Don Cossack Stepan Timofeevich Razin: engobomi, imbali, imihla ebalulekileyo kunye namanqaku anika umdla

Stepan Timofeevich Razin wazalwa ngo-1630, lo nyaka, njengoko siyazi, Streiss ukufunda imisebenzi, umhambi esuka e-Netherlands. Baye iintlanganiso ezimbalwa. Ngowe-1670, lo mbhali waphawula emsebenzini wakhe ukuba neqabane lakhe baqalisa ukuya leminyaka wesihlanu. Zininzi izinto ezinomdla ukufunda eli nani zembali ngezantsi ukusuka nqaku.

Intelekelelo malunga ukuzalwa kwakhe

Coast Don waba indlu yokuqala esibe Stepan Timofeevich Razin. ingcaciso engabo buqu asisiniki idata ngqo ngakumbi. Kukho uguqulelo, leyo yeyona ezithembekileyo ithi ukuba wazalwa kule lali Zimoveyskoy. Ngoku eli lizwe igama Pugachovskoy.

Abanye abaphandi baye wawancamisa ekuhleni kulo nguqulo. A lot of Intelekelelo yile kusekho emhlabeni site wokuzalwa Stepana Timofeevicha Razina. ngobomi bakhe ingahluka nabalobi ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, abanye bathi kokuba azalelwe Cherkassk, leyo ngoku kummandla Rostov. Ngoko wayelapho ngenene Razin Stepan Timofeevich uhlobo umthunyelwa मेसेजिंग Circassian? amasiko esizwe zahlukile enye kwenye.

yokuzalwa kwakhe kuthiwa kunye nenani kwezinye iindawo, ezifana Esaulovsky okanye Kagalnitsky. Noko ke, iingoma zembali ebizwa ikhaya lakhe kuyo Cherkassk.

impilo

Stepan Timofeevich Razin sele utsale elide ingqalelo abantu abaninzi. Around ubuntu bakhe kwabunjwa lwemveli kunye nasekuthwaseni cinema Russian. Kwi-West, waba ngowokuqala Russian Stenka kubo wayekhusela ithisisi yakhe kwiminyaka nje embalwa emva kokufa kwakhe.

Wafa ngaphambi kokuba afikelele ebudaleni Razin Stepan Timofeevich. Malunga 1630-1671 neminyaka. Wayephila benze izenzo zakhe. Yena nentsapho yakhe baba isifundo ezaqanjwa intsomi, nto leyo izisa iinkcukacha ezintsha ukwenza oko umlinganiswa phantse kumnandi.

Phambi kokuba kubekho mvukelo

Kakhulu umdla ke ngobomi Razina Stepana Timofeevicha. imihla ephambili yobomi bakhe ukuqala 1652, unyaka. Ngelo xesha wathi isikhulu, yaye ngenxa igunya layo ukumela Don amagorha. Razin Stepan Timofeevich - Cossack, ngubani onamava esele kakhulu kwimicimbi zomkhosi, uze ubukele ngokubhekiselele abazalwana bakhe iingalo. Nakuba kwiminyaka yakhe yokuqala yena sele belifumene makings zobunkokeli.

Stepan Timofeevich Razin wayesilwa kwinkampani umzalwana wakhe omdala Ivan abe yinxalenye imikhosi Don. 1661 Unyaka kuyaphawuleka ukuba ngoxa thethwano lwenziwa kunye Kalmyks. Companion penny waba Fedor Budan kunye Cossacks ukusuka Don kunye Zaporozhye. Yaxoxa ukusekwa uxolo kunye namanyathelo eziqhelekileyo ukuze amgxothe AmaTatar ukusuka eCrimea kunye Nogais.

ngonyaka 1663rd ezibhalwe yeembali njengoko mzuzu xa Razin Stepan Timofeevich wakhokela Don kunye Cossacks, Kalmyks ukuya mabutho Crimea, abaphantsi Perekop.

