Kahal - yintoni na le nto? Inkcazelo, izithetha-ntonye,

Xa ulwimi namhlanje ngamanye amaxesha bafumana ilizwi ifomu Kahal. Le nto ebangela ilizwi, akukho umdla ukwazi? Zonke ngakumbi engaqhelekanga ukuba eli gama ifumaneka kuphela ngendlela yokomfuziselo. Apho iilwimi okucwangciswe ngezantsi apha Kahal ngolwimi mihla Russian, oko kuthetha ntoni?

Kahal - yinto igama mandulo lesiHebhere elithetha embuthweni, ukuhlanganisana kwabantu. Olu hlobo yazenzekela lombutho zentlalo kwavela emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwelizwe lamaJuda. Umsebenzi ongundoqo Kahal na ulamlo phakathi kukarhulumente kunye noluntu yamaYuda.

ukuvela

iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwimibutho amaYuda kwaziwa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, kodwa uhlobo olugqityiweyo yamaYuda Kahal wazuza ePoland. Yaba phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-16. Ngoko ke wathatha ekubumbeni ukuqonda oko Kahal. Inkcazo eli gama lisenokuthetha elithi "mbambano". Livela yombutho enjalo elizimeleyo yaba sisiphumo yokuhlala eyahlukileyo yamaYuda ithi ezahlukeneyo kunye nolwalamano olukhethekileyo kunye izinduna.

kahal intsingiselo

Kahal - uluntu emanyeneyo yesizwe. Unyango ethile amaYuda avela kwezinye iintlanga wabakhokelela ukuze lulwe phambi yoluntu nakuwubona. Ngaloo ndlela umYuda wahlala ngomatshini karhulumente ndedwa - buffer bakhonza kahal therebetween. Oku kunciphisa amathuba ebangela umonakalo ngokwasemzimbeni okanye eziphathekayo, kunciphise amathuba zokuhlukunyezwa njalo njalo. Zonke kagals ukuya kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIV, wavuka ukuzimela bayo yaye "karhulumente ngaphakathi karhulumente."

uluntu angamaYuda baba kuxhomekeke kwabasemagunyeni - zithanda ziya koogunyaziwe eziphezulu. abakhonzi bokumkani - phantse iwonga ezizodwa sele inikwe kuwo onke amazwe aseYurophu ngenxa yamaYuda. Imisebenzi ye aba bakhonzi yaye kulawulwa odolo ezikhethekileyo royal - "Ilungelo", esiza Kahal. Esi simo lwaqhutywa ngqo, ngokudlulisela local authorities. Kagals sinakho Inkululeko epheleleyo zemali, nezigwebo, yolawulo, ezemfundo kunye nonqulo kwinqanaba.

Financial umsebenzi kahal

Umsebenzi ibalulekileyo onke amaYuda, amalungu Kahal, - intlawulo isebenziseke yerhafu yobuncwane. Ukuze benze oku, imali eqokelelwe kuluntu, uze emva koko kuluhlu qho wokulondoloza imali karhulumente. Ukongeza, Kagan ngelithi special funds ezinjongo zazo ikukuxhasa abahlolokazi neenkedama, uqeqesho amahlwempu, inkxaso amahlwempu. Inxalenye imali eqokelelwa-mali ekhethekileyo yayiza ukunyoba kunye namagosa sicengo. Okhangela ngayo kagalom angaqokelela isixa esikhulu, leyo mncane kumaYuda uncedo kahal.

umsebenzi kwezomthetho

Inkululeko epheleleyo wavumela amaYuda ukuseka letyala okanye zimsulwa umtyholwa ngokwabo ukuba kubagweba. Ubeligweba amaYuda kagalom Dayan - ilungu leBhunga Ephakamileyo Kahal, kunye namalungelo abagwebi behlabathi. Xa isigqibo sakhe phezu enetyala ebekwe nezohlwayo. Ngokuba izono minor sono silingenwe isohlwayo sama ubugcwabalalana. Kuba izohlwayo infraction amabi kakhulu Inzima ukohlwaywa ngokubethwa, ukugxothwa ekuhlaleni, kwaye kwezinye iindawo, isigqibo wenziwa ukuze aphumeze wabalahla. Imisebenzi ngokwezigwebo abaququzeleli Kahal banegunya ukuba ndimiselwe ukuziphendulela iindaba, ukuba iinkundla zoluntu ummangalelwa ungumYuda.

amandla olawulo

Kahal - yiyunithi engaziwa yemimandla, uhlanganisa amaYuda kwisithili omnye. Lo umbutho uyafuneka ukuqokelela irhafu karhulumente kumgaqo yoxanduva oludityanelweyo. Onke amaYuda kufuneka yabelwe ukuya kwindawo ethile yokuhlala. ukubana yabo ilawulwa unxibelelwano phakathi kagalom ezahlukeneyo. Kwezinye iindawo zokuhlala enkulu yamaYuda saa kwaye kwaba nzima ukulawula esi cash flow kwi Kahal. Kwagqitywa ukudala i ngakumbi ngokuhle kakhulu-olungisiweyo - podkagalkov owenze umsebenzi kahal kwindawo ethile ize ingeniswe kuye ngqo.

matshglsh

Abo amazwe apho kagalom baba baninzi ngakumbi, kwasekwa uhlobo superstructure phezu kagalom - kwathiwa Vaad. Ekubeni igama lesiHebhere eliguqulelwe ngokuthi "iKomiti".

