Inkcubeko Catacomb: inkcazelo, imbali, iimpawu kunye namanqaku anika umdla

Xa babeziindleko ezinkulu iVolga River ukuya abembi North Caucasus bafumana amakhulu emangcwabeni, ogama iminyaka kuqikelelwa iminyaka engaphezu kwama amawaka amane. Nations abahlala esithile kwintsimi, umanyaniswe inkcubeko eqhelekileyo, ebizwa catacomb. Kuyinto yahlukile kule mini igcina ezininzi iimfihlelo. Into yokuba inkcubeko catacomb enjalo, yiya intetho kule nqaku.

Man-ezenziwe nemiqolomba zendalo

Phambi kokuba uqalise incoko, ukucacisa intsingiselo yegama elithi "mangcwaba". In Russian ukhutshwa ukusuka catacomba Italian, kwakunye catacumba Latin, ukuba zombini lithetha "ingcwaba komhlaba." Kwaye nje kwenzeka kuba mangcwaba - akukho nto kodwa umqolomba omkhulu ngamanye amaxesha ngemvelo wenzeka okanye oko kwenzeka kakhulu kunene, ngumntu.

Basenokuba kushiywa enkwalini kunye imigudu elide kwalula okanye nemiqolomba yendalo, eziqhagamshelene obunobunzima iikhorido neegalari. Nantsi into yabo baza bakhetha bangcwabe ahlala nabo abafileyo kwexesha ekuthiwa phakathi Ibronzi Age, yelo xesha XXV-XX BC. e.

Ngoko nangoko kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba zakudala, ukongeza ingqikelelo "catacomb nenkcubeko", kukho ibinzana "Indlu Culture Ingcwaba", nto leyo nayo enxulumene ne umlinganiswa kumangcwaba amandulo. Asinto kunzima ukuthelekelela ukuba abantu inkcubeko iwela phantsi le nkcazelo, wakhetha ukuba kusetyenziswe njengoko na amangcwaba labyrinths komhlaba, nomgongxo, apho umfi yabekwa yaye sakhiwe phezu ndulana - ndulana, ngokuthembekileyo ukukhusela ingcwaba ukuba nokuphangwa.

Iinkqubo Archeologist Russian

Zakudala yaziwa ngokuba ingcamango "Catacomb nenkcubeko". Oku kusekelwe ukufana benkcubeko amaqela eentlanga awayengabemi kwixesha elide yembali emathafeni kunye zone ihlathi-emathafeni, unyenyisa ukusuka esezantsi ye-Don ukuya North Caucasus kunye Urals. Kuba okokuqala kule kota yaziswa ukujikeleza Isazinzulu Russian VA Gorodtsov benza izifundo amangcwaba yamandulo kwiminyaka yokuqala kwenkulungwane XX.

zokungqinga yona i-North Donets, izazinzulu baye bafumanisa ukungcwatywa ezenziwe mangcwaba. Ezi zithinteli ethile kakhulu yokungcwaba kwakuba umngxuma nkqo ekhokelela kwipaseji kunye ingcwaba igumbi tye. Ukuba iimpawu zoyilo yale ndlela ukungcwatywa ukuba kubiza abazinikeleyo Catacomb inkcubeko yabo.

Catacomb culture diversity

Uphando kamva lubonise ukuba lo mphakathi owahlukeneyo kakhulu kubume kwaye ibandakanya ngamnye iinkcubeko zakudala, ezo ndawo, okt utshintsho ekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, catacomb inkcubeko Kuban, ukuchonga imozulu yendawo kunye neempawu zendalo, ngokuphawulekayo kwahlukile koko ingafunyanwa eCaucasus.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba mbali izimvo malunga ngemvelaphi nenkcubeko catacomb. A Inani labaphandi bakholelwa ukuba indawo awazalelwa kuyo eCaucasus, ngokoluvo zabanye, wabonakala kunye izizwe, abeza ekuqaleni yeBronzi Age eSipro. Noko ke, iingxoxo kakhulu ngakwicala nayiphi na kwezi mbono abakho. hypothesis Akunakufane tenable ngolwalamano yayo inkcubeko drevneyamnoy.

Iimpawu Catacomb inkcubeko

Uphando lubonise ukuba zokusonjululwa yezizwe akwi kuluntu Catacomb, ikakhulu kwi promontories eziphakamileyo umlambo, namawa enqatyisiweyo. Nasemifuleni amadlelo bekhululekile, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuzibandakanya lulimo isilwanyana, isiseko kwezoqoqosho kwabo. Enye into ebalulekileyo ntle abemi yamandulo lokuloba. Oku kungqinwa kwimingxuma, nto leyo ekhokelele kwiziza zokuhlala zamandulo baye bafumana amathambo ezininzi zombini intlanzi pet eziphantsi - iinkomo, iigusha kunye namahashe.