Ngeemitha-1665, Dolgorukov wabulawa inkokheli mzalwana. Kwathi, xa ungquzulwano kwavuka, ngexesha apho amajoni abafuna ukuya Don, nangona inkonzo yasebukhosini. Stepan Timofeevich Razin yazala nomnqweno impindezelo umthetheli, kwakunye nendawo yonke yokumkani. Wayefuna ukufumana ubomi simahla yaye uxolo nabazalwana babo bamlandela. izimvo Great baqala ukubathwala Razin Stepan Timofeevich. Zaporizhzhya isinxibelelanisi bekufanele ukuba ube ngumzekelo inkqubo emkhosini yedemokhrasi ukuba wonke karhulumente Russian.

Phakathi kwako

Wamvusa intshukumo yakhe. Isizathu sokuba oku kubizwa ukuba sibe sibi kwisicwangciso zentlalo, leyo ababelawula ezweni Cossacks. Kwaqala le nkqubo yaba Don. Kule ndawo ejikelezileyo wabonakala abalimi obalekayo ngakumbi. Oku kunganxulunyaniswa ukuthontelana yeBhunga Code ngo-1647, lo unyaka. Abantu e abathinjwa ngokuzeleyo, yena ebotshiwe iinyawo yi yezikhulu.

Kutheni lo mntu idweliswe kwi "Abantu Enkulu Russian"? Razin Stepan Timofeevich wanika abantu ithuba lokuba uphefumle ngokukhululekileyo, ukuba abe Cossacks, namagorha free. Nangona bonke ungathanda ukuyeka ukuziva force umzobo. Nokuba kungenzeka wamnika Stepan Timofeevich Razin. Biography of Don Cossacks akakhumbuli enkulu indawo okanye clan ulwalamano lwakhe, nto leyo wazala ezinye iirhuluneli ezininzi. wahlala phezu kummandla indawo ngokulinganayo nabanye. Ukuze oko wasebenzisa igama elithi "golutvenny" Cossack. Wema ngaphandle endala namagqala nomsa abantu abaqhelekileyo, akabanga kwipropati ebalulekileyo, asiqhayisi izihloko.

Ngubani ke Stepan Timofeevich Razin? Oku zombini ligorha nesihange. Waye umsindisi abathandekayo babo, kunye intlekele kwabo lowo ukuhlasela. Xa igquba ukuze aye inkunzi iVolga. Yena ngelo xesha kwakufuneka udumo kunye nezinto zokusebenza. Okuninzi Cossacks abazizityebi nabadumileyo ngemali ezi hambo kwi imeko wokwabelana-chola amaxhoba. Zonke wemikhosi - Yaik, UDon Terek - inxaxheba kule misebenzi.

Razin Stepan Timofeevich uhlobo le umthunyelwa मेसेजिंग yaseYiputa yaba iziko apho bahlanganisene amahlwempu, apho va nga va nkoka kunye nabantu ekunene, njengenxalenye yenkqubo-mkhosi Cossack.

Izihlwele lakhula ngokukhawuleza yaye baba ngakumbi kwaye buqapheleke ngenxa ngamakhoboka eyadala ababefuna ukuba angene kuloo mvukelo.

1667 ngonyaka th yaba ixesha xa Cossacks okhokelwa yi Razin. Entlakohlaza kwakukho malunga 700 namajoni iVolga-Don Perevoloki. Adityaniswa yaye abavukeli ezintsha, kangangokuba baba ngamawaka amabini abantu. Zadlula kufutshane iVolga kunye Yaik. Injongo ukuvakalisa ndingavumelani nkqubo karhulumente eMoscow kwaye kuvalwe iindlela indlela yorhwebo, acandacanda umlambo. noomantyi Royal asabela mngeni kunye ngozi yenzeke.

Ukukhula imikhosi Cossack

Stepan Timofeevich Razin iminyaka yobomi bakhe azinikele iseti amaphulo, yaye oku kwaba enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo. Iqale ngoMeyi 1667 th-. Umkhosi wakhe uye iVolga. Kufuphi Tsaritsyno nawa Shorin, ilizwe guest, kwakunye nezinye iinkokheli ngabarhwebi. Ezininzi iinqanawa zabo ibekwe apha kwaye usolusapho Iosaf, njengokuba kamva wazisola. Stenka kunye abaphangi bahlasela iinqanawa, baphanga kubo, wabulala oomabhalane neentloko kweenkundla.