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Vaad wenze kummandla Lithuania kunye Poland kunye ukusebenzisana ngqo kunye norhulumente. Ngoko ke, i Seimas, kuqeshwa imali amaYuda kunyanzeliswa ukuba mawuhlawule ngonyaka, kwaye Vaad bathumela abathunywa kulo lonke eli lizwe, yena ubufumene yokuhlawula amatyala a Kagan, yaye ngokutsho olu vandlakanyo kumiselwa isixa-mali kuqaliswa kagalom. Ukuba ndawo wayengekho ukuba uluntu abafumileyo, kwaye Kahal iyafumaneka ukuba ahlawule isixa esifunekayo, kuba nayo nemalanana ngakumbi. Le unikezelo amaJuda ukusinda kwimeko engentle - ngenxa yokuba ngamnye kubo wavakalelwa inkxaso yoluntu.

imisebenzi Educational nezenkolo

imisebenzi zonqulo zamaYuda Kagan kuso ulondolozo lwezakhiwo zonqulo, imibhiyozo yonqulo, imitshato kungcwatywa, ukugcinwa kwezithethe ezindala njalo njalo. Ukugcinwa amasiko kunye nemimiselo balandela koorabhi. Ngokwengqiqo lwabadala uluntu zinika ukutya zaseKosher, nokubakho izibhedlele, ezintandane amakhaya. Umsebenzi wokufundisa Inqununu baba: imfundo yabantwana kunye abafikisayo ukuba imithetho ezindala kunye nezithethe, kunye nomxholo kwezikolo zonqulo eziziisekondari.

isakhiwo kahal yangaphakathi

Inani lamalungu ebhodi uluntu lwamaJuda abantu 30-40. Foreman Kagan - ngokuqhelekileyo ilungu ikhuselekileyo kwaye ohloniphekileyo yoluntu, ikhokelwa amalungu eBhodi Kagan futhi amelwe wamaJuda e kwizangqa aphezulu. Abalawuli abaphezulu yayiba yeenkokeli ezintlanu okanye ezintandathu (roshey) - amalungu exchangeable kunye namalungu amathathu asisigxina yekhethelo - babebizwa yaseTuva. Roshi yanjalo walawula kagalom, abahlala nesithuba unondyebo okanye phoyisa (Parnassus).

Iintlanganiso Kagan evulekele - ke inxaxheba amalungu ebhodi nje kuphela, kodwa abameli kwakhona akhethwe eluntwini. amalungu akhethwe Loo ayengavunyelwa ukuba uvote, kodwa ngenxa yokuba icebo abawukhethileyo Kagan. Kunyulwa ebhodini yaye abo banoxanduva naziphi na iiprojekthi zoluntu - umzekelo, ngokuba uthando okanye intlalo-ntle yokuhlala, esikolweni, okanye almshouse.

Sunset Control yamaJuda

Ukuvuthuluka imeko ngokubanzi sophuhliso lwezoqoqosho lwabonakala Kahal functionality. Ngokuthe ngcembe, lo ngobunkokheli boluntu shorted igunya phezu kwakhe. Ukuhlawulelwa ithunyelelwa edyokhweni - uninzi irhafu ezihlawulwa amalungu eziqhelekileyo ekuhlaleni. Lwabacaphukisa abemi kwizinhanha kwiilali needolophu ezincinci - ukuba wafuna njengomthwalo onzima "yamaYuda 'kwifayile kunye nenkxaso evela Kagan iye abuyiyo. Elide kangaka wayengakwazi ukuya phambili, kunye Kahal waqalisa iba - amaYuda akhetha ukuhlawula irhafu ngamnye, ngaphandle nje naluphi na ukhuselo Kahal okanye iivoti.

XIX - XX kwekhulu

Kwinkulungwane XIX kuBukhosi Russian wayethabathe inani iinguqu ezijoliswe ubandakanyo loluntu amaYuda kweli lizwe. Ngoko ke ukutshintsha ngokuphawulekayo umsebenzi eyenza i Kahal. Le ezintsha ke ngeendlela ezininzi zithathwa uluntu yamaYuda, kodwa kwaba nzima ukwenza nantoni - Kahal umsebenzi ngokuthe kwenziwa ngurhulumente. Ngoko ke, lo mthetho ngo-1804 onke amaYuda kwakufuneka ukuba ingxelo iincwadi esi sixeko - ngoko ke khangela i iintshukumo kunye nemisebenzi amaYuda bafudukela kubaphathi-dolophu. Ngowe-1827, unikezelo kwamalungu umkhosi wabelwa kagals, kwaye ngo-1835 kagals ngokomgaqo irhoxisiwe. Nhoza olunjalo kakhulu yamkele ngamaYuda eziqhelekileyo: iincwadi irhafu baba akholosileyo, yaye waba mkhulu kangangokuba lwabangela Ndilicukuceze abaninzi ekuhlaleni isikali lorhwaphilizo. Umthetho kwenziwe izinto ethintela ukubeka iirhafu ezintsha zamaJuda, nayo balelwa ukuba ndigwebe okanye wenze isohlwayo - imisebenzi yenkundla zadluliselwa abasemagunyeni kurhulumente wengingqi. Kuba kagalom kuphela imisebenzi zemfundo zonqulo, ebavumela ukuba ukuqhuba imisitho kwaye bafundise abantwana babo bokholo lwabo. Bona zanikwa zokufihla ntle kunye nezibhedlele esenzela amahlwempu.

Njengoko kagals ezinjalo wabakho ngaphambi kokuba Februwari 1917 revolution. Emva umthetho okhethekileyo amaYuda wayelingana bonke abemi karhulumente kwaye wafumana amalungelo afanayo kunye nezibophelelo.

Intsingiselo yanamhlanje yeli gama

Okwangoku, le ngcamango phantse akaze asetyenziswe ngokoqobo. Kodwa ethetha ngokufuziselayo nangoku wasebenzisa igama elithi "Kahal". Ntonye elithi - hum, yengxolo evela ukuthetha eninzi yabantu, ingxolo, ukudideka, njl