Catacomb inkcubeko yeBronzi Age iphawulwa kumgangatho ophezulu izixhobo zemveliso kunye nezixhobo. Njengoko iziphumo zohlalutyo yemveliso afumaneka kwisiza, zazenziwe ngobhedu ukunyibilikiswa eCaucasus. Ezi nezamazembe, ngezinkempe neemela ibithuthwa. Kodwa ke kunye nabo ngamanani enkulu kangangoko nengenzulu nazo wafumana izixhobo ngamatye, ezifana amagqudu, amazembe kunye yotolo.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba inkcubeko catacomb yayisekelwe ukufuywa kwezilwanyana kunye nokuloba, kwezolimo iye kwakhona wadlala ethile, nakuba indima engephi ukuphila kule lali. Oku kungqinwa ifumaneka hi mpimo lowutsongo, izixhobo kunokuba ibizezamandulo kwezolimo - amagaba horny, ngeerhengqe, metate kunye irhengqa-ezimile iintshengece. Ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokungcwatywa afunyanwa kunye neenkozwana amazimba.

Ukuhamba phezu Reyn I V Italy

Phakathi kwezinye izinto ukutsalela ingqalelo amazembe ezenziwe ngobhedu, nokuba wamzalela for attachment kwi izibambo babo. Ngaloo mihla kube yinto enokwenzeka ukubhekisela kwithekhinoloji. Into efanayo zinokubonakala ukuba abantu Central kunye Northern Europe.

A Inani labaphandi bakholelwa ukuba abemi emathafeni anokuba, wenza uhambo olude, ukufikelela kunxweme Italy kunye iRhine. Hi ndlela leyi, isithuthi baba - kwenye ngokungcwatywa ngayo amanye catacomb lommandla Rostov ngexesha kwimingxuma yafunyanwa inqwelo-wheel ezine, yaye ecaleni kwaso - amathambo amahashe, leyo, jikelele, into eninzi.

ngokwezinga le yoluntu yamandulo

inkcubeko Catacomb linophawu ukuba ukungalingani olucacileyo impahla Iwabemi ngelo xesha. Oku kungqinwa umahluko, nto leyo iqatshelwe inani izinto ezahlukeneyo, wabeka kunye oswelekileyo kwigumbi yokungcwaba, kwaye ezilungiselelwe ukuhlala kwakhe kokufa. Kunye namangcwaba esisityebi kunene, kuyabonakala ukuba ababekolo iintloko okanye abadala, kukho amangcwaba phantse inazo naziphi na iimpahla engcwabeni.

Ukongeza, izinga elikhulu ezithile ngokwezinga yabantu lilungu Catacomb uluntu bonisa dimensions enomtsalane izakhiwo yokungcwaba kunye zokungqinga yokungcwaba phezu kwamangcwaba abo baba kwindawo ephakamileyo eluntwini. Ajongeka elona nani likhulu lezifundo ejikeleze yokungcwaba. Amaninzi e Imingcwabo ezinjalo lafika amashumi ezininzi amathambo amahashe. Ngokucacileyo, amahashe obumiselwe ngoloyiso oswelekileyo kwi kokufa. Konke oko ikuthethayo isakhiwo entsonkothileyo oluntu kunye kumgangatho ophezulu lombutho lwentlalo.

Amangcwaba iinkokheli zesizwe

Iimpawu lwenkcubeko Catacomb bekuya kuba njengezingaphelelanga ukuba anithanga kuhlala phezu koko ke isikhundla esiphezulu kuluntu ahlala ziinkokeli. Njengomgaqo, igunya labo waphuma phezu kwizizwe ezininzi kunye kwisizukulwana. Malunga koko, indlela enkulu isimo sabo lwentlalo kugwetywa ukuphakama zokungqinga, kuthulula phezu kwamangcwaba, kwaye amangcwaba ngokwabo ubukhulu kunye nobuninzi ezihamba izinto.

Shaft input lidla wabeka kubunzulu enkulu, yaye ngokufuthi ke ingafunyanwa baba amathambo abakhonzi, ngenkani wobulawa afe, wambopha ukuba abe inkosi kwihlabathi elilandelayo. Eyaziwa yokungcwaba, apho iindonga zokungcwaba zazihonjiswe kunye iikhaphethi kunye amakhuko, yaye ecaleni iintsalela senkokeli aswelekileyo imfanelo yamandla akhe walala - Abasebenzi engamatiletile kunye nezixhobo ezixabisekileyo.