Ngokubanzi, i Cossacks ngokufuthi abandakanyeke wabaphangi. Kamva, Noko ke, sokubiwa elula kwakhula imvukelo, basichasa urhulumente woyisa abatoli waza wathabatha Yaitsky edolophini. Winter lwaqhutywa kwi kummandla Yaik. Xa eqala kunyaka 1668, impi entsha iye kummandla amanzi oLwandle lweCaspian. Iya isanda wahlala Don Cossacks, cherkastsev kunye nabahlali kwezinye izithili of Russia. Kwakukho ekulweni nemikhosi le shah kufuphi Rasht, isixeko yamaPersi.

Yaba balulwele nzima, waphela thethwano. Ngethuba lale nkqubo, Suleyman Shah watyelela umthunywa kakumkani neRashiya ingxelo ukuba amasela iiyunithi ngoyaba ulwandle. NamaPersi ebizwa razintsev ikhefu. Kwaba ngoko ukuba iintetho wayaphula. I Cossacks zaye alibotshiwe. Omnye wabo bafa intshutshiso izinja. Le bavukeli nyanzelekile ukuba ukuthatha Farabat uze uhlale apho ebusika, wonqanyulwa, angabikho amabutho esitha.

izenzakalo edume

Emva koko kunyaka 1669, kuye kwakho iimfazwe eziliqela kummandla 'umhlaba Trukhmen. " Kukho kuphazamiseka nezinye Razin, egopheni Cossack ngelika. Xa umkhosi efika emnqubeni siqithi, baye kuthwalelwa phandle umntu uhlaselo abantu shah kaThixo, owawukhokelwa Mamed Khan. Alwa ubomi nokufa.

Utshaba, babambelela Umkhosi wakhe ejikelezwe yi chain kunye Don Cossacks, kodwa qhinga zange ahlawule off. Zamob flagship esitheni yazika. Emva koko razintsy awaqhubana ngayo nabanye izithuthi. Bakwazi ukugqiba intombi benombanjwa kunye nonyana, umthetheli-Navy basePersi.

Ngenxa yoko, okweqanda wamaPersi Razin ugonyamelo, warhaxwa intombazana kwi iVolga River, kamva njengoko wabhalwa ingoma. Cossacks iphumelele, kodwa kwakusekho inani kobunzima. Umkhosi Sefividskie besondela, ngenxa yesi sizathu, oku kulandelayo iye yaba razintsev indawo Astrakhan. iintetho zabanjwa kunye neenkokheli zasekuhlaleni. Ngenxa yoko, Razin waye negunya esamkelwa Knyazhye apho Prozorovsky warlord yokuqala ababephosiwe Cossacks ukuya Don. Kuba kumele ukuba ahlawule ukuziswa imipu ukuba ukwabelana izinto eziveliswe kunye namabanjwa athinjwe iintshaba. Noko ke, amajoni likwazile Kwathi ngaphandle Ukuzaliseka kwezi meko.

Imfazwe ye abalimi

Kwakukho elishumi entsha. Njengesiqhelo, imisebenzi zomkhosi yaqala entwasahlobo ka-1670. Kwakhona, yenza uhambo oluya iVolga. Ngoku ke nje ukuphanga, kodwa uvukelo ngokwenene, nto leyo phantsi iwonga kunye nesikhundla. Wonke umntu owayefuna ukuba ukuthanda nenkululeko, nabizelwa inkonzo Razin.

Ukuze isikhulu wayengekho ukubhukuqwa wokumkani, kodwa wayefuna ukuba litshitshiswe ngoko nkqubo yenziwa kubalimi iinkomo. Olucwangcisiweyo Ukungabikho ezikhundleni eziphezulu, owamela ngoonobhala benkundla, oomantyi kunye nabefundisi okuthiwa yatshintsha gunya. Kuye unyityilikiswa kokuva ukufumana razintsev Tsarevich Alexei, ngubani ngokwenene owayefile ukususela ngoJanuwari.

