umdla kakhulu ukuxhasa amabango abo kwimfazwe e Angola, eMzantsi Afrika. Abezopolitiko baseMzantsi Afrika babeqinisekile ukuba imeko ezingazinzanga kweli lizwe elingummelwane zinganeziphumo ezibi xa imeko yabo. Ntoni? Umzekelo, ukusebenza babesoyika iintshukumo zoqhankqalazo. Ngezi angi wakwazi ukumelana de ekupheleni kukaMatshi 1976.

Kakade ke, lo MPLA ngokwayo kunye imikhosi rhoqo lutshaba akayi kuba nako ukuphumeza loo nto. Indima ephambili kule ingcinezelo yabadlali ngaphaya kwemida urhulumente bobabo 15,000 iingcali Cuba Soviet emkhosini. Emva koko, inkqubo kunye imisebenzi esebenzayo ixesha abanye nokuba sezingeni, ngokuba utshaba wagqiba UNITA impi yokulwela. Kule fomu ye ngxabano ikakhulu yokungqubana encinane yenzekile.

Isigaba kwaqala kwempi

Emva 1976 uhlobo zokulwa iye yatshintsha kancinane. Kude kube 1981, umkhosi langaphandle singàphunyezwa phezu ummandla eAngola, inkqubo lwemisebenzi zomkhosi. UNITA Umbutho uyaqonda ukuba imikhosi yayo ayikwazi empini ukungqina noludumileyo yakhe phezu FALPA (umkhosi Angola). Ethetha umkhosi Angola, simele siqonde ukuba eneneni yamajoni MPLA, kuba iqela yali ukususela 1975 ngokomthetho ngamandla. Njengokuba kuphawuliwe, ngasendleleni, Agostinho neto, Angola iflegi ayikho ilize abamnyama ebomvu. Umbala obomvu amaninzi afumaneka kwi iisimboli ngamazwe yali, namnyama - umbala belizwekazi lase-Afrika.

Kwezigaba 1980-1981,

Ekupheleni kuka-1970, siya ukuthetha malunga uxabana iintlanti yabanqolobi UNITA kuphela. Ngowe-1980-1981 ,. imfazwe e-Angola iye yakhula. Umzekelo, kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-1980, imikhosi baseMzantsi Afrika ahlasela izihlandlo ezingaphezu kwama-500 kulo mmandla Angola. Ewe, kwaba kungekhona uhlobo lwemisebenzi qhinga, kodwa kusekho kakhulu ezi zenzo lakhelwe lizwe. Ngowe-1981, umsebenzi amajoni aseMzantsi Afrika izazekile ngokupheleleyo-isikali usebenze kanzima, nto leyo kwiincwadi zembali ngokuba "Proteus."

Inxalenye yomkhosi yaseMzantsi Afrika phambili kwi kubunzulu intsimi Angola ka 150-200 km, kwakukho umbuzo malunga kuthinjwe kwiidolophu ezininzi. Ngenxa yoko imisebenzi ekhubekisayo ukulwa olunzima umlilo abalibona utshaba yabulala amajoni Angola ngaphezulu kwama-800. nje ngokuthi kakuhle (nangona amaxwebhu ezisemthethweni ndawo) kwi ukufa 9 amajoni Soviet. De kube ngoMatshi 1984 ekulweni recurred.

Impi yase Cuito Cuanavale

Kwiminyaka embalwa kwakhona kamva ukuqhuba ngokupheleleyo imfazwe e-Angola. Battle of Cuito Cuanavale (1987-1988) waba yotshintsho ebalulekileyo kakhulu longquzulwano yoluntu. Kule mpi inxaxheba amajoni of the People Umkhosi ka-Angola, zomkhosi Cuba Soviet - kwelinye icala; luqalile of UNITA kunye nomkhosi yaseMzantsi Afrika - phezu kwezinye. Le mpi yaphela kakubi UNITA noMzantsi Afrika, ngoko ke kwafuneka ukuba babaleke. Kwangaxeshanye, bavuthela up ibhulorho umda, nzima Angola ukufuna iindawo zazo kunokwenzeka.

Emva kwale mfazwe, ekugqibeleni, waqalisa ukuba iintetho uxolo kakhulu. Kakade ke, imfazwe waqhubeka nkqu 1990, kodwa idabi Cuito Cuanavale yaba yinguquko ukuzithandisa imikhosi Angola. ezikhoyo namhlanje Angola njenge geqe luphuhla. Flag of Angola wathetha orientation kwezopolitiko karhulumente namhlanje.

Kwakutheni ukuze eSoviet Union akazange inzuzo inxaxheba ngokusesikweni emfazweni?

Njengoko waziwa, ngowe-1979 aqala ungenelelo le umkhosi yiSoviet e Afghanistan. Ukwenziwa komsebenzi ngamazwe njengoko ingqalelo kuyimfuneko kwaye zindala, kodwa olu hlobo nokungena, ukuphazamisana nabanye abantu musa ngokwenene ukuxhasa abantu eSoviet Union kunye naseluntwini lehlabathi. Kungenxa yoko le nto Union iye ngokusemthethweni wavuma nokuzibandakanya kwayo kweli phulo Angola kuphela ngethuba elisusela kwi-1975 ukuya 1979.