Kufutshane iinkokeli amaqela asekuhlaleni

Landela iinkokeli amajoni scale ekuhlaleni ahlala. indawo yazo yokungcwaba, nangona ngaphantsi yeyokukhulisa, kodwa izaliswe zonke iintlobo izinto abazifunayo kwilizwe kwabafileyo. Oku izixhobo ezahlukeneyo - nobhedu, amatye nezamazembe, iimela kunye yotolo lenyengane.

Emangalisayo, kodwa ngemihla yamandulo, ezahlulwe kuthi ngeminyaka bungaphezu kweekhilogram ezingamawaka amane, ngokwenani labantu amagcisa ochaphazelekayo zenziwe zokulwa. Xa kufe inkosi, oko kungcwatywa zonke iintlobo imbeko - into ngezo emaphakadeni umntu ukusebenza.

Graves abefundisi

A indawo ekhethekileyo phakathi kwamangcwaba ubambe amangcwaba ababingeleli, baba baninzi, kodwa evaliweyo kakhulu ngokuphathelele. Isibakala sokuba iintsalela lilungu ilungu eli qela ezithile zentlalo, ubungqina obungenakuphikiswa ukuma ukakayi. Into yokuba ababingeleli elizayo elungiselela ukuba baphumeze umsebenzi wabo elunge ngemihla yokuqala yobomi. Nditsho ebuntwaneni kuzo wambopha Ipropu umhlabelo, ekhokelela kuphuhliso okungaqhelekanga kwamathambo yokakayi. Ngenxa yoko, ekuhambeni kwexesha, ababingeleli wathabatha uhlobo nentloko melon, oko luphawu elitism.

Ezi emangcwabeni zifumaneka amanqaku ikakhulu ngenxa yonqulo - frypot kunye amalahle umbingelelo, beqhumisela ezahlukeneyo, enziwe ngohlobo nezitya apha emilenzeni, azigubungela kunye okwakhiwe sisityebi. Ezi mangcwaba lwaphuphuma catacomb inkcubeko wokuqala Northern noLwandle Black.

Iimfano neeyantlukwano izithethe zomngcwabo

Kule mihla, kukho ezikhumbuzo ezininzi, nto leyo eshiya ngasemva inkcubeko catacomb. Uninzi lwabo ezifumaneka yayithatha ukusuka Lower weDanube ukuya iVolga. Bonke luphawulwa indlela jikelele ukungcwatywa, apho umfi ibekwe igumbi kwisebe evela kwizikhondo igalelo. Kodwa ke ukufana kwiimeko ezininzi, yaye yaphela, njengoko zonke iintlanga abahlala kummandla othile, luphawulwa namasiko zomngcwabo kunye nezithethe.

Kwezinye iimeko, amangcwaba trepan Skulls igcwaliswe ngomxube ngodongwe kunye imbola, kwakunye amathambo womfi afunyanwa, isongiwe plant iziqu. Ngamanye amangcwaba iziseko iliso engenanto of Skulls ezaliswe ngodongwe elinombala. kwafuneka ukuba ukufumana ukudibanisa engcwabeni, apho amathambo ibhedi enye yamadoda nabafazi babekwa, ngokungathi babefuna ukuba bahlale ndawonye nokuba emva kokufa.

Iinkcukacha zezi zithethe yomngcwabo

Ekubeni Catacomb inkcubeko - kukuthi, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ukuba ukufana beentlanga ezahlukeneyo kwinkqubo ungamngcwabi kwabafileyo, ngoko, ngokuzalisa le nqaku, baxoxe ngakumbi. Kakuhle eli inkolo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: izihlobo ungasekhoyo, phambi afefe udonga lokungqinga, ngokumba emhlabeni sisihogo esinzulu buxande, ukuze kube lula ekuhleni apho, phezu amagophe amanyathelo okanye izigaba na. Emva koko, ngomhla emazantsi shaft wemba sicatshulwa tyaba, emva koko amalungiselelo komngcwabo egumbini-catacomb.

Umfi yabekwa apho elukhukweni okhethekileyo, amnike ukuma waguqa, Ufana indawo Umbungu esibelekweni. Ukuba usapho umntu ongasekhoyo waba ithuba ukunika izinto eziphathekayo kufuneka ahlale kweli lizwe kwabafileyo, nabo negalelo gumbi lokungcwaba. Ukulandela le igalelo kuwo ivaliwe slab ngamatye okanye logs. Emva koko ke impahla ingunaphakade ungasekhoyo.