Kwakhona zabanga ukuba babe negunya phezu ubomi ka uMphathi Nikon. Enyanisweni, waya nje kwikhonkco. Razintsy ahlala inqaba nesixeko zaye zaziswa khona isixhobo wathetha nabalawuli basekuhlaleni, etshabalalisa amaxwebhu. Ukuba abadibene iVolga zabarhwebi, oko hlasi kunye nasekuphangweni.

"Le leta evela Stepan Timofeyevich Razin kwi" - ukuba isihloko ngelixa uxwebhu ethunyelwe leyo eyavusa ihlokondiba. Wacela ukuba ukukhonza uThixo kunye karhulumente, kwakunye ukuxhasa umkhosi nenkokeli yalo, ukuba anike bonke abanginizayo kunye nabantu nisele igazi labantu. Kwafuneka ukuza ebhodini ukuya Cossacks.

Kakhulu yavukela nabalimi ndabe isikhulu iVolga ngexesha phulo lakhe. Kutshanje indawo sendawo ngamakhoboka, abantu abaqhelekileyo bengavumi ukubeka up with ukuhluthwa kwenkululeko. Ukulwa lwenziwa phantsi kwephiko Cossack kwirhuluneli kule ndawo. Umlo waqala Yolwandle, nangezinto, Chuvash kunye Mordovians.

Tsarina zabanjwa, kwakunye Samara, wathabatha Astrakhan, Saratov kunye yayoyisa nezinye inqaba. Xa ukuwa-1670, zonyaka ophele nge kukusilela yokusebenza zokungqinga phantsi Simbirsk. King kule ndawo, umkhosi ithunyelwe kwi-mali ka-60 amawaka ukucinezela kwesidingo abantu. Razintsy oyisiwe edabini kufuphi Simbirsk.

Voivod ngoko kaYuri Baryatinsky. Razin ngokwakhe babulala inxeba esinzulu, yena wasiwa Don wathembela abantu. Kangangexesha elithile iye yaba yindawo enhle Kagalitsky idolophu. Kwaba ukusuka apho waya phulo kunyaka ophelileyo. Ataman Wayesabathanda izicwangciso zokuqokelelwa amabutho ezintsha. Le meko iye kuxhotyiwe, yaye umsindo kakumkani sele kude engozini nolulahlekisayo. Ataman Yakovlev Kornila kunye namanye Cossacks wamngcatshayo nenkokeli yalo, badlula ibanjwa kuye ngomhla we-13 Epreli 1671, unyaka xa ukuhlasela Kagalitskogo. Razin wanikwa amabutho Russian.

Ukukhonkxwa nokufa

Inyanga ka-Apreli 1671, unyaka yakhunjulwa yi kukuba Ataman Frolka nomntakwabo, lowo nabancinane kunawe kuye, baba ezandleni zabaxhasi yokumkani. bethathwa banjwa. Bamthabatha Kosogov Gregory zabo - steward kunye Bogdanov Andrey - kunobhala wenkundla.

Abavukeli kwaziswa eMoscow phakathi ngoJuni, baye bahlukunyezwa kakhulu. Kule nyanga efanayo Stepan kwakhokelela itheko, yaye quartered. Le ndawo yonke yaba bubungqina. Esi sigwebo elide. Labavukeli wamphulaphula nge ukuzola. ntle yakhe ukunqwala ukuya ecaweni. Umxhomi saqala wamnqamla kwengalo yasekunene ukusa engqinibeni. Emva koko wanqanyulwa umlenze ekhohlo edolweni, yaye ekugqibeleni intloko. Phambi Stepan ndamnqamla umninawa wakhe Frol wazama Ndicela uxolo ngokukuphazamisa ngaM, kodwa waba kuphela ukulibaziseka encinane ukufa. Wabulawa kwindawo enye nangendlela efanayo.

Kule senzo emkhosini iVolga wayengekho isiphelo. izikhulu Cossack waba Vasiliy Thina Fyodor Sheludyak. Astrakhan sathathwa amabutho razintsev kurhulumente ngoNovemba th 1671. Kuye kwaba edabini ingakumbi bungwanyalala, eyaphelela longquzulwano.

Ingqalelo evela phesheya

Abezopolitiko yaseYurophu bemlalele izenzo Razin. Iindlela zorhwebo ibalulekileyo babusesichengeni kweli dabi. Bona waqhagamshelana Europe namaPersi naseRashiya. Nangona lo mvukeli eyayibanjelwe ekulweni ngaxeshanye eJamani, eNgilani nase-Netherlands. Kula mazwe, epapashwe amanqaku neencwadi malunga adventures yinkokeli. Ezinye iinkcukacha ke kwamnandi kunye data ebalulekileyo.

Oonyana bolunye uhlanga abekhona Cossack wazisa ikomkhulu njengebanjwa baza babulawa. Ngokuba ukumkani kwaba yingenelo ngokukhethekileyo ukubonisa ukuba amandla ngokupheleleyo ezandleni zakhe, yaye akukho namnye unako kunokuligungqisa. Ingakumbi abathile thug ovela amahlwempu.

Nangona uloyiso lalingekafiki lokugqibela, kusesemini inkokeli Cossacks ukufa wakhangela omhle kakhulu. Enye imisebenzi zoncwadi ngalo mba "uhambo ezintathu", eyabhalwa Yan Streys. Wazibonela le mvukelo, watyelela intsimi leyo ilawulwa Razin. Kuba indalo le bali wasebenzisa Iziluleko zakhe nezinto ukuba umbhali bafunda ulwazi olunikwe abanye ababhali.

imisebenzi Scientific noncwadi

Ngowe-1674 iindonga mbali ophum Institute wasivuna umsebenzi, osixelela nabanye yinkokeli. Sebenza amaxesha amaninzi iprintwe kwiinkulungwane 17-18, Pushkin wabonisa umdla yakhe ukubo-.

Kamva, iqhawe komlo baqalisa ukuba abhale oluninzi amavo. Ngokomzekelo, malunga naye uyakwazi ukufunda umsebenzi "Indlela Stepan Timofeevich Razin washiya entolongweni."

On Ataman zenziwa iingoma zizixhamlele Russian. Kwezinye bakhe yengxoxo njengeqhawe, ememelela kwi kwempi enkulukazi. Ngamanye amaxesha ngokunxulunyaniswa Ermak Timofeevich, omnye Cossack edumileyo, oyisa eSiberia. Kukho umsebenzi luchaneke kakhulu, esicacisa izibakala ngeku ibhalwe, engobomi kunye neziganeko zembali.

Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin wachitha ezintathu Razin imisebenzi yabo. Kwakhona ezibhaliweyo ngaye DM Balimi. Ngo-1908 kukho umboniso lokuqala inqaku eveliswa eRashiya. Yayibizwa ngokuba "Ponizova libertines." Giljarovsky VA I wabhala umbongo ebizwa ngokuba "Stenka Razin".

Naziphi imibuso kufuneka inkokeli enamandla ngubani na alahlwe kude ukoyika aze akhokele izihlwele ezikhulu. Ngokuchasene amakhoboka jikelele abantu ndifuna umntu owayeza kuqokelela kwaye uzihlele ukuze kuphunyezwe inkululeko iyonke. Stepan Razin wenza Cossacks kule ntsapho, nabalibutho elimanyeneyo abalwe ngenxa amalungelo abo. Yaba onesibindi yaye uzimisele, uza kuthi ukususela kumaphepha yembali. Kwanaphezu lokufa kwakhe, akazange abonise umqondiso uloyiko, umoya wokugqibela ntshunxekile ku iimbono zakhe. Kuyinto ezi mpawu nezenzo niyenze wayekhe waphila ezibalulekileyo hero of lwemveli.